Microbiology Ch 12
Identify the active part of the penicillin structure. Benzene Beta-lactam ring Phenol Thiazolidine
Beta-lactam ring
Which "formation" is produced by some microbes which in turn makes them resistant to some antimicrobial compounds and the shear force of moving liquids? L-form Biofilm Fimbriae Capsule
Biofilm
Which describes the spectrum of activity of the tetracyclines? Broad Narrow Medium
Broad
Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug? Narrow spectrum Visible spectrum Limited spectrum Broad spectrum
Broad spectrum
Use of which type of antibiotic can have far reaching affects on beneficial resident species? Narrow-spectrum Broad-spectrum Limited-spectrum
Broad-spectrum
Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site? Feedback Oxidative Competitive Noncompetitive
Competitive
Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following? Converts DNA to protein Converts protein to RNA Converts DNA to RNA Converts RNA to protein Converts RNA to DNA
Converts RNA to DNA
HIV integrase inhibitors prevent viral ___ from being incorporated or integrated into an host cell's chromosome.
DNA
What is a major side effect of tetracyclines? Damage to auditory nerves Aplastic anemia Allergic reactions Deposition in hard tissues
Deposition in hard tissues
Drugs that are effective against fungi have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans because both organisms are which of the following? Invertebrates Vertebrates Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
The antimicrobial silver sulfadiazine is prescribed for the treatment of which of the following? Eye infections Ringworm Burns Pneumocystis pneumonia Athletes foot Kidney infections
Eye infections Burns
True or false: Aminoglycosides are very narrow-spectrum antibiotics.
False
True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.
False
True or false: Most cephalosporins are administered orally.
False
True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.
False
True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.
False
Amphotericin B is considered highly versatile in that it is effective in treating most infections caused by which of the following? Fungi Protozoa Bacteria Helminths Viruses
Fungi
Which of the following bacteria are normally not tested for drug susceptibility? Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus sp. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Group A streptococci
Group A streptococci
Which of the following is not a side effect associated with antimicrobial drugs? Host cell metabolism of drug Disruption of normal microflora Allergic reactions Damage to host tissues due to toxicity
Host cell metabolism of drug
An allergy is caused by a hypersensitive response from which system? Respiratory Immune Digestive Central nervous
Immune
Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following? Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls Decreased allergic reactions Increased susceptibility to penicillinases Increased spectrum
Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls Increased spectrum
Which groups of people may have greater risks to antimicrobials? Teens Infants Elderly Pregnant women
Infants Elderly Pregnant women
Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis? Erythromycin Vancomycin Cycloserine Streptomycin Ampicillin
Ampicillin Cycloserine Vancomycin
Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms? Antithesis Antibody Antigen Antibiotic
Antibiotic
Griseofulvin is which type of agent? Antibacterial Antiviral Antifungal
Antifungal
Identify the first tetracycline discovered. Aureomycin Tetracycline Terramycin Chloramphenicol
Aureomycin
Which HIV enzyme is responsible for incorporating the viral DNA into the host cell's chromosomes? RNA polymerase Reverse transcriptase Protease Integrase
Integrase
Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer? Insulin Porin Reverse transcriptase Complement Interferon
Interferon
Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria? Nafcillin Penicillin G Cloxacillin Erythromycin Streptomycin Piperacillin
Nafcillin Cloxacillin
Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity? Narrow Visible Broad Selective
Narrow
Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while others live in the presence of antimicrobial agents? Survival of the fittest Microbial antagonism Natural selection Evolution
Natural selection
Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity? Amphotericin B Tetracycline Penicillin Sulfa drugs
Penicillin
Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum? Methicillin Ampicillin Penicillin V Penicillin G Penicillin A
Penicillin G
___ ___ serves as the parent compound for all "-cillin" drugs..
Penicillin G
Which of the following enzymes secreted by certain bacteria cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and provides for resistance against the antibiotic? Gamma interferon Penicillinase DNA polymerase Beta-lactamase Lipase Lactase
Penicillinase Beta-lactamase
Sulfisoxazole is not the preferred drug for treating which of the following diseases? Urinary tract infections Some protozoan infections Tuberculosis and leprosy Shigellosis
Tuberculosis and leprosy
Which of the following are nucleotide analogs that block DNA replication in some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex viruses (HHV)? Xofluza Penicyclovir Valcyclovir Acyclovir Famciclovir Relenza
Penicyclovir Valcyclovir Acyclovir Famciclovir
The mode of action of chloramphenicol is to block the formation of which of the following bonds? Ester Glycosidic Phosphodiester Peptide
Peptide
The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following? Chitin Peptidoglycan Starch Cellulose Lipopolysaccharide
Peptidoglycan
Polymyxins interact with which of the following membrane component(s), causing leakage of cellular contents? Glycolipids Phospholipids Cholesterol Lipoproteins
Phospholipids
Aztreonam is used to control which of the following conditions? Urinary tract infections Septicemia Gastroenteritis Pneumonia Tuberculosis
Pneumonia Septicemia Urinary tract infections
Two major problems for treatment with penicillin are that some patients experience which of the following? Resistant strains of pathogens Aplastic anemia Drug toxicity Intestinal bleeding Allergic responses
Resistant strains of pathogens Allergic responses
Which is descriptive of L-forms? Resistant to tetracycline Resistant to chloramphenicol Resistant to erythromycin Resistant to penicillin
Resistant to penicillin
What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA? Reverse virus Normal virus Retrovirus Hepatitis virus
Retrovirus
The tetracyclines bind to which of the following structures? Cell wall Nucleoid Ribosome Cell membrane
Ribosome
Which of the following diseases can be treated with tetracyclines such as doxycycline and minocycline? Cholera Tuberculosis Mycoplasma pneumonia Rocky Mountain spotted fever Bubonic plague
Rocky Mountain spotted fever Mycoplasma pneumonia Cholera
___ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.
Semisynthetic
Sulfisoxazole is the best antimicrobial for treating which of the following diseases? Shigellosis Gastrointestinal infections Cholera Eye infections Urinary tract infections
Shigellosis Urinary tract infections
Which of the following ointments is prescribed for treatment of eye infections? Trimethoprim Oxazolidinone Silver sulfadiazine Sulfamethoxazole
Silver sulfadiazine
Synercid is effective against members of which genera? Pseudomonas Streptococcus Enterococcus Enterobacter Staphylococcus Proteus
Staphylococcus Enterococcus Streptococcus
Which of the following aminoglycosides is still the antibiotic of choice for treating bubonic plague and tularemia? Streptomycin Gentamicin Amikacin Kanamycin Tobramycin
Streptomycin
Which of the following are antimicrobials that block the folic acid pathway in bacteria? Fosfomycin Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Isoniazids Penicillins
Sulfonamides
When antimicrobial therapy destroys beneficial resident microbes and allows an overgrowth of drug-resistant microorganisms, it is called which of the following? Biofilm Secondary infection Focal infection Primary infection Superinfection
Superinfection
Which anti-influenza medication blocks the initiation of viral RNA synthesis? Tamiflu Relenza Xofluza
Xofluza
Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall? Young, growing Dormant Older, inactive
Young, growing
Patients taking penicillin may experience ___ reactions
allergic
Synercid binds to ribosomes inhibiting the process of ___
elongation translation protein synthesis peptide transfer
One mechanism by which microbes can become resistant to a drug is to produce a(n) ___ that alters the structure of the drug.
enzyme
Interferon is produced primarily by ___ and ___ in response to various immune stimuli.
fibroblasts leukocytes
The antiparasitic agents mebendazole and thiabendazole disable several stages of roundworm development by blocking the utilization of ___
glucose
Polymyxins are a class of antibiotics that target the bacterial cell ___
membrane
The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit ___ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.
metabolism
Drug therapy may fail because the infection is caused by a(n) ___ culture (more than one species).
mixed
Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ___ or gene transfer from another species.
mutations
An antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) ___ spectrum antibiotic
narrow / limited
The outer membrane of some Gram- ___ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.
negative
Polymyxins work well on Gram- ___ cells and daptomycin shows selectivity for Gram- ___ cells
negative positive
___ reverse transcriptase inhibitors, such as nevirapine, bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and interfere with its activity.
nonnucleoside
Polyenes cause a loss of selective ___ in fungal membranes.
permeability
Daptomycin is a lipopeptide directed mainly against Gram- ___ bacteria
positive
Many bacteria possess multidrug-resistant (MDR) ___ that actively transport drugs and other chemicals out of cells.
pumps
Drug ___ of microbes to specific drugs can increase as a result of genetic based changes in the target site (receptor) that the drug binds to.
resistance
Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n) ___
retrovirus
A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called ___ ___
reverse transcriptase
Sulfonamides, or ___ drugs, are synthetic antimicrobial drugs that interfere with essential metabolic processes of bacteria and some fungi.
sulfa
Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance is associated with an alteration of the drugs target on the organism's __________. Membrane transport receptors 50S ribosomal subunit Binding proteins in the cell wall 30S ribosomal subunit
50S ribosomal subunit
Approximately what percent of infections involve biofilms? 40% 80% 20% 60%
60%
Which of the following is a hypersensitive response to a particular substance by the immune system? Allergy Tinea Cancer Xenograph
Allergy
These antibiotics are amino sugars linked to 6-carbon rings. Macrolides Tetracyclines Quinolones Penicillins Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides
When these two drugs are used in combination, nephrotoxic effects are increased. Aminoglycosides Macrolides Cephalosporins Polyenes
Aminoglycosides Cephalosporins
Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis? Cell lysis Stasis Sporulation Cell division
Cell lysis
What is the cellular target of daptomycin? Cell wall formation DNA replication Cell membrane function Ribosomes
Cell membrane function
Antimicrobial drugs that damage cell membrane function usually do so by creating leaks in the membrane that disrupt which of the following? Genetic expression Cell metabolism Communication with other cells Osmotic tolerance
Cell metabolism Osmotic tolerance
Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments? Cell membrane Fimbriae Glycocalyx Nucleoid Cell wall
Cell wall
Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria? Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleic acids Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus (bodies)
Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleic acids Ribosomes
Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following? Cell wall construction Protein synthesis Membrane transport DNA replication
Cell wall construction
Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring? Quinolones Cephalosporins Tetracyclines Penicillins
Cephalosporins Penicillins
___ is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that blocks peptide bond formation during protein synthesis and is solely synthetic.
Chloramphenicol
Which of the following are side effects associated with antimicrobial drugs? Host cell metabolism of drug Disruption of normal microflora Allergic reactions Damage to host tissues due to toxicity
Disruption of normal microflora Allergic reactions Damage to host tissues due to toxicity
The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following? Competitive exclusion Synergism Molecular rebound Drug resistance
Drug resistance
Which of the following bacteria are routinely tested for drug susceptibility? Group A streptococci Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus sp. Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli Most anaerobic bacteria
Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus sp. Aerobic Gram-negative enteric bacilli
Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form? Membrane channels Transport proteins Phospholipids Enzymes
Enzymes
Antacids reduce the absorption of which drug? Rifampin Isoniazid Amphotericin B Penicillin
Isoniazid
What is the mechanism of action of Tamiflu? It prevents host cells from producing active viruses. It enhances interferon synthesis. It prevents DNA synthesis. It blocks cell wall formation of viral particles.
It prevents host cells from producing active viruses.
What term is used to describe bacteria lacking cell walls? Gram-positive L-form Gram-negative Pleomorphic
L-form
Polyenes bind to which of the following parts of fungi? Ribosomes DNA polymerases Membranes Cell wall components
Membranes
___ analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.
Metabolic
Which of the following genera produce aminoglycosides? Micromonospora Streptomyces Bacillus Neisseria
Micromonospora Streptomyces
Which of the following is not a primary site for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria? Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleic acids Ribosomes Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Which of the following describes the cephalosporins? Most administered parenterally Most resistant to penicillinase Most injected into a muscle or a vein Narrow-spectrum Broad-spectrum Most taken orally
Most administered parenterally Most resistant to penicillinase Most injected into a muscle or a vein Broad-spectrum
In the treatment of HIV infections, ___ directly stop DNA synthesis by being incorporated into the DNA strand, and ___ bind directly to the reverse transcriptase enzyme and interfere with its activity.
NRTI NNRTI
Which of the following are quinolones? Norfloxacin Clindamycin Cephalosporin Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin Ciprofloxacin
What type of molecule is acyclovir? Nucleotide analog Fatty acid analog Amino acid analog Sugar analog
Nucleotide analog
___ is a route of drug administration that involves piercing the skin or mucous membranes.
Parenteral
Aztreonam is often used by patients who are allergic to which antibiotic? Penicillin Streptomycin Tetracycline Erythromycin Chloramphenicol
Penicillin
Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs. Blocking virus binding to host cell receptors Preventing virus maturation Barring virus penetration into host cell Blocking incorporation of virus DNA into host genome Blocking virus transcription and translation
Preventing virus maturation Barring virus penetration into host cell Blocking virus transcription and translation
Which of the following drugs are currently in use against Plasmodium infections? Primaquine Mebendazole Chloroquine Piperazine
Primaquine Chloroquine
___ inhibitors have been shown to reduce HIV to undetectable levels by specifically preventing virus particle maturation.
Protease
Which type of anti-HIV drug blocks a specific enzyme and results in defective, immature, non-infective viruses to be produced? Protease inhibitors Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Fusion inhibitors Budding inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Which is the mechanism used by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pumps to expel antimicrobial drugs and other toxic substances from a bacterial cell? Exocytosis Proton-motive force similar to ATP synthesis Negative feedback Inhibition of enzymes involved in uptake
Proton-motive force similar to ATP synthesis
In recent years quinine has been replaced in the treatment of malaria by drugs in which of the following categories? Azoles Quinicrines Tetracyclines Quinolines Sulfonamides
Quinolines
The ending -floxacin is used for which category of drugs? Quinolones Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Synthetic drugs
Quinolones
Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug? The nature of the infecting agent The prevalence of the infecting agent in the community The sensitivity of the infecting agent The overall health of the patient The patient's prior history of exposure to the infecting agent
The nature of the infecting agent The sensitivity of the infecting agent The overall health of the patient
Identify two antiparasitic agents that disable several stages of roundworm development by blocking the utilization of glucose. Thiabendazole Mebendazole Piperazine Praziquantel Niclosamide Pyrantel
Thiabendazole Mebendazole
Which tetracycline is being used in hospitals to treat MRSA infections? Tigecycline Doxycycline Aureomycin Minocycline
Tigecycline
What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy? To boost the patients immune response in order to destroy the infective agent To provide the patient with immunity against future infections by the microbe To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient
To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient
True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.
True
True or false: Damage to the bacterial cell membrane can disrupt metabolism or lyse the cell.
True
True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.
True
True or false: The nature and sensitivity of the microorganism need to be considered before antimicrobial treatment begins.
True
An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) ___ spectrum antibiotic.
broad / extended
The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to ___ the infective agent without harming the ___
destroy host
The inability of a drug to ___ into a body compartment, such as the brain or joints, will render the drug ineffective.
diffuse
Polymyxin B and E are toxic to the body's ______. kidneys brain liver bone marrow
kidneys
The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called ___ toxicity
selectively
Amphotericin B is one of the few drugs that can be injected to treat ___ fungal infections such as cryptococcus meningitis.
systemic
The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the ___
tetracyclines