Microbiology Ch. 12-13

The group of fungi in which sexual reproduction has not been observed is

Deuteromycetes

Why would all protozoa be expected to require large amounts of water in their habitats?

NOT all of the above are correct

What part of E. coli T4 phage attaches to the host cell receptors

Protein fibers at the end of the phage tail

The site at which a virus has infected and subsequently lysed the infected cell, releasing its progeny to infect and lyse surrounding cells, thereby forming a "clear zone", is referred to as

a plaque

Diseases of short duration frequently followed by long-term immunity are referred to as

acute infections

Convergent evolution

explains the morphological similarity yet major genetic differences found between slime molds and fungi AND refers to two different organisms that develop similar characteristics in adaptation to similar environments

An exit method used by viruses which does not immediately destroy the host bacterium is

extrusion

What are two ways that phage can replicate in harmony (not directly lysing) their host cell

extrusion and lysogeny

In the region of budding, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes coated with

matrix proteins

A temperate phage

may be lysogenic AND enters a lysogenic or lytic life cycle shortly after entering the host cell

Cells taken from a tumor

may be used to grow viruses AND can be cultivated in vitro indefinitely

Lice and mites

may both be spread by personal contact

The term "segmented" refers to viruses that

may contain several pieces of RNA

Assembly of the T4 phage

may involve some self-assembly AND may involve the use of scaffolds

Outside of living cells, viruses are

metabolically inert

Fungi are classified according to their

method of sexual reproduction

Explain why HIV becomes resistant so quickly when a single drug is used therapeutically

not A check this one

Why do animal viruses have envelopes and phages rarely do?

not answer D check on this one

An infection in which the virus is continually present in the body is referred to as

persistent

Free-floating, photosynthetic organisms found in marine environments are

phytoplankton

A limiting factor for viral infection is

presence of specific receptor molecules on the host cell

Viruses

probably keep the numbers of bacteria in check AND are active in passing DNA from one bacterium to another

Phage-encoded enzymes are

produced in a sequential manner AND used to customize the cell for viral production

Gonyaulax

produces a non-protein neurotoxin AND is dinoflagellate

A virion is composed of

protein, either RNA or DNA, and possibly lipid

During attachment of phage to E. coli, the phage

randomly bump into the bacteria AND attach to proteins or carbohydrates on the bacterial surface

In the region of budding, the plasma membrane becomes involved with

spike proteins AND matrix proteins

RNA phages usually contain

ssRNA

Lyme disease is transmitted by

ticks

A varion is a(n)

complete, extracellular virus particle

Retroviruses are unique in that they

use RNA as a template to make DNA

Fungi capable of dimorphism grow either as

yeast-like or mycelium

Protozoan classification is based on their means of

locomotion

The phenomenon responsible for the ability of Corynebacterium diphtherium to produce the virulent toxin responsible for the devastating effects of diphtheria is called

lysogenic conversion

Phages that can either replicate and cause cell lysis or can integrate their DNA into the host DNA are called

lysogenic phages

Fungal diseases are generally referred to as

mycoses

One group of animal viruses that are able to agglutinate red blood cells are the

myxovirus

Animal viruses are divided into a number of families whose names end in

-viridae

In the case of the T-even phages, the burst size is about

200 per host cell

The time from absorption to release for T-even phage is about

30 minutes

The pH at which most fungi thrive is

5.0

What is a defective phage

A virus that has lost some of its genetic material, and therefore cannot replicate within a new target cell

Prions

All of the above

Aflatoxins

All of the choices are correct

Fungi that are important for fermentation of fruits

All of the choices are correct

Regarding phage replication

All of the choices are correct

Spongiform encephalopathy occurs in

All of the choices are correct

The term filterable viruses was coined by

Beijerinck

The nucleocapsid is composed of

DNA or RNA and protein

Why would it be more difficult to treat diseases in humans caused by members of the Eucarya than diseases caused by the Bacteria?

Eukaryotic microbes use many of the same enzymes and systems as humans-so we lose the ability to target certain molecules that might be present ONLY in the cell type we want to eliminate. There's too much overlap when both organisms are eukaryotic.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning occurs when humans eat shellfish that have fed on

Gonyaulax spp

Why is it not surprising that AIDs patients frequently suffer a viral-induced tumor?

HIV genomes integrate into the host cell chromosome. This integration might result in loss of control of the cell cycle ( also known as cancer)

The concentration of virus that infects or kills 50% of the host cells is referred to as the

LD50 AND ID50

Which is filamentous phage

M13

How would increased travel lead to increased spread of multicellular eukaryotic parasites

Many eukaryotic parasites depend on vectors (often small blood-sucking insects) for transmission- so moving an infected individual into an area with new vectors and new susceptible humans would increase the spread of the illness

An antibiotic is added to a culture of E. coli, resulting in death of the cells. Bacteriophage are then added. Would the phage replicate in the E. coli cells? Why or why not?

No, b/c the virus would depend too much on having the active machinery of a living cell for its replication. Without the ability of the cell to try to replace what is lost/damaged/used as the virus goes through its life cycle, the virus couldn't reproduce effectively

Are all fungi detrimental (bad) for other organisms

No-fungi are sometimes good, sometimes bad for other organisms,. It really depends on which fungus you're talking about and the relationship it has with the other organism. Some fungi ,for example, can form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots that increases their nutrient and water absorption. This is good.

Is antigenic shift alone likely to lead to influenza pandemics

Not D check this one

Which dinoflagellate kills fish by dispersing toxins directly into the water

Pfiesteria

One of the greatest causes of human deaths through time has been due to

Plasmodium spp

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll are called

Protozoa

You add an unknown phage to a mixture of F+ and F- cells of E. coli and plate out the bacteria. The bacterial colonies that grow are all F-. How can you explain this phenomenon?

The phage bound to a receptor on the sex pilus, and therefore only infected the F+ cells (leaving the F- cells alone).

Which of the following is not a characteristic of normal cells

They grow as multiple layers

Macroscopic algae possess a special structure that acts as an anchor and is commonly called

a holdfast

Prions are

an infectious protein

Sarcoptes scabiei

are responsible for scabies

Nematodes

are roundworms AND are found in the gastrointestinal tract or the blood

Mycorrhizae

are vital for the survival of many plants AND increase the absorptive ability of roots

Viruses may not be cultivated in

blood agar

The shape of the virus is determined by its

capsid

Bacteria infected with filamentous phages are termed

carrier cells

Once integrated, phage DNA can remain in the prophage state as long as

certain phage genes are repressed

All fungi have ____ in their cell walls

chitin

The changes that occur in virally-infected cells are referred to as the

cytopathic effect

Bacteriophages and animal viruses

differ b/c bacteriophages leave the capsid outside the cell, while animal virus entry involves the entry of the whole nucleocapsid

Viruses are commonly referred to by their ____ name

disease AND species

The common species name of the virus is based on the

disease the virus causes

If reasonably pure preparations of virus are available, the number of virus present may be determined by

electron microscopy

Diatoms are algae whose silicon dioxide-containing shells are useful economically as

filters

Which are not arthropods

flukes

Cells infected with animal viruses lyse b/c

functions necessary for cell survival are not carried out and the cell dies

In the late 19th century, immigration from Ireland to the U.S. occurred in high numbers due to an infection of potatoes by

fungi

Plant pathology grew in importance as a field of study after it was shown that the Irish potato blight was caused by

fungi

The return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and nitrogen to the soil is due to the action of

fungi and bacteria

The receptors to which animal virus attachment proteins usually bind are

glycoproteins

The best -known examples of viruses that cause latent infections are

herpes AND chickenpox

The integration of phage DNA into the bacterial chromosome occurs because of

identical DNA sequences in both

Fleas

if ingested, may transmit a tapeworm to children AND may transmit Yersinia pestis

The protein coat of a virus

is called a capsid, protects the nucleic acid AND is involved in recognition of host cell receptors

Resistance of some animals to certain viral diseases is based on

lack of specific receptors on the host cell

The terms yeast, mold, and mushrooms refers to fungal

morphology

A tangle of fungal hyphae is generally known as a

mycelium

Using phages to treat a bacterial infection is an interesting idea because

of the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance

Algae

often grow in areas where other forms of life may have difficulty

Filamentous phage

only infect E. coli that have pili

In latent infections, the virions are

only produced during reactivation

For which of the following processes are enzymes not required

self-assembly

There are ___ families of DNA containing viruses that infect vertebrates

seven

What part of the attached bacteriophage enters through the host cell wall

the nucleic acid