Microbiology CH 13

Please choose the statement that provides correct information about zoonoses.

70 percent of the new emerging infections seen today are zoonoses.

Presence of organisms living in or on the body, but not causing any pathology

Colonization

Universal precautions are specifically intended for the handling of patients and specimens known to be infected with pathogens such as HIV.

False

Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter the tissues, and multiply.

Infection

Disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products

Infectious disease

Please identify the four most significant interactions between humans and the microbes that live in and on our bodies

Microbes can protect and stabilize body surfaces on which they establish themselves as normal residents. Microbes promote the development and maturation of host immune defenses. Microbes may invade and grow in normally sterile body sites. Microbes may invade and grow in normally sterile body sites. Microbes cause disease by damaging tissues and organs.

Please choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host.

Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body

Please select the conclusions of studies comparing the health of germ-free animals to the health of animals with a normal complement of microbiota.

Normal microbiota are a source of some vitamins. Normal microbiota contribute to dental caries and periodontal disease. The presence of normal microbiota can prevent some pathogens from becoming well-established. Normal microbiota contribute to the development and maturation of the immune system.

more severe infection, rapid onset

acute infection

portal of exit,Hepatitis B

blood through a contaminated needle

Please choose the best definition of virulence factors.

characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

an infection that progresses and persists over a longer period of time; symptoms often less severe

chronic infection

Please select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins.

composed of lipopolysaccharide released only by gram-negative bacteria heat-stable fever-inducing

decline of symptoms and return to a state of health

convalescent period

portal of exit, common warts, fungal infections

exudates from skin lesions

portal of exit,cholera

gI tract (diarrhea)

portal of exit, infectious mononucleosis

gI tract (saliva droplets)

period of time from initial contact with pathogen to appearance of very first symptoms

incubation period

Microbe enters the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

localized infection

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A ________ infectious disease, such as a urinary tract infection, is not transmitted from person to person, whereas an infectious disease which is transmitted from one person to another, such as influenza, is referred to as a ________ infectious disease.

non-communicable; communicable

Microorganism is multiplying rapidly and causing fever and specific disease symptoms

period of invasion

appearance of first early, nonspecific symptoms

prodromal stage

portal of exit, gonorrhea

reproductive tract (semen)

Please select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins.

require very small doses to cause toxic effects secreted from a living cell have very specific targets

portal of exit, tuberculosis, Influenza

respiratory tract (aerosols)

a subsequent infection with a different microbe that may occur following an initial infection

secondary infection

an infection that has spread to multiple body sites and tissue fluids; no longer restricted to one body site

systemic infection

Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. A(n) ______ pathogen causes disease in a healthy individual with a normal immune response, whereas a(n) ______ pathogen will not cause disease in a normal healthy host, but instead causes disease only when a host's defenses are compromised in some way.

true; opportunistic

Please select the body sites that serve as portals of entry for microbes

vagina nose mouth urethra skin