Microbiology Chapter 11

nitrifers

A diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrate are known as

O2-consuming organisms depletes the oxygen levels

A reason why environments that are routinely exposed to O2 can support anaerobic growth is that ______.

acid-fast stain

A special staining procedure called the ______ is used in the identification of Mycobacterium species.

oxidize reduced inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen gas

As a group, chemolithotrophs ______ to obtain energy.

use sulfur compounds as an energy source and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor

Bacteria that oxidize sulfur are Gram-negative rods or spirals that ______.

are highly motile Gram-negative curved rods bore a hole in the cell wall of their prey prey on Gram negative bacteria like E. coli

Bdellovibrio species ______.

cyst

Azotobacter species produce a resting cell called a(n) , that allows the organism to withstand drying and ultraviolet radiation.

oxidation of organic compounds

Aerobic chemoorganotrophs gain energy via the _______, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

halophile

An organism that requires a minimum of 9% NaCl would be called an extreme ______.

endospore

Of the various types of dormant cells, the ______ is the most resistant to environmental extremes.

spirochetes

A group of Gram-negative bacteria has a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanism that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances. This group is called the

Mycoplasma

Antibiotics that interfere with peptidoglycan synthesis are ineffective in the treatment of _______ infections because these organisms lack a cell wall.

ammonia

In addition to being photosynthetic, many cyanobacteria have the ability to convert nitrogen gas (N2) into ______, a process known as nitrogen fixation.

by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor by oxidizing organic compounds

How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy?

Gram-negative obligate chemolithotrophs thermophilic

Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are ______.

Gram-negative rods

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are _______.

replicate outside of a host cell

By definition, obligate intracellular parasites cannot ______.

volcanic vents hydrothermal vents hot springs

Extreme thermophiles are found near ______.

fermentation

Facultative anaerobes can use aerobic respiration if O2 is present and if O2 is not available.

anoxygenic phototrophs

Which of the following were likely the earliest photosynthesizing organisms?

produce ATP via substrate level phosphorylation can obtain energy via fermentation

As a group, anaerobic chemoorganotrophs ______.

the ability to emit light

Bioluminescent bacteria are characterized by ______.

cyst

The resting cell produced by Azotobacter species that allows the organism to survive drying and ultraviolet radiation is called a(n) ______.

by oxidizing organic compounds by using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

How do aerobic chemoorganotrophs obtain their energy?

nitrogen fixation

Many cyanobacteria can convert nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonia, which is a process called ______.

N. gonorrhoaeae N. meningitidis

Medically-significant members of the genus Neisseria include which of the following?

s degraders of complex organic substances by digesting certain fungi and algae by digesting bacteria

Myxobacteria fulfill an important role in nature ______.

respiration

Obligate aerobes obtain energy using exclusively; none of them can ferment.

halophile

Prokaryotes that grow well in an environment that contains 32% NaCl would be called extreme

facilitate absorption of nutrients

Prosthecate bacteria form projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall. These prosthecae ______.

thermophiles

Scientists are interested in studying the growth of extreme , archaea that grow near volcanic vents and fissures because these conditions are thought to mimic early earth's environment.

microaerophilic curved, Gram-negative rods

Species of Campylobacter and Helicobacter are ______.

Gram-negative; motility

Spirochetes are bacteria that are ______ and possess a unique mechanism of _______.

skin

Staphylococcus epidermidis is part of the normal microbiota of the

can sometimes grow in filaments can use hydrogen sulfide or thiosulfate as an energy source

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria ______.

prosthecate

The bacteria have projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall that increase the surface area to facilitate absorption of nutrients.

Gram-negative cocci typically found in pairs

The cells of species in the genus Neisseria are ______.

cyanobacteria

The earliest oxygenic phototrophs probably belonged to a group of bacteria called the

protection

The purpose of the sheath in sheathed bacteria is for ______.

Psittacosis, a form of pneumonia Atypical pneumonia A sexually transmitted infection that mimics gonorrhea Eye infections

Which of the following are diseases caused by member of the Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Which of the following bacteria is typically a harmless resident of the skin?

staphylococcus epidermidis

Which of the following bacteria is typically a harmless resident of the skin?

their oxygen requirements

Which of the following can be used to distinguish between members of the genus Bacillus and Clostridium?

Rhizobium species form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants. Agrobacterium species are plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths.

Which of the following correctly describe relationships between genera of bacteria and their means for obtaining nutrients from plants?

Bacillus

Which of the following genera of endospore formers include both obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes?

Rhizobium

Which of the following genera of organisms forms a beneficial symbiotic relationship with plants?

cyanobacteria

Which of the following groups of bacteria is best described as a diverse group of photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit a wide range of environments?

Bdellovibrio

species are Gram-negative curved rods that are highly motile and prey on other Gram-negative rods by boring a hole in their cell wall.

H2S

During photosynthesis, anoxygenic phototrophs use _______ as a source of electrons to make reducing power.

using respiration only

How do obligate aerobes obtain energy?

fungi, prokaryotes

The genus Streptomyces includes more than 500 species that resemble ______ in their growth but are ______.

swarmer

The motile cells found in sheathed bacteria are called ______ cells, and these exit through the end of the sheath.

intestines genital tract mouth

The normal habitat of Bacteroides species in humans includes the ______.

Bacillus Clostridium

The two most common genera of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that form endospores are ______.

Streptomyces

You isolate an organism from the soil. If it turns out to be an aerobic Gram-positive rod that resembles a fungus in its pattern of growth, then it most likely belongs to the genus ______.

Bacteroides

______ species are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, make up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans, and are associated with abscesses and bloodstream infections.

ulcer

Humans infected with Helicobacter pylori may develop peptic

photosynthetic Gram-negative

Cyanobacteria are a group of _______ bacteria.

hydrogen as a source of energy and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, forming water

Members of the Gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism involves using ______.

Neisseria

Members of the genus are causative agents of gonorrhea and meningitis.

archaea

Most of the anaerobic chemolithotrophs that have been discovered are members of what domain?

Myoxbacteria

A group of Gram-negative bacteria that serve as an important model in the study of developmental biology because of their unique developmental cycle that includes the production of a fruiting body are the

they cause diarrheal disease in humans

All of the following are characteristics shared by both Helicobacter and Campylobacter EXCEPT ______.

diarrhea

Campylobacter jejuni infections are commonly associated with ______.

bioluminescent

Certain bacteria that form symbiotic relationships with specific types of fish and squid are , meaning they emit light.

Archaea

Characterized members of the domain ______ typically thrive in extreme environments, such as high heat, acidity, alkalinity, and salinity.

organic

Chemoorganotrophs oxidize compounds such as glucose to obtain energy.

Gram-positive rods

Endospore-forming bacteria are typically ______.

"Neisseria"

I say: "Gram-negative bacteria, that are typically kidney-bean-shaped cocci in pairs. You say:

oral cavity intestinal tract skin

In a healthy individual, anaerobes can regularly be found on and in the ______.

endospores

In this micrograph of stained bacterial cells, the structures forming in the mid-portion of the cells are called

waxy lipids called mycolic acids

Mycobacterium species stain poorly because their cell walls contain ______.

are Gram-negative obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite

Nitrifiers can be described as bacteria that ______.

prokaryotes

Nitrogen fixation, or the process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia, is an exclusive ability of ______.

water

Oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2.

both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation

Cyanobacteria as a group are capable of ______.

accumulate in larger numbers, which is referred to as a bloom move vertically through a water column using gas vesicles

Cyanobacteria living in aquatic environments can ______.

fermentation

An anaerobic chemoorganotroph that uses glucose for energy and pyruvate as its terminal electron acceptor is performing ______.

Archaea

An organism found in an environment that is very hot and acidic is most likely a member of the domain

obligate intracellular

An organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed an parasite.

cell wall

A key characteristic of the genus Mycoplasma is that they lack a , instead usually relying on sterols in their membrane to provide strength and rigidity.

anaerobic respiration

Chemoorganotrophs that perform ______ often use sulfur or sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor.

true

Cyanobacteria are morphologically diverse, ranging in shape from unicellular organisms to filamentous multicellular associations.

oxygen

Facultative anaerobes preferentially use aerobic respiration if is present.

intestinal

Enterobacteriaceae get their name because they reside in the ______ tract of humans and animals.