Microbiology Chapter 14

Capillary System in Lung

Drains blood, lymphatic system is the achilles system

Listeria monocytogenes infectious cycle

Enters , lysis of vacuole, Intracellular movement, cell spread, lysis of the two-membrane vacuole, production of actin tails

Botulism (anaerobic and elaborate neurotoxins)

Food poisoning Pathogen: Clostridium botulinum, Symptoms: flaccid paralysis, Transmission: food borne intoxication, Treatment: antitoxin, Prevention: proper canning of foods; infants should not have honey

Blastomycosis

In Soil MS area, Pathogen: Blastomyces dermatitidis, Symptoms: abscesses, extensive tissue damage, Diagnosis: Isolation of pathogen, Treatment: Amphotericin B

Psittacosis (ornithosis)

In birds, Pathogen: Clamydophila psittaci, Symptoms: If any, fever, headache, chills, Diagnosis: Growth of bacteria in eggs or cell culture, Treatment: Tetracyclines

Coccidioidomycosis

In desert soils, Pathogen: Coccidioides, Symptoms: fever, coughing, weight loss, Diagnosis: Serological tests, Treatment: Amphotericin B

Pertussis (Whooping cough)

In humans, Pathogen: Bordetella pertussis, Symptoms: spasms of intense coughing to clear mucus, Diagnosis: Bacterial culture, Treatment: Erythromycin, Prevention: DTaP vaccine

Chlamydial pneumonia

In humans, Pathogen: Clamydophila pneumoniae, Symptoms: Mild respiratory illness; resembles mycoplasmal pneumonia, Diagnosis: Serological tests, Treatment: Tetracyclines

Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia

In humans, Pathogen: Haemophilus influenzae, Symptoms: like pneumococcal pneumonia, Diagnosis: Isolation; special media for nutritional req., Treatment: Cephalosporins

Mycoplasmal pneumonia

In humans, Pathogen: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Symptoms: Mild but persistent respiratory symptoms;cough, low fever, headache, Diagnosis: PCR and serological test, Treatment: Tetracylines

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease

In humans, Pathogen: RSV, Symptoms: pneumonia in infants, Diagnosis: Serological tests, Treatment: Palivizumab

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

In humans, Pathogen: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Symptoms: infected alveoli of lung fill w/ fluids, interferes w/ O2 uptake, Diagnosis: + optochin inhibition test or bile solubility test; serological typing of bacteria, Treatment: penicillin,fluoroquinolones Prevention: pneumococcal vaccine

Influenza

In humans, birds, pigs, Pathogen: influenza virus, Symptoms: chills, fever, headache, and muscular aches, Diagnosis: Serological EIA tests, Treatment: Amantadine, oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu)

Q fever

In mammals, tick vector, unpasteurized milk, Pathogen: Coxiella burnetii, Symptoms: Mild respiratory disease lasting 1-2 weeks; occasional complications such as endocarditis occur, Diagnosis: Growth in cell culture, Treatment: Doxycycline, chloroquine

Melioidosis

In moist soil, Pathogen: Burkholderia pseudomallei, Symptoms: pneumonia, tissue abscesses, severe sepsis, Diagnosis: Bacterial culture, Treatment: Ceftazidime,

Histoplasmosis

In soil (OH, MS), Pathogen: Histoplasma capsulatum, Symptoms: resembles TB, Diagnosis: Serological tests, Treatment: Amphotericin B

Legionellosis

In water, Pathogen: Legionella pneumophila, Symptoms: Potentially fatal pneumonia, Diagnosis: Culture on selective media, DNA probe, Treatment: Erythromycin

Encephalitis

Inflammation of the brain, caused by infection or an allergic reaction. (B. mandrillaris)

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges(cranial and spinal fluid) caused by a viral or bacterial infection (N. meningitidis) (S. pneumoniae)

1918 Spanish flu

Influenza A (H1N1), deaths 500,000 US, 40 mill worldwide, Future pandemic strains: Influenza A (H5N1) 1997 "avian flu", Influenza A (H9N2) 1999 bird isolate

Listeriosis

Listeria monocytogenes, Invasive pathogen, Can enter CNS causing infection in brain tissue Moves btw cells by "rocket propulsion" (rapid actin formation that moves organism btwn adjacent cells)

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Median age at death: 28 (range 14-74) Median duration of illness (mo) 13-14, Clinical presentation: prominent psychiatric and behavioral symptoms, delayed neurological signs, Genotype: Methionine

Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Median age at death: 68 (range 23-97), Median duration of illness (mo) 4-5, Clinical presentation: Dementia, Genotype: other amino acid combinations

Diseases of the Nervous System

Meningitis, Encephalitis, Listeriosis,

How B. anthracis gets into body

Microphages gets into lymphatic system, from lungs to lymph nodes, vegetative organism goes to lymph nodes, bacteria goes into bloodstream, then multiple organ failure, shock, death.

Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 3 mil people infected, manipulates immune system, inducing pathology through delayed hypersensitivity, Latent infections in pulmonary macrophages, Difficult to treat because of unique cell wall structure, mycelia acids create wax-like cell surface which prevents antibiotic access

Influenza(flu)

Orthomyxovirus: segmented ssRNA genome, 3 types A, B, or C, Highly infectious: 20%american infected/yr, 200,000 hospitalizations, 20-30,000 deaths/yr in US, Hyper-virulent strains: monitored continuously, rapid sequencing technologies (60 genomes/mth)

Anthrax toxin

PA-protective antigen, EF- edema factor, LF- lethal factor, deep into lungs if inhaled, can then become vegetative organism again

Rabies

Pathogen: Lyssavirus, Symptoms: fatal infection, agitation, muscles spasms, difficulty swallowing, Transmission: animal bite, Treatment: rabies immunoglobulin plus vaccine, Prevention: human diploid cell vaccine for high-risk individuals

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Pathogen: Peumocystis jirovecii, Symptoms: pneumonia, Diagnosis: Microscopy, Treatment: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Creutzfeldt-Jakob, Kuru

Pathogen: prion, Symptoms: fatal infection, neurological symptoms, trembling, Transmission: CJ (inherited, ingested, transplants) K (contact or ingestion)

2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus

Quadruple reassortment w/ gene products from: pigs (Europe and Asian) strains, avian influenza strains, human influenza strains, Atingenically unrelated to circulation H1N1 strains since 1957, Mutatins slowly, replicated in the lungs: stimulates unique pro inflammatory cytokine response

Rickettsial Diseases: Spotted fever group

R. rickettsii, causes Rocky mountain spotted fever (tick-borne)

Rickettsial Diseases: Typhus Group

Rickettsia prowazekii, causes epidemic typhus (mouse borne) R. typhi causes endemic typhus (flea-borne)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsia, obligate intra-cellular parasites due to being unable to make NAD+, whole body rash, hemorrhaging on extremities, Organism moves by polymerizing actin

How Rabies Goes though the body

1)Virus enters tissue from saliva of animal, 2)virus replicates in muscle near bite, 3)virus moves up PNS to CNS, 4)Virus ascent spinal cord, 5)virus reaches brain and causes fatal encephalitis, 6) virus enters salivary glands and other organs of victim

Influenza A

2 surface aningens: Hemagglutinin (H) promotes binding of virus to cells, target for neutralizing antibody, Neuraminidase (N) promotes relate of virus from cell. RNA polymerase replication is highly mutagenic, Antigenic drift: acclamation of point mutations, Antigenic shift: re-assortment of segmented genomes, 9 different H, 5 different N.

Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

7 antibiotics to treat TB, approx. 50% world's population infected, few frontline drugs: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, pyrazinamide, Extended drug regimens: persistent or latent state, Strong association with HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa

Bacillus anthracis

Anthrax, disease in cows, loves to be in bloodstream, cowswill dies, going from vegetative to spores (bacteria)

Tetanus (anaerobic and elaborate neurotixns)

Bacterial disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles. Pathogen: Clostridium tetani, Symptoms: lockjaw, muscle spasms, Transmission: puncture wound, Treatment: tetanus immune globulin, antibiotics, Prevention: toxoid vaccine (DTap, Td)

Diseases Causing Paralysis or Neurological Symptoms

Bacterial: Tetanus, Botulism, Leprosy, Viral: Rabies, Poliomyelitis, Protozoan:African trypanosomiasis, Prion Diseases: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Kuru

Lyme Disease

Borrelia burgdorferi,endemic in WI, prevalent in IL, cause by bite of arthropod (tick), discovered in Lyme, CN, tick infected deer and human came around and tick didn't differentiate and infected human, bulls eye rash is cardinal symptom of lyme disease

Relapsing Fever

Borrelia recurrentis, transmitted by feces (mouse), loves blood, replicates, fever spikes due to antigenic variation of a surface protein

How Botox Works

Botox blocks acetylcholine relate, muscle contraction, and winkles. Acetylcholine released, muscle contracts, frown lines form. (nerve ending)

Tick

Can't pull it out, head will be left in body and infect person

Leprosy

Contagious disease that affects the skin, mucous membranes, and nerves, causing discoloration and lumps on the skin, Pathogen: Mycobacterium leprae, Symptoms: loss of sensation of skin; disfiguring nodules, Transmission: prolonged contact with contaminated secretions, Treatment: Dapsone, rifampin clofaximine Prevention: BCG vaccine

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae, produces toxin, shuts down protein synthesis, one molecule of toxin to kill one cell, vaccine is very effective (vaccine in 1910)

Non-Rickettsial disease

Coxiella burnettii, causes Q ever (wool from sheep) (Queensland fever)

Poliomyelitis

affects the central nervous system and can cause temporary or permanent paralysis, Pathogen: Poliovirus, Symptoms: headache, sore throat, stiff neck, Transmission: ingesting contaminated water, Treatment: mechanical breathing aid, Prevention: polio vaccine (E-IPV)

Mad Cow Disease

caused by a prion (infections protein)

HIV

causes reduction in T cell and helper cells

Tetanus toxin

neurotoxin, prevents relate of glycine, no relaxation of nerve synapse

Neurotoxin

prevents release of acetyl choline (Botulism toxin)

Zoonoses

primary diseases of animals

Nerve Synapse

release of acetyl choline

Relaxation of nerve synapse

release of glycine

African trypanosomiasis

sleeping sickness, Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T.b. gambiense, Symptoms: fatal infections, headache, fever then coma, Transmission: Tsetse fly, Treatment:suramin; pentamidine Prevention: vector control

TB tubercle

switches from aerobic growth to anaerobic growth, ruptures, and goes throughout body

Bubonic Plague

Yersinia pestis causes it, transmitted via flea bites or inhalation of aerosols, rapidly infects the lymphatic system, extremely infectious, vaccine available, dark mass in flea is bacteria, infection 1/3 population of Europe