Microbiology Chapter 19 Review

Diphtheria- Disease Table 19.5 Causative Agent: • blank • Gram morphology: _________________________________

Corynebacterium diphtheria Non spore forming gram positive club shaped

Respiratory viruses: • Very blNk causes of community-acquired pneumonia o Either residents of the upper respiratory tract or acquired through blank activities o Is viral pneumonia generally more or less severe than bacterial and fungal pneumonia?

common daily Milder

Influenza Antigenic blank: • RNA exchange between different viruses • Occurs during blank of a host cell • Produces seasonal outbreaks or pandemics?

shift coinfection Pandemics

Influenza Culture and Diagnosis: • Often diagnosed based on blank alone • Culture and non-culture based blank to identify virus subtype causing Infection

symptoms tests

Acute Otitis Media Prevention: blank • blank: targets step pneumoniae • Hib: targets haemop influenza type b

vaccines Prevnar

Pharyngitis: Streptococcus pyogenes Culture and Diagnosis (Remember Ex. 12 in lab?):

-Rapid diagnostic tests o Culturing

Influenza Causative Agents: Influenza blank, blank and blank (What type of pathogens?) _______

A, B, C Viruses

Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia- Transmission: Where do these pathogens usually come from? ___________ ___________________________________ Culture and Diagnosis: Endotracheal blank or bronchoalveolar cultures provide useful information but are blank

Abnormal breathing and aspiration into the lungs tube invasive

Whooping Cough (Pertussis)- Disease Table 19.7 Causative Agent: blank (What type of pathogen is this?) Transmission: blank contact

Bordetella pertussis Droplet

Sinusitis treatment: • blank-spectrum antibiotics for bacterial infection • blank and/or surgery for fungal infection

Broad Antifungals

Second and third lines of defense • blank • Antimicrobial peptides • blanl • Secretory IgA

Complement Macrophages

Diphtheria Transmission: blank contact, blank contact, blank

Droplet direct fomites

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Transmission: • blanl and blanl contact via blank Virulence factor: "blank cell" (syncytia) formation

Droplet Indirect Fomite Giant

Diphtheria Prevention: _____________________ Treatment: (insert 2 components of treatment) 1. _______________________ 2. _______________________________________

Duptheria toxoid vaccine (DTaP) Antitoxin plus penicillins or erythromycin

Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors: • How is the wall composition a virulence factor? __________________ • Stimulates strong blank-mediated immune response Transmission and Epidemiology:__________________________

Enhances survival in environment and in macrophages cell Trsnsmitted through respiratory droplets

Blamk Tuberculosis: • Infection outside of the lungs: o Lymph nodes, kidneys, bone, genital tract, brain and blank • What groups are most at risk for this?

Extrapulmonary meninges Children/immunocompromised

Histoplasma capsulatum (Type of pathogen?): _______________________ • Highest incidence in blank and central U.S. • Grows most abundantly in moist soils high in bkank content, especially those supplemented with bird droppings • Extremely blank distribution T/F:Most are symptomatic

Fungus eastern nitrogen widespread False

***Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci (Type of pathogen?): _______________ • Highly associated with which population subset? ______________ • Likely transmitted through the inhalation of blank • Traditional antifungal drugs are blank because of the chemical makeup of the cell wall.

Fungus ;Pneumocystis pneumonia Aids patients spores ineffective

Pharyngitis: Streptococcus pyogenes • Type of pathogen? Gram morphology? _______________________ • Blank streptococcal throat infections can result in serious complications. o blank: Sandpaper-like rash with high fever o blank: due to an immunologic cross-reaction between streptococcal M proteins and the heart muscle

Gram positive coco that grows in chains _Forms a capsule: most important fector in its ability to cause pneumonia _falcultarive anaerobe _Produces a peroxidase that allows it survive in prescene of oxygen Untreated Scarlet fever Rheumatic fever

Whooping Cough Signs and Symptoms: • blank phase: 3 - 21 days • blank stage: characterized by runny nose, 1-2 weeks • blank stage: bouts of severe coughing (paroxysm) • blank phase: no ongoing symptoms; susceptible to other respiratory infection

Incubation Catarrhal Paroxysmal Convalescent

The Common Cold Transmission: blank contact, blank contact Symptoms: • blank • Scratchy throat • Runny nose • Fever in blank

Indirect droplet Sneezing children

Pharyngitis- Disease Table 19.1 Signs and Symptoms: • blank of the throat • Swollen blank • May also have o blank-smelling breath o Difficulty speaking or blank o Headache o May be blank packets visible on the walls of the throat Sore throats caused by bacteria are more painful than those caused by viruses, and more likely to be accompanied by fever, headache, and nausea.

Inflammation tonsils Foul swallowing white

Sinusitis: Disease Table 19.3 • ______________________________________________ Causative Agents: • Various blank • Various blank, often a mixed infection • Various blank • Allergies, structural abnormalities are common noninfectious causes • Which is most common cause? ______________________

Inflammation of sinuses fungi bacteria viruses Allergies most common

Influenza Transmission and Epidemiology: • blank of virus-laden aerosols and droplets • T/F: Direct contact with fomites Binds to blank cells of respiratory mucosa

Inhalation False: indirect ciliated

Tuberculosis- Disease Table 19.9 Primary Tuberculosis: • High or low infectious dose? ________________________________ • Bacteria multiply inside blank • Escape leads to cell-mediated attack on blank • Tubercle formation in nlank • blank release enzymes causing necrotic caseous lesions that heal by call

Low only 10 macrophages bacteria lungs Neutrophils

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis • boa k-TB o Defined as being resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin o Requires treatment of 18 - 24 blank with 4-6 drugs

MDR months

The Respiratory Tract and Its Defenses Divided into two parts: See Figure 19.1 • Upper respiratory tract: o (List components) • Lower respiratory tract: o (List components)

Mouth, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, throat, pharynx, epiglottis Teaches bronchi bronchioles, alveoli

Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis: Causative Agent: • blank tuberculosis • Pathogen type: _____________________________________ • List some cellular characteristics: _______________________

Mycobacterium Bacillus Acid fast bacillus Strict aerobe Slow growing

Atypical pneumonias: • blank and blank o Type(s) of pathogen? ____________________________ o Transmitted by blank droplets o "blank pneumonia", Lack of acute illness in most patients

Mycoplasma Chlamydophila Type of pathogen:Prokaryote Bacteria with no cell wall aerosol Walking

Anatomical protection from infection: 1. _____________________________________ 2. ________________________________ 3. _________________________________________

Nasal hairs Cilia propel particles upward Mucus

Whooping Cough Prevention: • Vaccine available? _________________________________ • Antibiotic treatment for contacts • Why is pertussis returning in some populations? ___________________

Prevention: DTaP vaccine, antibiotic treatment for contacts Vaccine does not provide life long immunity Many outbreaks today due to the lack of vaccinations, boosters(tdap)

Influenza- Disease Table 19.6 Signs and Symptoms: -DNA or RNA virus? • Begin in upper/lower respiratory tract • T/F: Can progress to lower tract • blanl, chills, dry cough, body aches, fever, stuffy nose, sore throat, extreme fatigue

RNA Upper True Headache

Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia- Prevention and Treatment: • Elevation of patients' heads to a 45-degree angle helps blanl aspiration of secretions. • Postoperative blamk breathing and frequent coughing can reduce rates. • Proper blank of mechanical ventilators and respiratory therapy equipment • Empiric blank should begin as soon as hospital-associated pneumonia is suspected.

Reduce deep care therapy

Pharyngitis: Streptococcus pyogenes Transmission : Insert 2 routes of transmission o _______________________________________ o _______________________________________

Respiratory droplets Direct contact with mucus secretions

***Tuberculosis Causative Agent: • Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Pathogen type: _____________________________________ • List some cellular characteristics: _______________

Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)

The Common Cold- Disease Table 19.2 Causative Agent: over 200 different viruses • blank: 99 serotypes • Coronavirus • blank • Respiratory syncytial virus • Which is the most common? ___________________

Rhinoviruses Adenovirus Rhinovirus most common

Pharyngitis Causative Agents: • What types of viruses are common causes? ____________________ • Name at least 2 non-infectious causes of pharyngitis: 1. ______________________ 2. ______________________ • Most serious cases of pharyngitis caused by blank

Same viruses causing the common cold Mechanical irritation from prolonged shouting Drainage from the sinus cavity Streptococcus pyogenes

Blank (Reactivation) Tuberculosis: • Pathogen is reactivated some time after primary episode • Severe symptoms develop: "blank" o Violent blnk with greenish or bloody sputum o Low-grade blank, weight loss, fatigue, chest pain

Secondary consumption coughing fever

Diphtheria Culture/Diagnosis: Selective agar : ________________________

Selective agar: tellurite medium(grey/blank colonies)

Streptococcus pneumoniae: • Gram morphology? _____________________________________ • Factors that favor the ability of the bacterium to cause disease: o List at least 3 predisposing factors for disease: 1. ______________________________________ _ 2. _______________________________________ 3. _______________________________________ • Vaccine available? ____________________________

Small gram positive flattened coccus appears in pairs Old age Season Diabetes Chronic alcohol abuse Yes

Microorganisms of respiratory tract Upper respiratory tract: Lower respiratory tract:

Staph step etc No colonization

Acute Otitis Media Causative agents: • blanl • Haemophilus influenza • Other bacteria/viruses • Mixed blank of bacteria in chronic otitis media • What is the most common bacterial cause? _____________________

Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm

Tuberculosis: Pathogenesis and Virulence Factors: • How is the wall composition a virulence factor? __________________ • Stimulates strong blank-mediated immune response

Synticia formation cell

Normal Biota of the Respiratory Tract T/F: Some normal biota can cause serious disease The composition of the blank microbiome differs in patients with COPD, asthma, and cystic fibrosis and between smokers and nonsmokers. Normal biota perform the function of blank

True lung microbial antagonism

Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis Culture and Diagnosis: • Clinical diagnosis of disease relies on these techniques: o blank testing o Blood testing o Culture o boank staining

Tuberculin Acid-fast

Influenza Prevention: blank • Several types of influenza vaccine: o T/: All injectable • New vaccine prospects: Target ion-channel proteins to eliminate all blank. • Why are flu vaccines recommended every year? • Can you get the flu from the flu vaccine?

Vaccination True strains Strains change every year No

Acute Otitis Media: Disease Table 19.4 • _______________________________________________ The middle ear is sterile, so how do microbes get there?

Viral infections of the upper rt lead to I imflammtion of eustashian tubes, buildup of fluid, and bacterial multiplication of the fluid

Acute Otitis Media Treatment: • What is "watchful waiting"? ________________________________ • When should antibiotics be used? ___________________________ • Why shouldn't antibiotics be administered as soon as signs and symptoms begin? ________________________________________ • Blank membrane tubes

Waiting symptoms out If bacteria infection Not sure what causing virus Tympanic

The Common Cold Prevention and Treatment: ______________

Wash hands Don't touch face Face mask No cure Get rest Drink fluids

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prevention: Passive blank for high risk blank

antibody children

Legionella pneumophila: • Gram morphology? ______________________________________ • Widely distributed in blank water, cooling towers, spas, ponds, and other fresh water o Resistant to blank • Released during blank formation and carried blank distances Also named blank djsease

Weekly gram negative bacterium that ranged from coccus to filaments tap chlorine aerosol long Legionnaires

Respiratory Syncytial Virus- Disease Table 19.8 In what season(s) do cases peak? _____________________________ What age group is most at risk for serious illness? _____________________

Winter and early spring Children

Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Blank-TR o MDR-TB strains with resistance to two additional drugs o T/F: Tons of treatment options o Estimated 70% blank rate within months of diagnosis

XDR False; few mortality

Influenza Antigenic blank: • Mutation of glycoprotein (H, N) genes • blank host immune response to virus • Produces seasonal outbreaks or pandemics?

drift Reduced Seasonal outbreaks

Influenza Treatment: • Must be taken blank in the infection • blank and rimantadine o Treat and prevent influenza type blank o T/F: Do not work against influenza type B • Zanamivir (blanl) o Inhaled drug o T/F: Works against only influenza A • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) o T/F: Resistance does occur

early Amantadine A True Relenza False A and B True

Diphtheria Virulence factor: Diphtheria blanl encoded by a blank

exotoxin bacteriophage

*Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis: Prevention: • Patient isolation in blank-pressure rooms • Vaccine used in the US? ________________________________ • How does vaccine alter/impact testing? ____________________ Treatment: • 3-6 blank given for 6-9 months • Why is noncompliance so common? _________________________

negative No drugs Too long, forgetful etc

Pharyngitis: Streptococcus pyogenes Treatment: blank, azithromycin • Prevention: __________________________________________

penicillins Good hand washing

Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia- Disease Table 19.11 Up to 1% of hospitalized or institutionalized people experience blank: Blank rate: 30 - 50% Most frequent causes: • blank aeruginosa • Acinetobacter baumanii • Streptococcus blank • Klebsiella pneumoniae • S. aureus: HAP caused by blank • Many are blank in origin

pneumonia Mortality Pseudomonas pneumoniae MRSA polymicrobial

Secondary (Reactivation) Tuberculosis: • Pathogen is blank some time after primary episode • Severe symptoms develop: "blank" o Violent blank with greenish or bloody sputum o Low-grade fever, weight loss, blank, chest pain

reactivated consumption coughing fatigue