Microbiology Chapter 25 homework

Please choose the answer below that best explains why the drug treatment term "anti-retroviral therapy" (ART) is showing promise

1.) ART drug treatment decreases viral loads to undetectable levels and result in improvements in the patients immune fuctions 2.) Use of ART drugs reduce the incidence of viral drug resistance 3.) HIV virus production is interrupted at two or more levels which may include retroviral DNA production, viral assembly, prevention of viral DNA integration into host genome and others (All of these are correct)

Please choose the answer that describes the progression of HIV infection to AIDS to test your understanding of how AIDS is defined as a disease

1.) Early presentation resembles a vague mononucleosis-like condition, with a rapid increase, the decrease of HIV virus particles in the blood 2.) An extended period of latency which can last for years, during which time the patient's T-cell numbers are steadily decreasing, gradually moving toward the immune deficient (AIDS) state 3.) the actual onset of AIDS is marked by fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, and complications associated with various organs system such as nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal (All of these are correct)

Please select each of the common reservoirs of rabies listed below

Canines, bats, skunks, raccoons and badgers

Please select all of the correct answers that describe factors increasing the likelihood of human host contracting influenza

Contact with chicken, other poultry and swine, Contact with other individuals in crowded areas with poor ventilation during winter months in seasonal areas, Inhalation of respiratory aerosols

HIV can be transmitted through saliva during direct intimate contact such as kissing

False

Occupational contact with chickens, other poultry, and swine constitutes a special high-risk category for infection with respiratory syncitial virus

False

Please choose the hepatitis virus that is primary spread through sexual contact

HBV

Please select the answers below that correspond to structural features of HIV and their host cells necessary for HIV for infection to occur

HIV envelope contains glycoproteins that mediate viral absorption and fusion to the host cell, Infectable host cell membranes must present surface receptors including a CD4 marker, as well a co-receptor

Please select each of the options below that describe structural characteristics of influenza virus

Influenza viruses are enveloped segmented single-stranded RNA viruses, Influenza viruses possess hemagglutinin, named for its ability to clump red blood cells

Please select the answer below that correspond to characteristics of polioviruses increasing their likelihood of transmission

Poliovirus can be transmitted in a fecal-oral fashion, passed from person to person through contaminated food, water, and other substances contaminated with feces, Polioviruses have a naked capsid making them resistant to harsh conditions such as those present in the host gastrointestinal tract

HIV attaches to host cells by binding to

Receptors

What group of viruses does HIV belong to?

Retroviruses

HIV, and related viruses such as HTLV, possess which usually virally encode enzyme?

Reverse transcriptase

Proteins that project or stick out from the envelope of HIV and attach or absorb it to host cells are called ____

Spikes

Antigenic drift

The term implies the constant and gradual change of influenza glycoproteins through mutation in decreases the host ability to recognize the virus

Antigenic shift

This term implies a relatively sudden and dramatic change in the influenza virus genome through substitution or recombination of genes from an influenza virus origination from different animal host

Children, rather than adults, are the primary patient group of both measles and mumps

True

Please select each of the ecological factors of arthropod vectors that tie them to the life cycle of their particular arbovirus counterparts

arthropod's life span, availability of the arthropods food source and breeding site, climatic influences such as temperature and humidity

Influenza vaccine is manufactured by injecting selected strains of the virus into _____ from special breed of chicken and incubating

fertilized eggs

Rubella infection is of greatest concern in

pregnant women

Most outbreaks of Ebola have stopped when

so many people contract the disease and die that person to person transmission is interrupted

Postnatal rubella

symptoms of this relatively mild condition include a rash pink macules and papules of the face, trunk and extremities

Please choose the implication of the term "retrovirus"

they can synthesize double-stranded DNA from their own single-stranded RNA genome within the host cell

Congenital rubella

this condition can result in miscarriage of multiple permanent defects of the newborn

Please select each of the answers that correspond to the epidemiology and pathology of Hepatitis A virus distinguishing it from other hepatitis viruses

transmitted primarily in a fecal-oral fashion through ingestion of contaminated food and water, Infection is acute and temporary, rarely resulting in lasting liver damage.

Please choose the answer that best described the age group in which respiratory syncytial virus is the most prevalent cause of respiratory infection

young infants