Microbiology Chapter 9 Learn smart

is a bacterial virus.

Bacteriophage

Which is true regarding adenine and guanine? Adenine is a pyrimidine and guanine is a purine Both are pyrimidines Adenine is a purine and guanine is a pyrimidine Both are purines

Both are purines

_______________in bacteria refers to horizontal gene exchange via pili.

Conjugation

What is the central dogma hypothesis of genetics? Protein encodes RNA which encodes DNA RNA encodes DNA which encodes protein DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.

False Reason: Bacteria have no exact equivalent to sexual reproduction, but use conjugation for gene exchange via pili.

True or false: A cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm.

False Reason: Cells with integrated plasmids are denoted as Hfr, or high frequency recombination, for their ability to transmit chromosomal genes at higher rates than other cells.

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the __________

Genome

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell? Genome Gene Chromosome

Genome

Which is a purine? Thymine Cytosine Guanine Uracil

Guanine Reason: Adenine and guanine are purines while thymine, cytosine, and uracil are pyrimidines

In bacterial conjugation, which type of donor has the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome? Hfr F- F+

Hfr

_____________gene transfer occurs when organisms acquire genes which did not come directly from parent organisms.

Horizontal

Which two of the following statements regarding plasmids are true? Many bacteria carry plasmids in addition to their chromosome. Plasmids may contain genes that specify resistance to antibiotics. A typical bacterial plasmid will have a few hundred genes. Plasmids are essential for bacterial survival.

Many bacteria carry plasmids in addition to their chromosome. Plasmids may contain genes that specify resistance to antibiotics.

Building blocks of DNA, called ___________, contain the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases.

Nucleotide

Building blocks of DNA, called ____________,contain the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases.

Nucleotides

________________ ________________are areas of the genome containing multiple genes which contribute to a new trait for the organism that increases its ability to cause disease.

Pathogenicity Islands

What are areas of the genome where multiple genes exist that are coordinated to give a new trait and make the bacterium more pathogenic? Insertion elements Polymerase Transposons Pathogenicity islands

Pathogenicity islands

_____________is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

Plasmid

In the central dogma, DNA encodes ___________ which encodes protein

RNA

______________refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

Recombination

Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms? Heredity Reproduction Heredity Reproduction

Reproduction

Which recombination method involves transfer of DNA via bacteriophages? Transduction Transposition Conjugation

Transduction

involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages

Transduction

Which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria? Transcription Transduction Conjugation Translation Transformation

Transduction Conjugation Transformation

Which gene transfer method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells? Transduction Conjugation Transposition Transformation

Transformation

_______________involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells.

Transformation

True or false: A bacterial cell described as competent can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.

True

True or false: Within a nucleotide, the phosphate group is linked to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar.

True

True or false: A phage is a bacterial virus.

True Reason: Bacteriophage or phage are bacterial viruses.

True or false: Within a nucleotide, the phosphate group is linked to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar.

True Reason: The phosphate group attaches to the 5' carbon, while the nitrogenous base attaches to the 1' carbon.

Most bacterial plasmids carry an origin of replication and at most _____ genes. a few thousand a few hundred a few dozen

a few dozen

A nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous _____________

base

A bacterial cell described as __________,can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.

competent

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during .

conjugation

During conjugation, the donor cell generally retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred. This is termed a _____ process. conservative translational semiconservative recombinant

conservative

In DNA, the base that pairs with guanine is _________-

cytosine

The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are thymine and ___________

cytosine

True or false: The chromosome is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

false Reason: A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA.

True or false: In bacterial conjugation, all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells.

false Reason: Some F+ cells possess the F plasmid separate from their chromosomal DNA. Hfr cell are only those in which the plasmid is integrated into the chromosome

In _____ transduction, random fragments of host DNA are taken up by the bacteriophage during assembly. specialized generalized

generalized

The science of heredity is ______. genetics reproduction biology

genetics

___________is the study of the inheritance of living things.

genetics

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the ____________

genome

A nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a(n) ______. protein amino acid nitrogenous base

nitrogenous base

Within a nucleotide, the ________________ group is linked to the 5' carbon of the pentose sugar.

phosphate

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex _________ during conjugation.

pillus

In _____ transduction, a particular part of the host genome is included in the virus. generalized specialized

specialized

Conjugation is a conservative process, meaning that the recipient replicates the DNA immediately upon receiving it the donor retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred the donor transfers only the minimum to the recipient the DNA is transferred intact, without any mutations

the donor retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred

How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?

the plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cell

All DNA nucleotides contain ______. the same sugar, but different phosphates and nitrogenous bases the same nitrogenous base, but different phosphates and sugars the same nitrogenous base and phosphate, but different sugars the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases

the same sugar and phosphate, but different nitrogenous bases

The process of introducing foreign genes to a plant cell by adding the DNA directly to the cell medium is termed ______________

transfection

The process of introducing foreign genes to a yeast cell by adding the DNA directly to the cell medium is termed transfection translation transformation transposition

transfection

Conjugation __________ and transduction are methods of gene transfer in bacteria.

transformation