Microbiology Exam #1 - Mastering and Learning Catalytic (Quiz 1)

Who was the first scientist to pursue a "magic bullet" that could be used to treat infectious disease? a.) Semmelweis b.) Lister c.) Jenner d.) Pasteur e.) Ehrlich

Ehrlich

Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenner's vaccination process? a.) Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity. b.) Someone who recovers from a disease will not acquire that disease again. c.) A weakened microorganism will not cause disease. d.) Pathogenic microorganisms infect all humans and animals in the same manner. e.) Disease is caused by viruses.

Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity

True or False: The process of pasteurization to reduce food spoilage utilizes high heat to kill all bacteria present.

False

True or False: All pathogens known to infect humans have been identified at this point in time.

False

If you begin with six cells, how many cells would you have after three rounds of division? a.) Twelve cells b.) Nine cells c.) Eighteen cells d.) Twenty-four cells e.) Forty-eight cells f.) It is impossible to determine.

Forty-eight cells

Who is credited with first observing microorganisms? a.) Carolus Linnaeus b.) Louis Pasteur c.) Robert Koch d.) Anton van Leeuwenhoek e.) Robert Hooke

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by: a.) Robert Koch b.) Louis Pasteur c.) Aristotle d.) Ignaz Semmelweis e.) Carolus Linnaeus

Carolus Linnaeus.

Which of the following is true of microbes? a.) All bacterial enzymes are harmful to humans and the environment. b.) Gene expression in bacteria is very similar to gene expression in humans, which facilitates the use of bacteria in recombinant biotechnology and gene therapy. c.) Microbes create pollutants and toxins that harm the environment. d.) 99% of all microbes are pathogenic.

Gene expression in bacteria is very similar to gene expression in humans, which facilitates the use of bacteria in recombinant biotechnology and gene therapy.

Which physician is first associated with vaccination? a.) Escherich b.) Koch c.) Ehrlich d.) Lister e.) Jenner

Jenner

Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by a.) Koch. b.) Lister. c.) Pasteur. d.) Wasserman. e.) Semmelweis.

Koch

A disease breaks out among sheep in California. A scientist takes blood from the sheep and grows a previously unknown organism. That organism is then injected into a healthy sheep. The healthy sheep becomes sick with the same symptoms as the original sheep and dies. That sheep's blood is then cultured, and the original organism is isolated. This applies the principles of __________. a.) spontaneous generation b.) Koch's postulates c.) epidemiology d.) vaccination

Koch's Postulates

The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by a.) Holmes. b.) Lister. c.) Semmelweis. d.) Pasteur. e.) Koch.

Lister

Part complete Which step of binary fission is the reason for genetically identical daughter cells? a.) Replication of the bacterial chromosome b.) There are four new daughter cells that result from one parental cell c.) Splitting of the two daughter cells d.) Elongation of the cell

Replication of the bacterial chromosome

Who is credited with first observing cells? a.) Louis Pasteur b.) Carolus Linnaeus c.) Anton van Leeuwenhoek d.) Robert Hooke e.) Robert Koch

Robert Hooke

Filtration methods, followed by growth of the bacteria trapped on the filters in growth media, are used to count bacteria present in very low concentrations, such as in lakes and streams.

True

Turbidity is an indirect measurement of bacterial growth that can be measured using a spectrophotometer.

True

Part complete What results when a single bacterium reproduces? a.) Two genetically unique daughter cells b.) One parent cell and a genetically different cell c.) Two genetically identical daughter cells d.) One parent cell and a genetically identical daughter cell

Two genetically identical daughter cells

Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction: 2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2? a.) catalase b.) oxidase c.) peroxidase d.) superoxide dismutase

catalase

Classification of organisms into three domains is based on a.) cellular proteins. b.) the number of cells in the organism. c.) cellular organization. d.) the presence of a cell wall. e.) nutritional requirements.

cellular organization

In which of the following situations would Koch's postulates be utilized? a.) determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission b.) formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab c.) development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab d.) determination of the cause of cancer in a patient e.) whenever the scientific method is used to investigate a microbiological problem

determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission

Biogenesis refers to the a.) development of aseptic technique. b.) development of life forms from preexisting life forms. c.) germ theory of disease. d.) spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter.

development of life forms from preexisting life forms.

Commercial utilization of microbial products has become increasingly popular due to their environmentally friendly nature. Production of these products which are readily degraded and, thus, non-toxic typically utilizes a.) enzymes. b.) soap. c.) organic solvents. d.) organic acids. e.) alcohol.

enzymes

Which of the following matches the organisms described with the correct domain? a.) bacteria--unicellular, eukaryotic organisms that always lack cell walls b.) bacteria--unicellular, eukaryotic organisms with cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan c.) archaea--multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that do not have cell walls d.) eukarya--single-celled and multicellular organisms, with a defined nucleus and a variety of nutritional sources

eukarya--single-celled and multicellular organisms, with a defined nucleus and a variety of nutritional sources

Which group of microorganisms is most likely to spoil a freshwater trout preserved with salt? a.) psychrophiles b.) hyperthermophiles c.) facultative halophiles d.) anaerobes e.) thermophiles

facultative halophiles

The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as a.) pasteurization. b.) fermentation. c.) lyophilization. d.) tyndallization. e.) alcoholism.

fermentation

Consider organisms that are eukaryotic, are found in both unicellular and multicellular forms, may resemble plants but are not photosynthetic, have chitin in their cell walls, and absorb organic nutrients from decomposing material in the environment. These organisms would be classified as which of the following types of organisms? a.) archaea b.) fungi c.) bacteria d.) protozoa

fungi

Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of: a.) riboflavin. b.) acetone. c.) insulin. d.) aspirin. e.) riboflavin, acetone and insulin.

riboflavin, acetone and insulin

Which disease has been eliminated through the use of vaccines? a.) tuberculosis b.) influenza c.) smallpox d.) measles e.) rubella

smallpox

Recombinant DNA technology has become an increasingly important part of our life. It is used for all of the following EXCEPT: a.) synthesis of water. b.) enhancing food longevity. c.) increasing the nutritional value of food. d.) vaccine production. e.) drug production.

synthesis of water

The observations of Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek documenting the existence of microscopic cells formed the basis of what important theory? a.) the theory of spontaneous generation, which held that life forms could arise spontaneously b.) the germ theory of disease and causative agents c.) the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells d.) the theory of chemotherapy, or use of antimicrobials to destroy pathogenic organisms

the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells.

Which of the following is the best definition of generation time? a.) the minimum rate of doubling b.) the time needed for nuclear division c.) the length of time needed for a cell to divide d.) the duration of log phase e.) the length of time needed for lag phase

the length of time needed for a cell to divide

If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment? a.) supplying the liquid with nutrients b.) adding antibiotics to the liquid c.) adding carbon dioxide to the liquid d.) starting with a liquid that contains microorganisms e.) using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms

using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms

The major food producers for other living organisms is/are a.) higher plants. b.) cyanobacteria. c.) algae. d.) higher plants and algae. e.) higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae.

higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae.

Salts and sugars work to preserve foods by creating a a.) depletion of nutrients. b.) lower osmotic pressure. c.) hypotonic environment. d.) hypertonic environment. e.) lower pH.

hypertonic environment.

Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms EXCEPT: a.) gene therapy. b.) bioremediation. c.) agriculture. d.) alternative fuel production. e.) increased number of illnesses.

increased number of illnesses

Which of the following is NOT a direct method to measure microbial growth? a.) metabolic activity b.) direct microscopic count c.) filtration on a support membrane followed by incubation on medium d.) most probable number (MPN) e.) standard plate count

metabolic activity

Fungal infections are studied by a.) mycologists. b.) bacteriologists. c.) parasitologists. d.) virologists. e.) herpetologists.

mycoloists

Which of the following elements is NOT correctly matched with its cellular function? a.) nitrogen needed for amino acid synthesis b.) phosphorus incorporated into nucleic acids c.) magnesium and potassium required as cofactors for enzymes d.) phosphorus used for production of carbohydrates. e.) sulfur used for synthesis of thiamin and biotin

phosphorus used for production of carbohydrates.

A microbe reproduces by binary fission every 20 minutes under favorable conditions. If you started with one cell, how long would 10 generations take and how many bacteria would be present if all the conditions were just right? a.) 2 hours and 10 minutes, producing 1,048,576 bacteria b.) 24 hours, producing 262,144 bacteria c.) 18 hours and 40 minutes, producing 1 million bacteria d.) 3 hours 20 minutes, producing 1,024 bacteria

3 hours 20 minutes, producing 1,024 bacteria (organism produced 2^10 over 10 generations.)

An experiment began with 4 cells and ended with 128 cells. How many generations did the a.) 6 b.) 4 c.) 64 d.) 5 e.) 32

5

Most bacteria grow best at pH a.) 9. b.) 5. c.) 7. d.) 14. e.) 1.

7

Penicillin was discovered by accident by a.) Paul Ehrlich. b.) Edward Jenner. c.) Robert Koch. d.) Alexander Fleming. e.) Joseph Lister

Alexander Fleming

Recombinant DNA refers to the: a.) DNA resulting when genes from one organism are inserted into another organism. b.) study of bacterial ribosomes. c.) synthesis of proteins from genes. d.) study of the function of genes. e.) interaction between human and bacterial cells.

DNA resulting when genes from one organism are inserted into another organism.

Which of the following is NOT a step in bacterial cell division? a.) Splitting apart of two new daughter cells b.) Cell elongation c.) Replication of the genetic material d.) Disappearance of nuclear envelope

Disappearance of nuclear envelope

In the late 1800s, a researcher by the name of Robert Koch developed a series of postulates (guidelines) that can be used to prove that a given pathogen is the true cause of a disease. Koch's Postulates 1. The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts. 2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. 3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host must get the disease. 4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host. Which of the following steps does NOT follow one of Koch's postulates? Pick step that does NOT follow the postulates.

a.) A mouse that was exposed to a potential viral pathogen has died and you are able to isolate the virus from the liver of the mouse. b.) You are able to isolate a pathogenic bacterium from someone with a new type of pharyngitis. c.) You collect a throat swab from a family member who has also become sick. d.) You give a patient an antibiotic to treat an infection ******

Regarding Louis Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is TRUE? a.) A food source was provided. b.) Air exchange was involved. c.) All preexisting microorganisms were killed. d.) The possibility of contamination was removed. e.) All of the answer choices are correct.

all of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following is NOT a domain in the three-domain system? a.) bacteria b.) animalia c.) eukarya d.) archaea

animalia

Robert Koch identified the cause of a.) anthrax. b.) gonorrhea. c.) diphtheria. d.) smallpox. e.) AIDS.

anthrax

the figure, which line best depicts a facultative anaerobe in the absence of O2?

b

The addition of which of the following to a culture medium will neutralize acids? a.) pH b.) sugars c.) carbon d.) heat e.) buffers

buffers

Pathogenic bacteria isolated from the respiratory or intestinal tracts of humans are: a.) facultative anaerobes that require reducing media for growth. b.) capnophiles that prefer highly oxygenated growth conditions. c.) capnophiles that grow best in carbon dioxide incubators. d.) strict aerobes that grow best in candle jars. e.) strict aerobes that grow best in reducing media.

capnophiles that grow best in carbon dioxide incubators.