Microbiology Exam 1 old xams
What are R Plasmids and what do they do?
"Resistance plasmids" May be copied and shared among the bacteria
What are some ways microbes can become resistant to antibiotics?
-Inactivate the antibiotic -Block the entry -Membrane pump -Resistance plasmids -Alter metabolic pathway
What is the smaller subunit of ribosomes?
30 s unit
What is the larger subunit of ribosomes?
50 s unit
Bacteria tend to prefer what range on the pH scale?
7 (neutral)
What can survive in extremely acidic conditions?
Acidophiles
What is characterized as being unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic, and some being autotrophic? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Algea
What is classified by their photosynthetic pigments (color) and cell wall composition? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Algea
What is characterized as being unicellular prokaryotic, and some are autotrophic? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Bacteria
What is classified by gram positive or gram negative? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Bacteria
What is the difference between a lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle?
Both will result in lysis or destruction of the host cell, but the lysogenic cycle will first have the virus enter the host cell's chromosome for an extended period of time.
If bacteria is requiring extra CO2 it is _____ -Capnophilic -Halophilic
Capnophilic
What bacterial cell structure surround the cell wall and are polysaccharide in nature (some are more peptide)? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Capsule
What are effective barriers that block antibiotics from entering bacteria cells?
Capsules, lipid layers, and cell walls
What are the reagents in the acid fast chain?
Carbol fuschin (pink dye), Acid alcohol (decolorizer) Methylene blue (blue dye)
What antibiotic targets protein synthesis by blocking 50 s ribosomal subunits? -Sulfa drugs -Quionlones -Penicillins/Cephalosporins -Chloramphnicol/erthromycin -Tetracyclines/aminoglycosides -Polymyxins
Chloramphnicol/erthromycin
What bacterial cell structure is attached to inner part of plasma membrane by mesosome? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Chromosomes
What do psychrophiles favor? -Hot temperatures -Cold temperatures -Moderate temperatures
Cold temperatures
What is the most common mechanism of transfer of genetic material in bacteria? -Transformation -Conjugation -Transduction
Conjugation
What are the Gram stain reagents?
Crystal violet Iodine Gram's alcohol Safranin
What bacterial cell structure is the fluid part of bacterial cells? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Cytoplasm
What is the term for reducing overall numbers of bacteria?
Disinfection
What is the specialized plasmid called with conjugation?
F plasmid/Fertility plasmid
A _______ cell has the F plasmid. The plasmid went into the chromosome and took a small piece of chromosomal DNA with it when in came out. It has extra DNA which may be transferred when the F plasmid is transferred. - F+ - F- - F prime -Hfr
F prime
A ________ cell contains the F plasmid and is capable of conjugating with other bacteria. - F+ - F- - F prime -Hfr
F+
A _______ cell lacks the F plasmid, thus cannot initiate conjugation - F+ - F- - F prime -Hfr
F-
What prefers one way of oxygen but can survive the other? -Obligate (aerobe or anaerobe?) -Faculative -Microaerophili
Faculative
What is characterized as being unicellular or multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Fungi
What is classified by the type of sexual spore they produce? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Fungi
If there is a thick layer of lipids (called an outer membrane or lipopolusaccharide) is it gram negative or gram positive?
Gram negative
If there is a thin layer of peptidoglycan is it gram negative or gram positive?
Gram negative
If there are few lipids? it gram negative or gram positive?
Gram positive
If there is a thick layer of peptidoglycan is it gram negative or gram positive?
Gram positive
If bacteria is require extra salt it is ____ -Capnophilic -Halophilic
Halophilic
A _______ cell has the F plasmid still incorporated into the chromosome. These cells can conjugate at a faster rate and have a higher chance of chromosomal genes being transferred along with the F plasmid. - F+ - F- - F prime -Hfr
Hfr
What do thermophiles favor? -Hot temperatures -Cold temperatures -Moderate temperatures
Hot temperatures
What bacterial cell structure are the non membrane bound areas of stored material such as lipid or starch in bodies in the cytoplasm? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Inclusion bodies
List the classification sequence from kingdom to species.
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
What cycle involves the virus entering the bacterial host cell between the same two genes every time?
Lysogenic cycle
Specialized transduction usually occurs during what type of infection?
Lysogenic infection
Generalized transduction usually occurs during what type of infection?
Lytic infection
What requires a small amount of Oxygen? -Obligate (aerobe or anaerobe?) -Faculative -Microaerophili
Microaerophili
What do mesophiles favor? -Hot temperatures -Cold temperatures -Moderate temperatures
Moderate temperatures
If an acid fast stain decolorizes and pick up blue dye (methylene) is it positive or negative?
Negative
What has a strict requirement for oxygen? -Obligate (aerobe or anaerobe?) -Faculative -Microaerophili
Obligate aerobe
What has a strict requirement for no oxygen? -Obligate (aerobe or anaerobe?) -Faculative -Microaerophili
Obligate anaerobe
What is characterized as being multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Parasitic worms
What is classified as eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and multicellular?
Parasitic worms
What is an example of a beta lactamase?
Penicillinase
What antibiotic targets petidoglycan synthesis? -Sulfa drugs -Quionlones -Penicillins/Cephalosporins -Chloramphnicol/erthromycin -Tetracyclines/aminoglycosides -Polymyxins
Penicillins/Cephalosporins
What bacterial cell structure is used for attachment and a specialized form of this structure may function in genetic gas exchange? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Pili
What bacterial cell structure is selectively permeable? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Plasma membrane
What bacterial cell structure separates the interior of the cell from the outside? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Plasma membrane
What bacterial cell structure is used for antibiotic resistance? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Plasmids
What antibiotic targets cell membranes? -Sulfa drugs -Quionlones -Penicillins/Cephalosporins -Chloramphnicol/erthromycin -Tetracyclines/aminoglycosides -Polymyxins
Polymyxins
If an acid fast stain retains the pink die (Carbol fuschin) is it positive or negative?
Positive
What is characterized as being unicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Protozoans
What is classified by how they move? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Protozoans
What antibiotic targets DNA synthesis? -Sulfa drugs -Quionlones -Penicillins/Cephalosporins -Chloramphnicol/erthromycin -Tetracyclines/aminoglycosides -Polymyxins
Quionlones
What bacterial cell structure is used for protein synthesis? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Ribosomes
What are the major characteristics of colonies?
Size, shape, color, texture
What bacterial cell structure is used to resist harmful environmental conditions? -Ribosomes -Cytoplasm -Capsule -Plasma membrane -Inclusion bodies -Plasmids -Spores -Pili -Chromosomes -Flagella
Spores
When the gram stain is positive what color will it stain?
Stains purple or blue (color of crystal violet)
What is the term for removing all forms of life?
Sterllization
What antibiotic targets folic acid synthesis? -Sulfa drugs -Quionlones -Penicillins/Cephalosporins -Chloramphnicol/erthromycin -Tetracyclines/aminoglycosides -Polymyxins
Sulfa drugs
What antibiotic targets protein synthesis by blocking 30 s ribosomal subunits? -Sulfa drugs -Quionlones -Penicillins/Cephalosporins -Chloramphnicol/erthromycin -Tetracyclines/aminoglycosides -Polymyxins
Tetracyclines/aminoglycosides
What is the term for transfer by bacterial virus- done by a mistake in bacterial virus replication cycles? -Transformation -Conjugation -Transduction
Transduction
What is the term for bacterial cells contacting and taking in DNA that they find in their environmen? -Transformation -Conjugation -Transduction
Transformation
What is characterized as being a cellular, not prokaryotic or eukaryotic because not living, and not heterotrophic or autotrophic because not living? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Viruses
What is classified by nucleic acid? -Bacteria -Parasitic worms -Fungi -Algea -Viruses -Protozoans
Viruses
If i believe to be infected with mycobacterium what stain should you run?
acid fast stain
What requires oxygen?
aerobic
What solidifying agent is a carbohydrate found in the walls of seaweeds that is used to grow bacterial and fungal colonies?
agar
What requires a lack of oxygen?
anarobic
What are acid fast stains based on?
complex lipids and waxes in cell
What type of nucleic acid do adenoviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
double stranded DNA
What type of nucleic acid do hepadnaviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
double stranded DNA
What type of nucleic acid do herpesviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
double stranded DNA
What type of nucleic acid do papovaviruses/papillomaviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
double stranded DNA
What type of nucleic acid do poxviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
double stranded DNA
What type of nucleic acid do reoviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
double stranded RNA
What are the types of transduction?
generalized and specialized
What is the type of transduction where any bacterial genes may be taken?
generalized transduction
What is the acid fast stain specific for?
genus mycobacterium
What anchors the chromosomes so it doesn't flop around in the cell?
mesosome
What is the function of membrane pumps in bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
pump out the antibiotic before it has any affect
What type of nucleic acid do parvoviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded DNA
What type of nucleic acid do avenaviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA negative
What type of nucleic acid do bunyaviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA negative
What type of nucleic acid do filoviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA negative
What type of nucleic acid do orthomyxoviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA negative
What type of nucleic acid do paramyxoviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA negative
What type of nucleic acid do rhabdoviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA negative
What type of nucleic acid do caliciviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA positive
What type of nucleic acid do coronaviruses have? --single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA positive
What type of nucleic acid do oncornaviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA positive
What type of nucleic acid do picornaviruses have? -single stranded DNA -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA positive
What type of nucleic acid do togaviruses have? -single stranded DNA -double stranded DNA -single stranded RNA negative -single stranded RNA positive -double stranded RNA
single stranded RNA positive
What is the type of transduction where only certain genes are transferred?
specialized transduction
What are the three mechanisms by which there is transfer of genetic material occurs in bacteria?
transformation, conjugation and transduction
