Microbiology exam 2

P. aeruginosa

- a Pseudomonaceae - Commonly grows in soil as a decomposer, but in humans it can infect surgical wounds or form biofilms in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients

Actinobacteria

A broad, gram positive phylum that includes antibiotic producers, decomposers in natural environments, and also pathogens

Halobacterium salinarum

A halophile that lives in the dead sea

Pseudomonaceae

A pathogenic proteobacteria; Obligate aerobic bacilli that are related to the Enterobacteriaceae

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Symbiosis

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

Branching bacteria

Actinobacteria that are not actinomycetes

Gram-negative

All the Proteobacteria share a common form of cell envelope, which stains ___________________.

Aerobic - some use alternative electron acceptors, such as nitrate

Are Pseudomonaceae aerobic or anaerobic? what is the exception to this?

Atypical bacteria

Bacteria that cannot be stained by the standard Gram stain procedure

Shewanella

Bacterium that lives in the deep sea with little oxygen

30%

Bacteroides comprise up to ______________ of the normal microbiota in the human gut

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

Book that has helped with taxonomic classification of prokaryotes

Pseudomonaceae

Can be widespread in soil as a decomposer, important in natural recycling and soil turnover

Y. pestis

Causes a deadly disease (plague) that can be transmitted from animals to humans by an infected flea

Corynebacterium diphtheria

Causes diptheria Has palisades - V shapes

Orders

Classes are divided into:

similarities in rRNA nucleotide sequences

Classification of prokaryote taxonomy is based on what?

tetanus (C. tetani) and botulism(C. botulinum)

Clostridium species include the causative agents of what two well- known diseases?

Phyla

Domains are divided into:

Staphylcoccus epidermis on skin

Example of commensalism in the human body

E. coli bacteria in large intestine

Example of mutualism in human body

Influenza viruses on host cells

Example of parasitism in the human body

Genera

Families are divided into:

Enterobacteriaceae

Family of enteric Gram- negative bacilli - facultative anaerobes, motile, commsensals & pathogens

Species

Genera are divided into:

Clostridium

Genus found in the firmicute phylum where most species are obligate anaerobes

Mycoplasma

Genus of bacteria in the firmicute phylum that lack a cell wall

..

Gram negative proteobacteria and bacteriode table

Actinomyces israelii

Gram positive bacterium with branched structure

Gardnerella vaginalis

Gram variable bacterium that causes bacteria vaginosis in women

Actinomycetes

Group of bacteria in the actinobacteria phylum; form mycelia with branching filaments

Branching bacteria

Group within the actinobacteria phylum • Cell walls contain mycolic acid and cells stain acid-fast. • Don't form mycelia • Pathogens and symbionts

- Club shape - Growing endospores swell the end of the cell

In the genus clostridium, what shape do the cells have? Why?

Lactic acid bacteria

Lactococcus and Lactobacillus, ferment milk to make yogurt and cheese

Nanocables

Long appendanges on Shewanella that help it attach to the sea floor & sense oxygen

respiratory droplets

M. tuberculosis is transmitted through _______________________

Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ)

M. tubercuolosis can be grown on ____________ agar

Transient microbiota

Microorganisms only temporarily found in the human body

Resident microbiota

Microorganisms that constantly live in or on our bodies

Salmonella typhi

Prokaryote that is the causative agent of typhoid fever

Halophiles

Prokaryotes that can thrive in extremely salty environments like the dead sea

Proteobacteria

Show an amazing diversity of form and metabolism—as varied as cocci and spiral cells and including heterotrophs, lithotrophs, and photosynthesizers.

Endospores

Some species of Firmicutes form _______________, inert heat-resistant spores that can remain viable for thousands of years.

patterns of hemolysis on blood agar plates

Species of Enterococcus, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus may be distinguished by?

Acid-fast stain

Stain that can stain most of the actinobacteria phylum

"grape-like"

Staphylococcos aureus has a ___________ clustering of cells underneath an SEM

.

Study classification of selected prokaryotes table

.

Study table of gram positive firmicutes and actinobacteria

.

Study the normal microbiota by body region diagram

Mycolic acid

The cell wall of actinobacteria has unusual cell wall lipids, such as ?

Bacillus

The spore-forming genus ____________ includes species of major environmental and economic importance.

Firmicutes & actinobacteria

The two major gram positive phyla

Proteobacteria & Bacteriodetes

The two types of gram-negative phyla

30

There are ____________ phyla of bacteria from which species can be cultured in the laboratory. They estimate there could be 1000

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis & Yersinia pestis

These are both Gram- negative bacilli and members of the family Enterobacteriaceae

Bacteria and Archaea

Two domains of prokaryotes

Resident microbiota & transient microbiota

Two main parts to the human microbiome

Hygiene & diet

Two major factors that can alter both the resident and transient microbiota

Bacilli and cocci

Two shapes that branching bacteria form

Lactic acid bacteria & Listeria spp.

What are the two main types of gram-positive, nonendospore forming bacilli in the firmicute phylum?

They are found everywhere

What does it mean that prokayotes are ubiquitous?

Firmicutes

What phylum is the genus bacillus under?

they are too small to be evaluated by the Gram stain

Why are Rickettsia bacteria considered atypical?

S. pyogenes

___________________ on blood agar shows characteristic lysis of red blood cells, indicated by the halo of clearing around colonies

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects only humans - acid-fast bacilli - actinobacteria phylum

Clostridium difficile

a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium, causes severe colitis and diarrhea, often after the normal gut microbiota is eradicated by antibiotics

Amensalism

a relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

Microbiome

all prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms and their genetic material that are associated with a certain organism or environment.

Legionella pneumophila

an intracellular pathogen related to the pseudomonads - Grows inside ameba and in human macrophages

Human Microbiome Project

analyzes relationships between microbial communities on the body and human health

Aliivibrio fischeri

bioluminescent bacterium that colonizes the light organ of hawaiian squid

Y. pseudotuberculosis

causes gastrointestinal disease that can mimic appendicitis and is transmitted from animals to humans by contaminated food or water

Beta hemolysis

complete lysis of red blood cells

Actinobacteria

gram positive and produces antibiotics

Firmicutes

gram-positive cell walls that are thick and strong and produce endospores

Gram-positive firmicutes & actinobacteria

heterotrophs with thick cell walls that resist drying- some produce endospores

Alpha hemolysis

incomplete lysis of red blood cells

Listeria spp.

intracellular pathogens causing diseases affecting GI tract and nervous system

granulomas

nodules of inflammation found in the lungs when infected with tuberculosis

Microbiota

the microscopic living organisms of a region on the body

1. Enterococcus 2. Steptococcus 3. Staphylococcus

3 major types of gram positive cocci found in the firmicute phylum

1. Drying 2. Freezing 3. Chemical disinfectants

3 things that endospores are very good at resisting

Superphyla

7 major phyla that are known to impact human health and the ecosystem.

Classes

Phyla are divided into:

Gram-negative bacteroidetes

Phylum of obligate anerobes, gram negative rods

Spirochaetes

Phylum of tightly coiled cells enclosed by a sheath, with periplasmic flagella that run underneath the sheath along the cell body.

Cyanobacteria

Phylum of tiny marine bacteria, as well as massive filamentous species -- are the only bacteria that produce oxygen.

Gram-negative proteobacteria

Phylum that is the largest and most diverse group of bacteria - wide range of metabolism

Firmicutes

Phylum with "Tough skin" Several layers of peptidoglycan supported with teichoic acids Low "G+C" (guanine and cytosine) content

Actinobacteria

Phylum with Peptidoglycan with an additional thick waxy coat High "G+C" content

Chlamydiae

Phylum with obligate intracellular pathogens that grow as inclusion bodies within host cells.

Mycoplasma & Chlamydia & Rickettsia

3 examples of atypical bacteria

- Gardnerella vaginalis: bacteria vaginosis - Corynebacterium diphtheriae: diphtheria - Proprionibacterium

3 examples of bacilli/cocci branching bacteria that are pathogens

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis) M.leprae(leprosy)

3 examples of branching actinobacterium that are pathogens and are acid-fact bacilli (AFB)

1. resilient 2. Adaptable 3. Metabolically flexibile

3 major characteristics of prokaryotes

Neutralism

Neither species benefits or is harmed

Parasitism

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

Families

Orders are divided into: