Microbiology FINAL

The origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts are theorized to come from which Domain? Archaea Bacteria Protista Eukarya

-Bacteria- x Eukarya x

Which of the following organisms would NOT grow on MAC media? Escherichia coli Enterobacter aerogenes Shigella species Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella species

-Enterobacter aerogenes- x Escherichia coli x

Which of the following is an example of microbial control?

-Sue washes off the vegetables before serving them in a meal. -Sue uses bleach to clean the kitchen counters. -Mary places leftovers in the refrigerator after the meal.

Sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite are added to many meat products, such as ham, bacon, hot dogs, and sausage. These additives help to prevent the growth of Clostridium botulinum by inhibiting certain iron-containing enzymes of the organism. This is an example of chemical food preservation. Which of the following correctly describes a method of chemical control used to control microbial growth?

-Surface-active agents, or surfactants, decrease surface tension among molecules of a liquid. -Phenolics exert antimicrobial activity by injuring lipid-containing plasma membranes, which causes the cellular components to leak out of the cell. -Alcohols exert their action by denaturing proteins and dissolving lipids.

What shape and orientation are the red-circled bacteria? staphylococci in chains coccobacilli in pairs cocci in tetrads streptococci in grape-like clusters cocci in pairs

-staphylococci in chains- x streptococci in grape-like clusters x

You streak a sheep's blood agar plate with an unknown pure culture and incubate it overnight at 37oC. You look at the plate the next day and notice white colonies with no color change or appearance of the media. What can you determine from this result? the bacterium is beta-hemolytic the bacterium is delta-hemolytic you forgot to inoculate the plate the bacteria partially lysed the RBCs in the media the bacterium is non-hemolytic

-the bacterium is beta-hemolytic- x the bacterium is delta-hemolytic x

According the "Differential Media" virtual lab, which agar preparation is a general nutritional media? sheep's blood agar tryptic soy agar MacConkey agar chocolate agar EMB

-tryptic soy agar - x chocolate agar x

If a female is a CARRIER of one defective CFTR gene copy, what is the chance of her offspring having ACTIVE (expressed) cystic fibrosis if the father has 2 normal copies of the CFTR gene?c

0%

Chloe's mother wants to have another child. However, she is concerned that a second child might also have CF, so she encourages Chloe's stepfather to be tested. Tests reveal that he does NOT carry the CF gene. What is the chance that a second child born to Chloe's mother and stepfather will have CF?

0% chance of having CF

What is the optimum temperature that a psychrophile will grow at? 25-40 degrees celsius 0-15 degrees celsius >80 degrees celsius 0-30 degree celcius 50-60 degrees celsius

0-15 degrees celsius

How many grams in 55 centigrams? 5,500 grams 0.55 grams 550 grams 5.5 grams 0.055 grams

0.55 grams

Which of the following places the steps in the PCR procedure in the correct order? 1) Incubate at 94°C to denature DNA strands; 2) Incubate at 72°C for DNA synthesis; 3) Incubate at 60°C for primer hybridization.

1, 3, 2

Put the following steps of bacterial replication in the correct order, starting from a parent cell. 1) chromosome replication and cell elongation 2) complete septum formation 3) cell wall and plasma membrane begin to constrict 4) separation of daughter cells 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 4, 3, 1 1, 3, 2, 4 4, 1, 3, 2 3, 2, 1, 4

1, 3, 2, 4

Put the following components of the electron microscope in the order that the beam of electrons passes through: (1) Condenser lens (2) Fluorescent screen (3) Specimen (4) Projector lens (5) Objective lens 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 5, 1, 3, 4, 2 1, 3, 5, 4, 2

1, 3, 5, 4, 2

How many seconds are in 125 centiseconds? 12,500 seconds 0.125 seconds 1,250 seconds 125,000 seconds 1.25 seconds

1.25 seconds

The progression from initial HIV infection to AIDS (in the United States) usually takes how long?

10 years

This graph shows a microbial death curve for a bacterial population subjected to a heat treatment. Treatment began at time zero. About how many cells were still living after 4 minutes of treatment?

1000 cells

An antimicrobial chemical was added to a population of bacteria. The initial population was 107 living cells (10,000,000). After 2 minutes, only 106 cells still remained alive. After another 2 minutes (4 minutes of total treatment), about how many cells would still be alive?

10^5

What is the magnification of the ocular lens? 10x 40x 100x 4x all of these answers are correct

10x

Which objective lens are you using if the total magnification is 100x?

10x

Which objective lens would you be using if your total magnification is 100x? 40x 100x 4x 10x

10x

Consider an atom of sodium with an atomic number of 11 and an atomic weight of 23. How many neutrons are in this atom?

12

How many decimeters are in 137 centimeters? 1,370 dm 13.7 dm 1.37 dm 13.700 dm 0.137 dm

13.7 dm

If a single bacterium replicated every 30 minutes, how many bacteria would be present in 2 hours?

16

Which of the following places the steps in the correct sequence? 1-Staining 2-Making a smear 3-Fixing

2-3-1

Which of the following places the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order? 1-Alcohol 2-Crystal violet 3-Safranin 4-Iodine

2-4-1-3

A microbe reproduces by binary fission every 20 minutes under favorable conditions. If you started with one cell, how long would 10 generations take and how many bacteria would be present if all the conditions were just right?

3 hours 20 minutes, producing 1,024 bacteria

Put the following steps of bacterial replication in the correct order, starting from a parent cell. Cell elongation Septum formation Chromosome replication Separation of daughter cells

3, 1, 2, 4

Put the following reagents in order of use when performing the Gram stain. 1- alcohol 2-iodine 3-crystal violet 4-safranin 3, 2, 1, 4 3, 1, 2, 4 4, 1, 2, 3 4, 2, 1, 3 2, 3, 1, 4

3, 2, 1, 4

How many microliters (uL) are in 34 milliliters? 340 uL 0.034 uL 34,000 uL 340,000 uL 0.34 uL

34,000 uL

What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens?

450x

When you first view a specimen using a compound microscope, which objective lens should you use? 40x 10x 4x 100x

4x

Which objective lens would you use to give the largest field of view? 100x 40x 4x 10x

4x

An experiment began with 4 cells and ended with 128 cells. How many generations did the cells go through?

5

An experiment began with 4 cells and ended with 128 cells. How many generations did the cells go through? 64 5 4 6 32

5

How many milliliters are in 5.2 liters? none of these answers are correct 520 mL 5200 mL 520,000 mL 52,000 mL

5200 mL

What component is an MSA plate makes it selective for Staphylococcus species? 7.5% glucose neutral red 7.5% salt phenol red eosin

7.5% salt

Alcohol is most effective when used as a __________ solution.

70%

While in the development phase, you are also required to determine both the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for your drug. While these values directly relate to the efficacy of the drug against bacteria, they will also be informative for the next stages of development, which include studies to determine effective dosages within a host. The picture depicts the results of an MBC test. Based on these data, the MIC for your drug would be __________ and the MBC would be __________.

8 μg/ml; 16 μg/ml

Three cells with generation times of 60 minutes are inoculated into a culture medium. How many cells are there after 5 hours?

96

Immersion oil is used only with the ________ objective lens.

97× to 100×

Which lettered arrow is pointing to the part of the microscope that should be cleaned to prevent the spread of eye infections? B C D E A

A

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of tuberculosis infection?

A TB diagnosis can be rapidly confirmed because the organism that causes this disease grows quickly

What diagnostic test would be most useful at this stage of Dr. Peterson's diagnosis?

A lumbar puncture to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Which of the following events occurs during transcription?

A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA

Which of the following results in comparatively long-lasting immunity?

A person survives an infectious disease

Which of the following best explains why the pressure cooker is so important in the canning process?

A pressure cooker utilizes steam to create a higher-pressure environment that allows the food to cook at higher temperatures than normal. The higher temperatures kill most contaminating microbes and endospores and therefore effectively sterilize the food.

Which of the following best explains why the pressure cooker is so important in the canning process? Pressure cookers utilize temperatures that kill only the pathogenic organisms and leave behind the nonpathogenic ones to enhance the flavor of the food. A pressure cooker utilizes normal atmospheric pressure for longer-than-normal cooking times in order to prevent the growth of microbial contaminants and possible endospores. Pressure cookers utilize pressure and dry heat to create an environment that will remove harmful organisms from the food contents. Dry heat is the most effective method of eliminating endospores A pressure cooker utilizes steam to create a higher-pressure environment that allows the food to cook at higher temperatures than normal. The higher temperatures kill most contaminating microbes and endospores and therefore effectively sterilize the food.

A pressure cooker utilizes steam to create a higher-pressure environment that allows the food to cook at higher temperatures than normal. The higher temperatures kill most contaminating microbes and endospores and therefore effectively sterilize the food.

Why could it be argued that a virus is not alive?

A virus requires a host cell in order to reproduce

A newly identified bacterial pathogen has been shown to cause disease in humans, disrupting the production of some proteins by interfering with the function of the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells. Under specific growth conditions, this bacterial strain secretes a protein that appears to be responsible for the pathology of the disease. This protein is composed of two polypeptide chains, one of which binds to a receptor on the surface of liver cells, stimulating the uptake of the protein by endocytosis. Once inside the cell, the other polypeptide component interferes with the activity of ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. This bacterial protein will most likely be classified as a/an __________.

A-B toxin

Why is ATP necessary for active transport?

ATP provides energy to transfer material against its concentration gradient

Which of the following processes occurs in bacterial plasma membranes but NOT in eukaryotic plasma membranes?

ATP synthesis

Which of the following is a eukaryotic pathogen that infects the eye?

Acanthamoeba

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis is caused by

Acanthamoeba spp

Which of the following diseases is NOT caused by a prion?

African sleeping sickness

Penicillin was discovered by accident by

Alexander Fleming.

What would you expect to see if you forgot to perform step 2 of the Gram stain procedure?

All bacteria would appear pink.

What would you anticipate seeing if you accidentally switched crystal violet and safranin while performing a Gram stain?

All bacteria would appear purple.

Which of the following could be true of tuberculosis of the kidney?

All of the above could be true.

Regarding Louis Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is TRUE?

All of the answer choices are correct.

What information do you obtain by performing a simple stain on a bacterial sample?

All of the listed responses are correct

A student creates a Gram stain on a bacterial sample that has a mix of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. The student accidentally forgets the decolorizer step. What would the outcome of the Gram stain be?

All organisms would appear purple (gram-positive)

Why is DNA replication essential for a cell?

An organism must copy its DNA to pass genetic information to its offspring

After completing the prescribed antibiotics, Robert's eye was still red, painful, and draining excessively. Why were the antibiotics prescribed for Robert not effective against the organism causing his eye infection?

Antibiotics are only effective against bacterial pathogens.

Which statement regarding Influenzavirus is TRUE?

Antigenic shift can occur because the genome is in several pieces

Who is credited with first observing microorganisms?

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

In general, organisms in which Domain of Life commonly live in >100oC temperatures? Eukarya Archaea Bacteria Protista

Archaea

Considering that the digestive system is a major route of infection in most human cases of brucellosis, an investigator hypothesizes that the production of urease by the organism plays a key role as a virulence factor as well as in the organism's survival in the upper digestive tract. Indicate all of the following explanations that accurately describe the mechanism of action of the enzyme urease

As a result of urea hydrolysis, there is an increase in pH due to the production of ammonia. The increased production of ammonia by urea hydrolysis serves to neutralize stomach acid, promoting survival of the organism.

Which of the following pathogenic helminths are also known as a giant round worm?

Ascarias lumbricoides

Which lettered arrow is pointing to the part of the microscope that is primarily responsible for magnifying the specimen? F B E D A

B

Which of these tubes are indol positive?

B

According to the study area activity "Investigating the Archaea" the organisms in which Domain of Life uses the initial amino acid, N-formylmethionine, in the growing peptide chain? Bacteria Archaea both Bacteria and Archaea Eukarya

Bacteria

Theoretically, from which Domain of Life are Mitochondria and Chloroplasts derived from?

Bacteria

Theoretically, from which Domain of Life are Mitochondria and Chloroplasts derived from? Archaea Eukarya both Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria

Bacteria

Why is visualization not sufficient to properly identify bacteria?

Bacteria have a limited set of shapes and many unrelated bacteria share the same shape.

All living organisms can be classified into three domains: __________.

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

Which of the following microbes cannot be directly seen using our light microscopes?

Bacteriophage

Tetanus, diphtheria, and whooping cough are all bacterial infections. Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing whooping cough?

Bordetella pertussis

Which bacterium is the causative agent for whooping cough? Bordetella pertussis Vibrio cholerae Coxiella burnetti Francisella tularensis

Bordetella pertussis

The exam room poster for whooping cough also listed the various vaccines that could be given. The three possible vaccines were the DTP, the DTaP, and the Tdap. The DTP was made with heat-killed whole cells of the bacterium B. pertussis, while the DTaP and the Tdap were made with acellular pertussis components. Which of the following statements regarding the vaccines explains why the DTP vaccine is no longer used?

Bordetella pertussis was not killed during the heating process used on the DTP vaccine and could cause an active infection

Which is the causative agent of Lyme disease?

Borellia burgdorferi

Which is the causative agent of Lyme disease? Borellia burgdorferi Treponema pallidum Campylobacter jejuni Chlamydia trachomatis

Borellia burgdorferi

Why are doxycycline and rifampin ideal agents for treating intracellular pathogens such as Brucella and Mycobacteria?

Both agents provide for good penetration of body tissues and reach therapeutic levels.

In microbiology lab, you make three different culture plates: one general purpose plate, one selective media plate, and one differential media plate. Unfortunately, you forget to label the different plates, so you do not know which is which. To determine the identity of each plate, you inoculate it with two different strains of laboratory bacteria. Which of the following results would indicate the plate you used was the general purpose media? Only one organism would grow, and it would grow a different color Both organisms would grow equally well Only one organism would grow. Both organisms would grow, but they would be dyed different colors Neither organism would grow

Both organisms would grow equally well

In microbiology lab, you make three different culture plates: one general purpose plate, one selective media plate, and one differential media plate. Unfortunately, you forget to label the different plates, so you do not know which is which. To determine the identity of each plate, you inoculate it with two different strains of laboratory bacteria. Which of the following results would indicate the plate you used was the general purpose media?

Both organisms would grow equally well.

The microscope used in today's lab exercise is a(n) ___________compound microscope.

Brightfield

Which of the following Brucella species is most likely indicated in this case?

Brucella abortus

Through metabolism, pathogens often produce acids that interfere with their own growth. __________ are/is added to media to control pH changes.

Buffers

The pathology of cepacia syndrome is often complex and due to multiple factors. All of the following factors may contribute to the development of cepacia syndrome EXCEPT which one?

Burkholderia cepacia produces an inducible beta-lactamase.

Melloidosis is caused by

Burkholderia pseudomallei

Which lettered arrow represents an area which absorbed the most electrons in this image? D A C E B

C

Which is the major cell type that is destroyed during the clinical stage of AIDS

CD4+

What body fluid is sampled to diagnose bacterial meningitis?

CSF

A 35-year-old woman has a red, raised rash on the inside of her thighs. Gram-stained skin scrapings show large budding cells with pseudohyphae. The infection is caused by

Candida albicans

The formal system for classifying and naming organisms was developed by

Carolus Linnaeus.

Which of the following is NOT an arboviral encephalitis?

Chicago

Which of the following would NOT increase the amount of light coming through your microscope while viewing a specimen?

Cleaning the objective lens

Which of the following statements about biofilms is FALSE?

Compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics.

Which bacterium is the causative agent for Q-fever? Coxiella burnetti

Coxiella burnetti

According to Clinical Focus "The Most Frequent Cause of Recreational Waterborne Diarrhea", what is the most frequent cause of this?

Cryptosporidium infection

Which of the following is a bacterium that performs oxygenic photosynthesis?

Cyanobacteria

Which of the following organisms use oxygenic photosynthesis? green non-sulfur bacteria Cyanobacteria purple sulfur bacteria green sulfur bacteria

Cyanobacteria

Recombinant DNA refers to the

DNA resulting when genes from one organism are inserted into another organism.

Which of the following is/are NOT a component of the HIV virion?

DNA strands

According to the Big Picture article "Pertussis", the DTP vaccine was phased out by 1997 and a "safer" vaccine called DTaP was introduced. What was the major difference between the DTP and DTaP vaccines?

DTP did not contain whole, heat-killed pertussis cells

Which type of microscopy would you use for a specimen that is difficult to stain using conventional staining techniques?

Dark field microscopy

Which type of microscopy would you use for a specimen that is difficult to stain using conventional staining techniques? Phase-contrast microscopy Dark field microscopy Light (Bright) field microscopy Fluorescence microscopy Transmission electron microscopy

Dark field microscopy

Which of the following is NOT a step in bacterial cell division?

Disappearance of nuclear envelope

Choose from the following statements the ones that correctly discuss reproduction using binary fission in a bacterial cell.

Due to the stretching of the cytoplasmic membrane, both cells will contain a complete genome. Each daughter cell is an exact copy of the other, both genetically and morphologically.

According the "Differential Media" virtual lab, which agar preparation will select for gram negative bacteria? tryptic soy agar chocolate agar sheep's blood agar Mannitol salt agar EMB

EMB

This selective and differential media will yield dark colored colonies with a greenish sheen if the organism strongly ferments lactose. Which media is this? TSA Chocolate agar MAC EMB MSA

EMB

Which selective and differential agar media would show bacterial growth accompanied by a greenish sheen when the bacterium is a strong lactose fermenter?

EMB

Who was the first scientist to pursue a "magic bullet" that could be used to treat infectious disease?

Ehrlich

All of the following steps are involved in the aerobic electron transport chain. Which step happens last?

Electrons are transferred to O2

Which of these events leads to all of the others in a pyrogenic (fever) response?

Endotoxin is released from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following is commonly known as pinworm?

Enterobius vermicularis

Which scientist synthesized the first drug to combat the disease, syphilis? Pasteur Linneaus Erlich Flemming Koch

Erlich

Which of the following is an INCORRECT match regarding motility?

Euglenozoa; nonmotile

Organisms in which Domain of Life have a nuclear envelop? Eukarya Archaea both Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria

Eukarya

Organisms in which Domain of Life have membrane-bound organelles? Archaea Bacteria Eukarya both Bacteria and Archaea

Eukarya

Which does NOT contribute to maintaining a nearly sterile lower respiratory system?

Eustachian tube secretion

Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenner's vaccination process?

Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity.

All cells possess a cell wall.

False

All pathogens known to infect humans have been identified at this point in time.

False

In a completed Gram stain, gram-negative bacteria are colorless.

False

Infectious disease is almost totally eradicated in our world.

False

Spontaneous generation refers to living cells arising only from other living cells.

False

The name Propionibacterium is derived from the fact that the organism produces propionic acid during fermentative metabolism. Which of the following statements about fermentative metabolism is true?

Fermentation produces significantly less ATP than aerobic respiration; however it generates NAD+, which can be used in glycolysis.

Which viral genera includes a species that causes the disease, Ebola?

Filovirus

Use of moist heat can control microbial growth in many circumstances, but heat-sensitive items and those susceptible to moisture cannot be sterilized in this manner. Which of the following correctly describes a method of physical control used to control microbial growth on or in such items?

Filtration is the passage of a liquid or a gas through a screenlike material with pores small enough to retain microorganisms. A vacuum is typically used to force the liquid through the mesh, and then the sterile liquid or gas is collected in a sterile container on the other side. Nonionizing radiation, such as UV light, has a wavelength longer than that of ionizing radiation. The wavelengths of UV light are absorbed by cellular DNA in organisms directly exposed to the light.

Which scientist discovered Penicillin by "accident"?

Flemming

Which scientist discovered penicillin by accident? Erlich Koch Linneaus Pasteur Flemming

Flemming

If you begin with six cells, how many cells would you have after three rounds of division?

Forty-eight cells

According to the Big Picture article "Fungal Keratitis", which fungal genera is the causative agent for fungal keratitis?

Fusarium

Which lettered arrow is pointing to the fine adjustment knob?

G

Which lettered arrow is pointing to the fine adjustment knob? C D G E F

G

Which of the following is true of microbes?

Gene expression in bacteria is very similar to gene expression in humans, which facilitates the use of bacteria in recombinant biotechnology and gene therapy.

The first question in this dichotomous key addresses

Gram stain differences.

According to the Clinical Case "Mercy", which organism caused Mercy's meningitis? Klebsiella pneumoniae Neisseria meningitis Staphylococcus aureus Group B Streptococci

Group B Streptococci

A one-year-old boy was listless, irritable, and sleepy. Capsulated Gram-negative rods were cultured from his cerebrospinal fluid. His symptoms were caused by

Haemophilus influenzae

What is the causative agent of epiglottitis?

Haemophilus influenzae

A flat or raised maculopapular rash caused by an enterovirus is indicative of

Hand-foot-and mouth disease

Leprosy is also known as

Hansen's disease

Why does Dr. Johnson order a PPD for Mr. Williams?

He wants to rule out the possibility of bovine tuberculosis

If a patient is diagnosed with a peptic ulcer, which genus of proteobacteria is probably responsible?

Helicobacter

Which bacterium is the causative agent for peptic ulcers and stomach cancer? Borellia burgdorferi Helicobacter pylori Coxiella burnetti Clostridium difficile

Helicobacter pylori

Hepatitis B belong the which of the following viral genera?

Hepadnovirus

The causative agent for Herpetic Keratitis is

Herpes simplex type I

Varicellovirus, Simplexvirus and Cytomegalovirus all belong to the viral family________.

Herpesviridae

Why are chemotherapeutic agents that work on the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria a good choice of drug?

Humans and other animal hosts lack peptidoglycan cell walls

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the acid-fast stain?

If cells are acid-fast, they are gram-negative

What type of immunoglobulin binds to mast cells during an allergic reaction?

IgE

The most abundant Immunoglobulin in the blood serum is __________.

IgG

Which answer is true of the anamnestic response?

IgG predominates

Which of these statements is NOT true for bacterial capsules?

Immune system antibodies are not produced against a capsule

Why would conjugation to a protein carrier improve the efficacy (i.e. improve the immune response generated by the vaccine) of a polysaccharide vaccine?

In contrast to polysaccharide vaccines, protein-conjugated vaccines elicit a strong T-cell dependent response.

Which of the following is true about antibiotics?

In some cases, antibiotics are able to kill pathogenic microbes without harming human cells.

Which of the following is not a basic stain? India ink crystal violet safranin carbol fuschin malachite green

India ink

Why is the unknown in this example not Pseudomonas?

It ferments lactose.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of diphtheria?

It is readily treated with antibiotics

How would the results be different if this organism was Salmonella?

It would produce hydrogen sulfide.

Which physician is first associated with vaccination?

Jenner

Which scientist postulated the Germ Theory of Disease by discovering that Bacillus anthracis caused anthrax in cows?

Koch

A disease breaks out among sheep in California. A scientist takes blood from the sheep and grows a previously unknown organism. That organism is then injected into a healthy sheep. The healthy sheep becomes sick with the same symptoms as the original sheep and dies. That sheep's blood is then cultured, and the original organism is isolated. This applies the principles of __________.

Koch's postulates

Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by

Koch.

In "Microbooster: Redox Reactions", specialized electron carries include all of the following EXCEPT________________.

LADH

Which of the following is NOT true of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Large amounts of DNA must be isolated from the source organism

Which virtual lab test would give these type of results which distinguish Streptococcus species from one another based on the Lancefield serotype groupings (note: samples 1, 2 and 3 have flecks while sample 4 and 5 are clear)

Latex agglutination test

According to the Clinical Focus article "Outbreak", what was the causative agent that made the 8 hotel guest's ill with fever, chills and respiratory issues?

Legionella

Which bacterium is the causative agent for an atypical pneumonia called Legionnaires disease? Lactobacillus rhamnosus Francisella tularensis Legionella pneumophila Campylobacter jejuni

Legionella pneumophila

The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by

Lister.

According to the In the Clinic article assigned in this lab, a woman with flu-like symptoms delivers a 32 week old infant who died 22 hours after she was born. Prior to the newborns passing, the nurse draws blood from the baby and sends it to the micro lab. The next day, the results came back showing that gram positive rods were growing from the blood. What is the most likely cause of the baby's infection?

Listeria monocytogenes

The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by

Louis Pasteur.

According to the assigned Clinic Focus "Infections in the Gym" assigned in this Lab, pus from Jason's cellulitis rash was sent to the lab for testing. The results came back as follows: Gram stain: gram positive cocci in clusters; coagulase positive and the organism is only susceptible to vancomycin. Which bacterial infection is Jason diagnosed with?

MRSA

___________________ standards are suspensions of either barium sulfate or latex particles that allow visual comparison of bacterial density Fleming Wickerham Kirby-Bauer McFarland

McFarland

Rubeola is another name for ________ while Rubella is another name for ___________.

Measles; German measles

Which of the following best describes why antibiotic administration is inappropriate for most of the common upper respiratory tract infections?

Most are caused by viruses

Which of the following best describes why microbial death curves are typically plotted logarithmically?

Most of the cell death occurs early in the treatment.

According to the Lab Technique video "Disk Diffusion Assay", the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommends __________________ medium to be used when performing the Disk Diffusion assay MacConkey agar Tryptic soy agar Mueller-Hinton agar McFarland agar

Mueller-Hinton agar

Using a mouse model, the investigator orally inoculates mice with a mutated strain of Brucella lacking the gene for production of urease. Indicate which of the following would LEAST support the hypothesis that urease plays a role as a virulence factor in establishing Brucella infection.

Mutant and nonmutant strains will demonstrate the ability to transition through intestinal mucosa.

The microbe that is the causative agent for Buruli ulcers is

Mycobacterium ulcerans

A 90-year-old patient is diagnosed with pneumonia. Microscopic examination shows a bacterial agent that lacks cell walls. What is the etiological cause of the patient's pneumonia?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

What is the likely cause for the drop in glucose levels?

N. meningitidis uses the glucose as a source of energy to fuel its growth.

Which compounds provide electrons to the electron transport system?

NADH and FADH2

According to the Clinical Case "Keep Your Head Above Water", what pathogen caused Patricia's meningitis?

Naegleria fowleri

Which pathogenic protozoan causes meningoencephalitis and is also known as a "brain eating amoeba"?

Naegleria fowleri

Which of the following causes a hookworm infection?

Necator americanus

According to the Clinical Focus "A Neurological Disease", 10 year old Yolanda dies from contracting rabies when she was bitten by a bat. Rabies-infected neurons possess many inclusions containing the rabies virus. These inclusions are termed

Negri bodies

Chocolate agar plates are used to grow fastidious organisms in the bacterial genera _____________?

Neisseria

A newborn has acquired an acute eye infection with much pus formation. It is thought to be contracted from the mother during the birthing process. Which microbe could be the causative agent of the infection?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Based on Claire's medical history and the Gram stain results, which is the most likely causative organism?

Neisseria meningitidis

Vaccination is recommended to prevent epidemic meningitis among college students and military recruits resulting from infection with __________.

Neisseria meningitidis

Which of the following organisms is NOT classified as an enteric bacterium? Salmonella typhi Yersinia pestis Neisseria meningitidis Escherichia coli

Neisseria meningitidis

How long does it take for the daughter cells from one round of replication to replicate themselves?

No time is required -- they are ready to divide immediately after DNA replication and separation of the daughter cells is complete if conditions are right.

Barbara is worried about spending time with her grandchildren while being treated for shingles. Can her grandchildren contract chickenpox or shingles from spending time with their grandmother?

No. Because of their ages, the grandchildren have most likely been vaccinated against the chickenpox. They are also safe from contracting shingles because they are young.

Which of the following characteristics are shared by the causative agents of bacterial meningitis?

None of the above is correct.

Germ-free (gnotobiotic) animals often are more susceptible to infections and serious disease than are animals with a typical complement of normal microbiota. Based on this observation, which of the following would be an appropriate conclusion?

Normal microbiota stimulate the development of the immune system

You are performing the streak plate technique and after incubating the bacteria for 24 hours, there is no growth. What could possibly cause this to occur? too much bacteria was used in the initial inoculum there were too many growth factors in the medium none of these answers are correct Not cooling down the inoculation loop before use contamination of your sample

Not cooling down the inoculation loop before use

Which of the following is the best evidence for a three-domain system?

Nucleotide sequences in ribosomal RNA vary between all three domains

To increase the magnification, you must switch to a higher-power _________ lens.

Objective

Use the following Dichotomous Key to determine which group of bacteria would produce the following results: -Gram nefative rods shaped cells -cannot tolerate oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Viruses that causes vesicular and papular rashes are diagnosed by patient symptoms, but can be confirmed by

PCR

The causative agent for warts is

Papillomavirus

Which scientist used Jenner's cowpox/smallpox information to produce vaccines? Pasteur Erlich Linneaus Flemming Koch

Pasteur

How was disproving spontaneous generation associated with developing principles important to microbiology?

Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter.

Which of the following is frequently the cause of infection following animal bites?

Pasteurella multocida

_______________ is a process used to destroy pathogens in food and drinks. It must be done at a lower temperature than other methods so that _______________.

Pasteurization; the taste of the food or drink will not be altered

Why is penicillin selectively toxic to bacterial cells but harmless to human cells?

Penicillin specifically weakens peptidoglycan, which is found only in bacterial cells

You are given an unknown, pure sample of a eukaryotic organism. Which of the following tests would allow you to determine if the sample contains algae?

Place the sample in a clear container filled with media containing no sugars, and leave it in a sunny window. After a few weeks, look for growth of the organism.

Why is the term "reproduction" not appropriate in prion multiplication?

Prions transform normal proteins into the misfolded configuration; therefore, prions multiply by conversion

Which of the following facts does NOT provide evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

Prokaryotes contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Which of the following is not considered a Domain? Eukarya Protista Bacteria Archaea

Protista

Identify the genus name of Pseudomonas aeruginosa? aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa none of these answers Pseudomonas

Pseudomonas

According to the assigned Clinic Case "Swimming Lessons" assigned in this Lab, which microbes was the causative agent for the swimmer's rashes that they contracted from the inflatable slide and pool tile?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Coxiella burnetii is the pathogen that causes

Q fever

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of RNA?

RNA is most often arranged in a double helix

Recently, a new parasitic helminth was described in a 3-year-old boy. The only unusual part of his history was that he played in a shed frequented by raccoons. To diagnose the child's behavioral changes and loss of speech and motor skills, doctors did MRIs and CT scans. The data collected from these scans suggested the presence of larval helminths in his brain. Which of the following is the most likely scenario?

Raccoons are the definitive hosts, and humans are accidental intermediate hosts

Which step of binary fission is the reason for genetically identical daughter cells?

Replication of the bacterial chromosome

Which bacterium is the causative agent for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Rickettsia rickettsii

Who is credited with first observing cells?

Robert Hooke

Which of these vaccines has actually been implicated in causing the disease it is designed to prevent?

Sabin oral polio vaccine

Poultry products are a likely source of infection by

Salmonella enterica

If a typhoid fever outbreak has occurred, which of the following statements is true?

Salmonella is present, and the serovars may be differentiated by antigenic analysis

Which bacterium is the causative agent for typhoid fever? Group B Streptococci Coxiella burnetti MRSA Salmonella typhi

Salmonella typhi

One aspect that must be evaluated during the development phase is the interaction of your drug with the host (i.e., what effect will the drug have on human cells?). There are several important factors to consider in this interaction, including the selective toxicity of your potential drug. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the principle of selective toxicity?

Selective toxicity refers to the ability of an antimicrobial to kill microbes with minimal damage to the host.

According to the "In the Clinic" section of your text book, which gram negative organism that grew as red colonies on nutrient agar medium most likely caused the infection that was isolated from the hospital scrub nurse? Erwinia carotovora Shigella sonnei Serratia marcescens Proteus vulgaris

Serratia marcescens

Which bacterium may give you this type of appearance and orientation? Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pyogenes Escherichia coli Spirillum volutans Staphylococcus epidermidis

Spirillum volutans

Folliculitis and Toxic Shock Syndrome are caused by

Staphylococcus aureus

What is the causative agent of impetigo?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which bacterium may give you this type of appearance and orientation? Spirillum volutans Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Vibrio cholerae

Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following represents the correct format for the scientific name?

Staphylococcus aureus

The LD50 of Vibrio cholera is 108 cells through the oral route. If the bacterial cells are ingested with bicarbonate, the LD50 drops to 104. Which of these explanations is the most likely?

Stomach acid decreases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae

Which type of bacterium may give you this type of appearance and orientation?

Streptococcobacilli

Which bacterium may give you this type of appearance and orientation? Spirillum volutans Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Vibrio cholerae Bacillus anthracis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Necrotizing fasciitis is caused by

Streptococcus pyogenes

Which bacterium is the causative agent for scarlet fever? Erwinia carotovora Streptococcus pyogenes Corynebacterium diphtheriae Staphylococcus epidermidis

Streptococcus pyogenes

Botulism food poisoning is a preventable illness if special precautions are taken during food preparation. In this case, what could Sue have done to prevent the outbreak of botulism?

Sue noticed that the pressure cooker was malfunctioning during the canning process. She should have fixed the instrument, borrowed a properly working one, or purchased a new pressure cooker. Sue could have boiled the food for at least 10 minutes before serving it to her family members.

Which of the following is the common name for the beef tapeworm?

Taenia saginata

Protein structure is directly related to the function of the protein. Which of the following is an accurate description of the level of structure in a protein?

Tertiary protein structure is the overall three-dimensional shape involving interactions between various amino acids and their side groups

Many possible explanations were given as to why the numbers of pertussis infections were increasing, but the most likely explanation was that the DTaP vaccine was not as effective as the DTP at protecting children long-term. Which of the following best describes why this is the case??

The DTaP vaccine is not made with cellular components that would stimulate the immune system as effectively as the DTP vaccine.

Improved water sanitation and hygiene services are listed in the Big Picture activity as a method of prevention for NTDs. Why is water sanitation a possible method of prevention?

The ability to bathe in clean water can help in the reduction of disease transmission.

Which answer is NOT true of the inflammatory process?

The area becomes red because of a decrease in capillary diameter

Lower respiratory system infections, such as whooping cough, can lead to bronchitis or pneumonia due to the inhibition of normal protective responses. Which of the following explains how the pathogen overcomes normal protective responses of the respiratory system?

The bacteria attach to the ciliated cells of the trachea, thus preventing mucus from being cleared.

Based on the information from Part B, the causative agent of Robert's eye infection is most likely the fungus Fusarium. Some species of Fusarium are known to produce biofilms. Which of the following is NOT a way in which the biofilm helps in the fungal pathogenesis involved in keratitis?

The biofilm allows for the breakdown of cellulose by producing the enzyme cellulase.

What occurs during viral uncoating?

The capsid breaks apart, releasing the viral genome

Why do cells that are placed in fresh media not immediately enter logarithmic phase of growth? The waste products in the media inhibit their growth The cells need to switch their metabolic state from a dormant one to an actively growing one. Some cells are dying and must be eliminated prior to cell division Cells are preparing to enter a dormant state for long-term survival The number of cells that are made is equal to the number of cells that are dying, resulting in no net growth.

The cells need to switch their metabolic state from a dormant one to an actively growing one.

What enables the copied chromosomes to separate during binary fission?

The chromosomes are attached to different parts of cell membrane, which elongates and thus separates the chromosomes.

Choose the characteristics that separate the archaea from other prokaryotic cells.

The cytoplasmic membrane lipids of archaea have branched or ringform hydrocarbon chains. Archaea lack true peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

How is fermentation of lactose detected?

The drop in pH turns the indicator dye yellow.

Two different strains of a pure culture were transferred to a slide to be tested for a certain enzyme. After the addition of hydrogen peroxide, sample B bubbled, but sample A did not. What can be determined from this test?

The enzyme tested for is catalase and sample A is negative

The project that you are working on was initiated in response to the growing threat of antibiotic resistance in both hospital and community settings. Even in the early discovery and development phase, it is important to think ahead to try to minimize the likelihood that bacteria will be able to evolve resistance to your new drug. Understanding how resistance emerges is an essential part of this process. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

The exposure of bacteria to an antibiotic causes the bacteria to produce resistance genes.

What was the MOST likely source of the family's botulism food poisoning?

The family consumed botulism toxin in the canned green beans.

Which of the following is NOT true concerning bacterial classification? all of the letters in the species name are lower case Naming bacteria was established by Linneaus the genus/species classification is known as binomial nomenclature the first letter of the genus name is capitalized The genus and species must be italicized and underlined when written

The genus and species must be italicized and underlined when written

Why is bacterial meningitis considered more life threatening than viral meningitis?

The immune response generated against bacteria leads to a massive influx of immune cells in the meninges; this response is much less extreme in viral meningitis.

After receiving a tick bite, Jenny worries that she may have become infected with Lyme disease. Her doctor immediately orders a Lyme titer, which comes back as negative. Her doctor advises her to come back in three weeks and have the titer repeated. Why?

The initial titer may have been done so early in the infection that detectable levels of antibody were not yet present

What test result indicates that the unknown can utilize citrate as its sole carbon source?

The medium turns blue.

What can you deduce from the treatment strategy for M. tuberculosis infection?

The organism has some innate resistance to antibiotics.

What would happen if the septum did not form during binary fission?

The parent cell would now have two copies of the chromosome.

An individual presents with a pinkish-red rash and a red sore throat. Gram-positive cocci are cultured from a throat swab. The cocci are growing in chains. Which of the following is the most likely conclusion?

The patient has scarlet fever

Which of the following are FALSE concerning microbes?

The primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans.

Which of the following is a current challenge in the production of the influenza vaccine?

The virus undergoes antigenic changes on a regular basis

Which of the following characteristics indicates that two organisms are closely related?

Their DNA can hybridize together

You perform an endospore stain on a sample and the results show only pink rods. What does this result indicate?

There are no endospores present

What is a likely result of the elevated WBC level in Claire's CSF?

There will be an extreme inflammatory response which will eventually lead to shock and ultimately to Claire's death.

How do beta-lactamases help to overcome antibiotics with beta-lactam rings? They modify the enzymes that these antibiotics act upon They prevent the antibiotic from entering the cell They actively destroy the chemical structure of the antibiotic They pump the antibiotics out of the cell.

They actively destroy the chemical structure of the antibiotic

What do Haemophilus influenzae, Chlamydia trachomitis, and adenoviruses have in common?

They all can cause conjunctivitis.

Why are flowcharts useful for dichotomous keys?

They allow the researcher to visualize relationships between different bacteria.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of dichotomous keys?

They always show evolutionary relationships of organisms

What do the following diseases have in common? -Scalded skin syndrome -Toxic shock syndrome -Staphylococcal food poisoning

They are all caused by exotoxins produced by strains of Staphylococcus aureus

What do herpes simplex virus 1 and Acanthamoeba have in common?

They can both cause keratitis.

What is the hallmark of dichotomous keys?

They consist of a series of paired statements, in which only one statement of each pair applies to a given organism.

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells?

They lack a plasma membrane.

How are prions different from other infectious agents?

They lack nucleic acid

How many questions are needed in this dichotomous key to determine if the unknown is Bacteroides?

Three

Which type of microscopy would give you the highest specimen resolution? Transmission electron microscopy Light (Bright) field microscopy Dark field microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Fluorescence microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy

The causative pathogen for Yaws is

Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue

Which of the following organisms is likely to be transmitted via undercooked pork and horse?

Trichinella spiralis

The drug Flagyl is commonly used to treat an STD caused by __________.

Trichomonas vaginalis

__________ is a compound found in antimicrobial soaps that targets gram-positive bacteria.

Triclosan

A student has obtained a sample of pond water for study. Using the high-power lens, he observes several cells with nuclei. He can conclude that the cells are NOT bacteria

True

Agar is used as a solidifying agent in microbiological media since few bacteria can degrade it.

True

An isolated colony on a streak plate contains millions (or even billions) of identical cells all arising from one initial cell.

True

In a completed Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria are purple.

True

Microbes are associated with life-sustaining benefits as well as life-threatening diseases.

True

The counterstain used in the Gram stain is a basic dye.

True

When observing microbes on a slide, you should always start with a low-power objective lens before using a higher magnification.

True

Whitney went on a mission trip to Africa with her church group. They visited for two weeks and worked with doctors in the area to provide information about tropical diseases and the availability of treatment and vaccines. About a month after returning home, she started having headaches, fever, and severe joint pain. She went to the doctor and was diagnosed with African sleeping sickness. What is the causative agent of this disease?

Trypanosoma brucei

The neglected tropical disease, Chagas is caused by

Trypanosoma cruzi

Which of the following pathogenic protozoa causes Chagas' disease?

Trypanosoma cruzi

Starting with three cells, how many cells would result from three rounds of replication?

Twenty-four

How many answers are there to a question in a dichotomous key flowchart?

Two

What results when a single bacterium reproduces?

Two genetically identical daughter cells

Which of the following shows the moist heat methods in order of the temperature used (highest to lowest)?

Ultrahigh>Autoclave>Boiling>Batch Pasteurization

Which bacterium may give you this type of appearance and orientation? Vibrio cholerae Stella humosa Spirillum volutans Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae

Vibrio cholerae

A 38-year-old man had onset of fever, chills, nausea, and myalgia while vacationing on the Gulf of Mexico. On April 29, he had eaten raw oysters and gone wading in the warm coastal waters. On May 2, he was admitted to a hospital because of a fever of 39°C and two circular necrotic lesions on the left leg. He had a history of alcoholic liver disease. He was transferred to the ICU; therapy with antibiotics was initiated. On May 4, he died. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Vibrio vulnificus

Which of the following statements about meningitis is TRUE?

Viral meningitis, while less severe than bacterial meningitis, is more common in occurrence.

Which of the following sequences arranges the types of microbes from smallest to largest in size?

Virus < Bacteria < Yeast < Protozoa

Which bacterium is the causative agent for the STD, syphilis? Borellia burgdorferi Treponema pallidum Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which bacterium is the causative agent for the STD, syphilis? Borellia burgdorferi Treponema pallidum Chlamydia trachomatis Neisseria gonorrhoeae

All of the following are prion diseases EXCEPT __________.

Wiles-Davidoff syndrome

According to the Applications of Microbiology "Bacteria and Insect Sex" the genus of bacteria that was highlighted in this article that can transfer its genes to the host organism by a process called horizontal gene transfer is _____________? Wolbachia Zoogloea Neisseria Pseudomonas

Wolbachia

The crab industry needs female crabs for growing more crabs. What bacterium might be used to ensure development of female crabs?

Wolbachia

What is the key difference between yeast and mold?

Yeast is unicellular, while mold is multicellular

Which bacterium is the causative agent for The Black Death (plague)?

Yersinia pestis

Which bacterium is the causative agent for The Black Death (plague)? Yersinia pestis Erwinia carotovora Coxiella burnetti Klebsiella pneumoniae

Yersinia pestis

If you used a broken thermocycler that could not heat above 75°C, which of the following problems could you expect?

You would not get any amplification of DNA

According to the Big Picture article "Pertussis", the DTP vaccine was phased out by 1997 and a "safer" vaccine called DTaP was introduced. In 2012, an outbreak of Pertussis occurred within the 13-14yr. old child population. It was discovered that the reason for this outbreak was due to

a breakdown in herd immunity

What is an adjuvant?

a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines

John's physician said that he might be suffering from Chikungunya fever, an emerging disease that once was limited to Asia, Africa, and Europe, but is now making appearances in the Caribbean and the United States. How did John most likely get infected?

a mosquito bite

A prokaryotic cell may possess each of the following cellular components EXCEPT

a nucleus

The structure of an atom includes which of the following?

a nucleus with positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting negatively charged electrons

One remarkable finding on a patient's laboratory workup is a marked eosinophilia. This might be suggestive of __________.

a parasitic infection

Which of the following is NOT included in Domain Eukarya?

a photosynthetic bacterium

The goal of performing the streak plate technique is to obtain ___________? a great amount of culture more than 1 answer is correct a mixed culture a single colony a pure culture

a pure culture

A gene is best defined as...

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product

Which structural feature of Gram-positive bacteria enhances their ability to retain the crystal violet dye?

a thick peptidoglycan layer

The neglected tropical disease, Dengue (pronounced 'deng-ee') is caused by

a virus

Pertussis is characterized by __________.

a whooping type cough

Mycobacteria have a cell wall made of mycolic acid. This sample contains Mycobacterium smegmatis which is stained pink. Which staining technique was used to give the results seen in this image? acid-fast stain capsule stain simple stain gram stain endospore stain

acid-fast stain

Which staining technique uses acid alcohol to decolorize? capsule stain endospore stain acid-fast stain simple stain gram stain

acid-fast stain

Which staining technique would you use to visual Nocardia? gram stain capsule stain acid-fast stain simple stain endospore stain

acid-fast stain

Which of the following staining procedures is matched with the principal use for that stain?

acid-fast stain for microbes with waxy cell walls

Which of the following reagents are not correctly paired with the staining method?

acid-fast stain/safranin counterstain

Inflammatory lesions originating with accumulations of sebum that rupture a hair follicle are the symptoms of

acne

The resistance to reinfection with measles virus following recovery from measles infection is called __________.

adaptive immunity

Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to

affix the cells to the slide.

In Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment, the importance of the S-shaped curves in the flasks was twofold. The curves allowed entry of air but excluded __________.

airborne bacteria

Legionella is transmitted by

airborne transmission

Which step in the Gram stain is the critical step in differentiating gram-positive cells from gram-negative cells?

alcohol-acetone

While staining a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, switching the order of steps 2 and 3 would result in ______________________.

all bacteria appearing pink

The cell theory states that __________ are made up of cells.

all living things

Which of the following techniques would allow you to easily differentiate between Staphylococcus and Enterococcus?

all of the above

You are determining the hemolytic pattern of an unknown bacteria. After an overnight incubation, you observe the plate and see growth that has given the media a greenish tinge. What type of hemolytic pattern are you observing?

alpha hemolysis

Amebic meningoencephalitis and amebic encephalitis is treated with

amphotericin B

The process of making multiple copies of a DNA molecule is referred to as __________.

amplification

Viral conjunctivitis is usually caused by

an Adenovirus

If a bacterium acquired an antibiotic resistance gene via conjugation, the DNA would most likely originate from where? a sensitive bacterial cell a bacteriophage an R-plasmid a fragment of DNA in the environment

an R-plasmid

According to the assigned In the Clinic article, a small boy had a rash on his hands and feet. The following question was asked, "Is this an exanthem or an enanthem?". What is the difference between an exanthem and an enanthem?

an exanthem is a rash on the skin while an enanthem is a rash on a mucous membrane

Which of the following is NOT a domain in the three-domain system?

animalia

Robert Koch identified the cause of

anthrax.

Which antibodies will be in the serum of a person with blood type B, Rh+?

anti-A

Which of these molecules or structures is/are NOT associated with innate immunity?

antibodies

The reassortment of RNA segments of the influenza virus causes a phenomenon called

antigenic shift

Prior to drawing blood for a blood donation, the nurse will clean the arm with a Betadine solution. This form of antimicrobial control is called __________.

antisepsis

A new microorganism has been isolated from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. It consists of single cells, which appear to lack a nucleus. Chemical analysis shows the presence of both DNA and RNA in the cytoplasm and pseudomurein in the cell wall. In which of the following groups will this organism be classified?

archaea

Lichens __________.

are organisms made of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner

Bacillus anthracis causes the deadly disease anthrax. Organisms of the genus Bacillus may form endospores. This bacterium would be suitable for biological warfare because endospores __________.

are resistant to high temperatures, UV light, and desiccation

Biochemical tests _________________.

are the main methods used to identify unknown bacteria

Arbovirus is the shortened term for

arthropod borne virus

What type of immunity results from transfer of antibodies from one individual to a susceptible individual by means of injection?

artificially acquired passive immunity

We sometimes are able to generate antibodies (immune system proteins) that bind to and cover up some of the proteins on the outermost portion of a virus while it is in the bloodstream. This renders the virus unable to reproduce. Which step of viral replication are antibodies directly preventing?

attachment

According to the Foundation Figure 13.15 "Replication of a DNA-Containing Animal Virus", which of the following viral replication steps are in the correct order?

attachment, entry, uncoating, biosynthesis of nucleic acids/proteins, maturation, release

As a pediatric oncology nurse, you work with children who are receiving chemotherapy and are frequently immunosuppressed. Which of these types of vaccines are generally NOT appropriate for this patient population?

attenuated whole-agent vaccines

Different functional groups confer different properties on organic molecules. For example, the hydroxyl group of alcohol is hydrophilic and thus __________.

attracts water to it

Which of the following physical methods used to control microbial growth is preferred to sterilize microbiological media? direct flaming autoclaving incineration pasteurization

autoclaving

A patient with severe burns on her hands and arms has a skin graft with skin taken from her upper thigh. This type of tissue transplant is a/an __________.

autograft

Which drawing in the figure is a tetrad?

b

the figure shows a typical bacterial growth curve with the y-axis indicating the log of the number of bacteria and the x-axis indicating time in culture. In the figure, which sections of the graph illustrate a logarithmic change in cell numbers?

b and d

The bacterial shape of the cells in the scanning electron micrograph shown in the figure would best be described as

bacillus.

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream is referred to as __________.

bacteremia

Species in which Domain of life do NOT have histones associated with their DNA?

bacteria

Shigellosis refers to _____________________? bacterial dysentery muscle spasms pneumonia stomach ulcers

bacterial dysentery

Some antimicrobial treatments kill microbes; some inhibit growth. Which term refers to an agent that inhibits bacterial growth?

bacteriostatic

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? basic dye - negative stain methylene blue - simple stain nigrosin - negative stain crystal violet - simple stain acidic dye - capsule stain

basic dye - negative stain

Why should you use a basic dye when staining bacteria? because bacteria neutral because the Lab Fairy likes basic dye colors because basic dyes can withstand heat because bacteria are slightly negatively charged because bacteria are slightly positively charged

because bacteria are slightly negatively charged

According to the "In the Clinic" article, a mother brought her sick child into the emergency room. Why do you think that the pediatrician did not prescribe antibiotics for the child?

because the child most likely had a viral infection

Why should you use a 72 hour or older culture when performing the endospore stain? because aged capsules stain better because the vegetative cells need more time to grow so that the nutrients in the media can regenerate because the nutrient depletion encourages endospore formation because it takes 72 hours for sufficient mycolic acid to form

because the nutrient depletion encourages endospore formation

Why do gram positive bacteria stain purple? because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the counterstain stain because they reject the mordant because they have a thin peptidoglycan layer that retains the primary stain because they have a thin peptidoglycan layer that retains the counterstain stain because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the primary stain

because they have a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains the primary stain

What type of hemolysis is seen on this sheep's blood agar media? epsilon hemolysis gamma hemolysis alpha hemolysis beta hemolysis delta hemolysis

beta hemolysis

When a bacterial cell reproduces by splitting into two daughter cells, the process is called __________.

binary fission

Arsenic is a relatively common hazardous waste generated by smelting processes and can contaminate soil and water surrounding smelting facilities. A bioprocess using naturally occurring bacteria to remove arsenic has been developed. This process is an example of __________.

bioremediation

According to the Clinical Focus article "Influenza: Crossing the Species Barrier", all of the viruses that caused Influenza A pandemics during the past 100 years had certain genetic components that originally came from a ____________ virus.

bird

Western and Eastern Equine encephalitis have 2 main reservoirs; horses and _________.

birds

Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations EXCEPT the

blood.

After you complete an acid-fast stain, what color are non-acid fast bacteria? red blue black purple green

blue

When the antibiotics failed to work against Robert's infection, the doctor was concerned that it might be caused by a fungal pathogen. The lab technician collected a sample from the pair of contacts he was wearing when he first started having symptoms, as well as the cleaning solution that he was using. The lab technician plated the samples on Sabaroud-Dextrose agar and incubated it for 5 days at 26 degrees C. After growth appeared on the agar, a microscope slide was made, stained with Lactophenol Cotton Blue, and observed. Which of the following would the lab technician most likely see?

blue filaments and conidiospores

Organisms in which Domain of Life have a circular chromosome? Bacteria both Bacteria and Archaea Eukarya Archaea

both Bacteria and Archaea

A man found living in a rat-infested building develops a high fever and swollen lymph nodes, called buboes, in the armpit and groin. A gram-negative bacillus is isolated from the patient, and the rats are found to be infested with Xenopsylla cheopis. What is the disease?

bubonic plague

In the Kirby-Bauer assay, how do you determine if the bacteria are susceptible to antibiotic in the disk? by measuring the diameter of the cleared area and comparing it to the chart of interpretive standards. by measuring the circumference of the cleared area and comparing it to the chart of interpretive standards. if you see any size of a clearing area, then the bacteria are susceptible to the antibiotic by measuring the radius of the cleared area, dividing it by 2 and comparing that number to the chart of interpretive standards

by measuring the diameter of the cleared area and comparing it to the chart of interpretive standards.

the figure shows a typical bacterial growth curve with the y-axis indicating the log of the number of bacteria and the x-axis indicating time in culture. In the figure, which section (or sections) shows a growth phase where the number of cells dying equals the number of cells dividing?

c

Activation of the complement cascade __________.

can cause the infecting microbe to be killed by lysis

Viruses are not considered living organisms because they

cannot reproduce by themselves.

Which staining method was used to give the results seen in this image? capsule stain endospore stain gram stain acid-fact stain simple stain

capsule stain

Which staining technique is considered negative staining technique? acid-fast stain capsule stain gram stain endospore stain simple stain

capsule stain

You should not heat fix the sample when you are using which staining technique? acid-fast stain capsule stain simple stain endospore stain gram stain

capsule stain

Identify the primary stain used in the acid-fast staining technique? safranin malachite green India ink crystal violet carbol fuschin

carbol fuschin

What is the primary stain used in the acid-fast staininge technique that we learned in lab?

carbol fuschin

Robert Koch's studies on Bacillus anthracis established a sequence of experimental steps to prove that microbes __________.

cause disease

Which of the following characteristics are shared by Enterococcus and Streptococcus?

cell arrangement

Classification of organisms into three domains is based on

cellular organization.

Which of the following characteristics would NOT be used to aid in classifying a newly discovered bacterial species?

cellular size

Genes for beta-lactamase are present in Burkholderia cepacia but are not normally expressed unless they are induced. Exposure to which of the following agents most likely induced the expression of beta-lactamase resistance in Burkholderia cepacia? (Select the one best answer.)

cephalexin

Which of the following would be an effective treatment for bacterial meningitis?

cephalosporins

Which of the following would you expect to be a function of MacConkey agar? Mark all that apply.

change the color of some organisms based on their metabolic characteristics inhibit the growth of certain bacteria

In "MicroBoosters: Cellular Respiration", the following anlalogy was given: ATP is the ___________________ while stored energy from food is the ________________________.

checking account; savings account

A Thiobacillus bacterium uses the Calvin-Benson cycle to reduce CO2 and the oxidation of sulfide ions for energy. This organism is a __________.

chemoautotroph

Organisms that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and ammonia or hydrogen sulfide as energy sources are called __________.

chemoautotrophs

An eight-year-old girl has scabs and pus-filled vesicles on her face and throat. Three weeks earlier she had visited her grandmother, who had shingles. What infection does the eight-year-old have?

chickenpox

Fungi have cell walls composed of _______________.

chitin

Which of the following is NOT a structure of prokaryotic cells?

chloroplast

Which of the following is the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria?

chloroquine

"Rice water stools" are characteristic of

cholera

In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in

chromatophores.

Protozoan motility structures include

cilia, flagella, and pseudopods.

The symptom's caused by the Pertussis pathogen occur due the attack of which cells?

ciliated cells of the trachea

Which drug would be used to treat athlete's foot?

clotrimazole

The prefix "staphylo" means ______________.

cluster

What is the term to describe an oval shaped bacterium? vibrio bacilli coccobacilli bacteria cannot be oval shaped cocci

coccobacilli

Which of the following compounds is NOT an enzyme?

coenzyme A

What disease does the human herpesvirus-1 cause?

cold sores or fever blisters

Gene therapy is currently used to treat all of the following diseases EXCEPT

colon cancer.

You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the decolorizer step. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point?

colorless

You perform a capsule stain on a culture of Klebsiella. What color are the capsules after you finish the staining technique? blue red colorless green purple

colorless

What is the shape of a vibrio bacterium? oval shaped star shaped comma shaped rigid corkscrew flexible corkscrew

comma shaped

Competitive inhibition of enzyme action involves __________.

competition with the substrate for binding at the active site

In "Microbooster: Enzyme Inhibitors", Penicillin is an example of a/an _____________ inhibitor.

competitive

Women who have a healthy population of Lactobacillus spp. as part of the normal vaginal microbiota are less likely to get yeast infections. Which of the following terms is used to explain this observation?

competitive exclusion

A culture medium consisting of agar, peptone, and beef-heart extract is a/an __________.

complex medium

A culture medium consisting of agar, peptone, and beef heart is a

complex medium.

Simple staining is often necessary to improve contrast in which microscope?

compound light microscope

The _____________concentrates light on the slide and contains an iris diaphragm to control the angle and size of the cone light.

condenser

A gram-positive bacterium suddenly acquires resistance to the antibiotic methicillin. This trait most likely occurred due to acquisition of new genetic information through

conjugation.

Bacteria and Archaea are similar in which of the following?

considered prokaryotic cells

According to the assigned Big Picture article "Fungal Keratitis", an outbreak of this infection occurred in 2005-2006. What type of contaminated product was used by most of these individuals that contracted fungal keratitis?

contact lens solution

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of members of the domain Archaea?

contain peptidoglycan in cell walls

Cell lines derived from transformed (cancerous) cells are called __________.

continuous cell lines

Identify the mordant used in the capsule staining techniques acid alcohol alcohol iodine there is no mordant used in the capsule stain copper sulfate

copper sulfate

An exposure to __________ protects against infection with smallpox.

cowpox

Two different pure cultures were streaked on starch plate and incubated overnight at 37oC. The next day, iodine was added to the plate and the following results are obtained. Which of the following can be determined from this test?

culture A is negative for amylase and culture B is positive for amylase

The ID50 for cutaneous anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis is 10 to 50 endospores, while the ID50 for inhalation anthrax is 10,000 to 20,000 endospores. This means that __________.

cutaneous anthrax is easier to acquire than inhalation anthrax

Which drawing in the figure is streptococci?

d

The equation below is what type of reaction? Molecule AB → Molecule A + Molecule B

decomposition reaction

When using cold methods to control microbial growth, what is the mechanism of action used?

decreases the rates of chemical reactions

When using cold methods, what is the mechanism of action that controls microbial growth? increases oxidation produces harmful free radicals decreases the rates of chemical reactions inhibits apoptosis

decreases the rates of chemical reactions

In cystic fibrosis, a defective gene and its protein product lead to the production of thick and dehydrated mucus because of __________.

defective secretion of chloride ions and excess absorption of sodium

Which term relating to the control of microbial growth is achieved mostly by mechanical removal using an alcohol-soaked swab, soap or detergent? sterilizing degerming disinfecting sanitizing

degerming

Heavy metals control the growth of bacteria by _____________.

denaturing enzymes and other proteins

Which of the following is not a cold method for the control of microbial growth? dessication lyophilization deep-freezing refrigerating

dessication

Sterilization is the __________.

destruction of all microbial life

Define "disinfection". destruction or removal of all forms of microbial contamination destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects lowering microbial counts on eating and drinking utensil to safe public heath levels destruction of vegetative pathogens on living tissue

destruction of vegetative pathogens on inanimate objects

In which of the following situations would Koch's postulates be utilized?

determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission

The negative stain is used to

determine cell size.

Biogenesis refers to the

development of life forms from preexisting life forms.

A unicellular alga with cell walls containing pectin and silica is isolated from coastal waters. It is capable of photosynthesis and stores oil for energy. This alga is most likely a __________.

diatom

In phase microscopy,____________ results in contrast between the cells and the background.

differences inrefractive properties

Which microscope uses visible light?

differential interference contrast microscope

In microbiology lab, you make three different culture plates: one general purpose plate, one selective media plate, and one differential media plate. Unfortunately, you forget to label the different plates, so you do not know which is which. To determine the identity of each plate, you inoculate it with two different strains of laboratory bacteria. After inoculation, you see that a particular plate has allowed both organisms to grow, but one has changed color. Which plate do you think this is?

differential media

Which of the following fungi and representative species is NOT paired correctly?

dimorphic Ascomycota and Nosema

According to the Clinical Case: "Man's Best Friend", Ethan and his dog, Waldo, have contracted an infection from which of the following?

dimorphic fungus

The DTaP immunization is for __________.

diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis

What would be the correct terminology be to describe paired rod shaped bacteria? sarcinae bacilli duplobacilli diplobacilli tetrarod diplococci

diplobacilli

What is the shape and orientation of these bacteria? streptococci vibrio staphylococci coccobacilli diplococci

diplococci

Which of the following physical methods used to control microbial growth is preferred to sterilize inoculating loops? pasteurization direct flaming autoclaving incineration

direct flaming

You are an epidemiologist studying an emerging disease reported over the past three years in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. You have noticed a seasonal pattern of disease, with new cases appearing in late April through September and peaking in July. No new cases appear during late fall or the winter months. This pattern is suggestive of __________.

disease transmission by an arthropod vector, such as a mosquito or tick

Tuberculosis is the name of the ___________ caused by the _________ Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

disease; bacterium

Which type of microscope is needed to view a virus in the laboratory?

electron

Which microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution?

electron microscope

A coenzyme assists an enzyme by accepting or donating matter. What does NADH transfer?

electrons

Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstaining with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are

endospores

Identify the green structures within the pink rod. vegetative structure endspore mycolic acid peptidoglycan polysaccharide capsule

endspore

Which of the following types of culture media would best be used by a veterinarian to grow any bacteria in a blood sample?

enrichment media

According to the Foundation Figure 12.1 "Exploring Pathogenic Eukaryotes", which of the following is NOT a potential pathogenic eukaryote?

enteric bacteria

Which class of proteobacteria does Campylobacter jejuni belong to? gammaproteobacteria betaproteobacteria alphaproteobacteria epsilonproteobacteria

epsilonproteobacteria

Which gas can be used to achieve "sterilization"? nitrous oxide carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide ethylene oxide

ethylene oxide

Which of the following matches the organisms described with the correct domain?

eukarya--single-celled and multicellular organisms, with a defined nucleus and a variety of nutritional sources

Small organic molecules are joined to form macromolecules through __________ reactions.

exchange

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is usually preceded by

extended use of antibiotics

An organism that grows both in the presence and the absence of oxygen and uses oxygen when it is available is called a/an __________.

facultative anaerobe

The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as

fermentation.

Which of the following physical methods for control of microbial growth is preferably used to sterilize liquids, such as vaccines, which would normally destroyed by heat?

filtration

Which of the following physical methods for control of microbial growth is preferably used to sterilize liquids, such as vaccines, which would normally destroyed by heat? osmotic pressure refrigeration non-ionizing radiation filtration

filtration

Which of the following are NOT major targets for action of antimicrobials?

flagella

How is asepsis achieved when growing bacteria? flame (heat) and isopropyl alcohol ice and bleach bleach and gloves isopropyl alcohol and UV radiation flame (heat) and bleach

flame (heat) and isopropyl alcohol

Which of the following uses fluorescent-labeled antibodies?

flow cytometry

Which microscope is used to observe a specimen that emits light when illuminated with an ultraviolet light?

fluorescence microscope

In fluorescence microscopy, fluorescent dyes called ___________ which are coupled to protein are used to stain or "tag" the specimen or certain areas of a specimen cytochromes cytotags fluorotags fluorochromes

fluorochromes

The chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are

found in basophils and mast cells

A base insertion or deletion in the translated region of the gene may lead to

frameshift mutation

Cryptococcosis is a _________________ disease which causes encephalitis.

fungal

Ringworm and athlete's foot are _____________ infections caused by difference species of __________.

fungal; Tinea

A new soil microorganism has been described. On some growth media, it forms colonies of unicellular organisms, but under certain conditions it forms long, multicellular filaments and spores. The cells have nuclei, and their cell walls are composed of chitin. To which of the following groups does this new organism belong?

fungi

Consider organisms that are eukaryotic, are found in both unicellular and multicellular forms, may resemble plants but are not photosynthetic, have chitin in their cell walls, and absorb organic nutrients from decomposing material in the environment. These organisms would be classified as which of the following types of organisms?

fungi

Ringworm is caused by a/an __________.

fungus

A patient presents with diarrhea that has lasted for weeks and is accompanied by malaise, flatulence, weight loss, and abdominal cramps. You detect the odor of sulfur on his breath. Based on the signs and symptoms, you suspect __________, a protozoan infection. It is not easily found in stool samples, so you do a string test.

giardiasis

Gums bleeding while brushing one's teeth is most commonly associated with

gingivitis

According to the study area activity "Investigating the Archaea" which is NOT a group of Archaea? hyperthermophiles methanogens glucophiles extreme halophiles

glucophiles

Phenylethyl alcohol agar media inhibits the growth of

gram negative bacteria

Which bacteria do Phenylethyl alcohol agar plates select for? salt fermenters gram positive bacteria lactose fermenters phenylethyl alcohol plate is not selective gram negative bacteria

gram positive bacteria

A 5 year old girl is taken to the pediatrician and is diagnosed with a maculopapular rash caused by Candida albicans. How was the diagnosis made and confirmed?

gram staining skin scrapings

Which of the following correctly lists, in increasing order, the resistance of microorganisms to chemical biocides?

gram-positive bacteria, fungi, endospores, prions

You are performing an endospore stain. What color are the vegetative cells stained after using the primary stain, but before washing with water? colorless green purple red blue

green

Archaea differ from bacteria in that archaea

have diverse cell wall compositions.

Your lab partner tells you the bacteria are moving in his Gram-stained smear. You can conclude that __________.

he didn't properly fix the smear

You contaminate the kitchen counters with Salmonella enterica in chicken blood and expose it to a variety of treatments to study the survival of the bacteria on kitchen surfaces. The following DRT values were obtained: 2.0 minutes at 52°C; 3.7 minutes at pH 2.6; 13.3 minutes with 10 mM hydrogen peroxide; and > 35 days without treatment. Which treatment is most effective against S. enterica?

heat (52°C)

According to the Chapter 13 Clinical Case "An Inconvenient Outbreak", what infection was acquired by the 32 individuals?

hepatitis A

Which of the following conditions could best be treated using an antiviral medication?

herpetic keratitis

What is the most common mode, worldwide, by which HIV is transmitted?

heterosexual sex

The major food producers for other living organisms is/are

higher plants, cyanobacteria, and algae.

Which fungal disease of the lower respiratory tract has symptoms that are similar to TB?

histoplasmosis

Molecular biology includes the study of

how genetic information directs protein synthesis.

A 24-year-old woman in Minnesota complained of a flulike illness accompanied by a high fever and headache a week after being bitten by a tick. During examination of a blood smear, it was noted that some of her monocytes contained clumps of tiny bacteria (morulae). What is the most likely diagnosis?

human granulocytic anaplasmosis

HIV is the acronym for ______________.

human immunodeficiency virus

Which of the following is the causative agent of Fifth disease?

human parvovirus B19

Which of the following terms are mismatched?

hyperthermophiles; 0oC

In the Gram stain, crystal violet remains in gram-positive cells after treatment with alcohol because crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) complexes are trapped __________.

in thick layers of peptidoglycan

Microorganisms are essential to our life. Each of the following is an example of a beneficial function of microorganisms EXCEPT

increased number of illnesses.

A 10-month-old infant has become constipated and demonstrates muscular weakness by her inability to sit up or crawl. Her muscle tone is continuing to deteriorate, and she is beginning to have difficulty holding her head up. While questioning her mother to get more information, the doctor noted that the infant's cereal had been sweetened with honey for the last 10 days. What is a likely diagnosis?

infant botulism

Respiratory syncytial virus causes pneumonia in

infants

Which population is most likely to develop bacterial meningitis?

infants and young children

Four days after playing in the wading pool at a neighborhood park, several 3- and 4-year-old children experienced abdominal cramping and watery diarrhea. Upon microscopically examining the children's stools with an acid-fast stain, doctors found red, cyst-like structures about 10 microns in diameter. What is the most likely diagnosis?

infection with Cryptosporidium spp.

Define "encephalitis".

inflammation of the brain

Which is NOT a mechanism used in anti-HIV drugs?

inhibition of cell-wall synthesis

Hemagglutination in an immunoassay __________.

involves antibodies cross-linking erythrocytes

An example of a halogen that controls the growth of bacteria is _____________.

iodine

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is CORRECT?

is nonspecific and present at birth

How does exposure to moist heat, such as autoclaving, affect enzymes?

it denatures them

How does exposure to moist heat, such as autoclaving, affect enzymes? it denatures them it enhances their metabolic reaction times there is no effect on enzymes when using moist heat it will make the enzyme reactive to a different substrate

it denatures them

This is a MAC plate. What can you determine about the organism that exhibited the dark pink growth on the media? it fermented lactose it produced an excess of OH- it could grow in the presence of high salt it could grow in the presence of high salt it fermented mannitol

it fermented lactose

These are the results of a bacterial species frown on MSA. Why is the media yellow?

it indicates that it fermented mannitol

A certain bacterial culture medium contains 0.5% glucose, 10% peptone extract and 5% yeast extract. What can you determine by looking at this growth media recipe?

it is a chemically complex media

Which is NOT a characteristic of HIV?

it is a naked virus

What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses aerobic respiration?

it is converted into acetyl CoA

All of the following pertain to pinworm infections EXCEPT

it is most commonly transmitted by cysts in water

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the principle of selective toxicity? it refers to the ability of an antimicrobial to kill microbes with minimal damage to the host it describes the fact that antimicrobials are more effective against certain microbes compared to others it refers to the fact that antimicrobial agents target a particular microbial structure, molecule, or pathway to exert their effect it refers to the fact that the toxic effect of an antimicrobial varies depending upon the environmental conditions under which it is administered

it refers to the ability of an antimicrobial to kill microbes with minimal damage to the host

Which of the following is NOT a step in translation?

joining of the Okazaki fragments

Acanthamoeba causes which of the following conditions?

keratitis

When cells are placed in fresh media they do not immediately enter the exponential phase of growth. This is called the ____________

lag phase

Which should you use to clean immersion oil off the objective lens?

lens paper

Which should you use to clean immersion oil off the objective lens? kimwipes gauze paper towel lens paper

lens paper

Pediculosis is also known as

lice

Which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the compound microscope?

light source; condenser; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens

One of the symptoms of a Clostridium tetani infection is

lockjaw

During which growth phase will gram-positive bacteria be most susceptible to penicillin the culture is equally susceptible during all phases. death phase lag phase log phase stationary phase

log phase

During which growth phase will gram-positive bacteria be most susceptible to penicillin?

log phase

During which phase of bacterial growth would you see cell dividing most rapidly? lag phase dormant phase stationary phase death phase log phase

log phase

In which phase of the growth curve is the population-doubling time fastest?

log phase

Which of the following phases of the bacterial growth curve is matched with the correct definition?

log phase--the phase in which organisms are actively dividing and the generation time is constant

Which of the following phases of the bacterial growth curve is matched with the correct definition? stationary phase--the phase in which cells are not dividing very rapidly as they acclimatize to a new environment log phase--the phase in which organisms are actively dividing and the generation time is constant lag phase--the phase in which the death of organisms exceeds the creation of new cells and the curve declines dormant phase—the phase in which organisms are actively dividing and the generation time is constant death phase--the phase in which the curve is flat; microbial deaths balance the number of new cells

log phase--the phase in which organisms are actively dividing and the generation time is constant

Elephantiasis is also known as

lymphatic filariasis

Which of the following is NOT a step in binary fission?

lysis of the existing cell wall

The reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptase is

mRNA → cDNA

Ehrlich searched for a/an __________ that would destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host.

magic bullet

Plasmodium falciparum is a protozoan that causes which of the following diseases?

malaria

Ergot poisoning __________.

may cause hallucinogenic symptoms

Which of the following is the best method to sterilize heat-labile solutions?

membrane filtration

Which sickness does Haemophilus influenza cause? influenza food poisoning meningitis pneumonia

meningitis

Which classification of bacteria would NOT be considered an extremophile? halophile mesophile alkaliphile acidophile hyperthermophile

mesophile

The study of genetic material taken directly from the environment is

metagenomics

Which is NOT an interpretation result option when scoring the antimicrobial susceptibility test? resistant intermediate minimum inhibition susceptible

minimum inhibition

Mycology is the study of

molds, yeast, and mushrooms.

Which of the following is NOT a chemical requirement of all bacteria?

molecular oxygen

Once equilibrium is reached,

molecules move, but there is no net movement in a particular direction.

For all of the arboviral encephalitis diseases mentioned in Micro Lab 11, the vector is a

mosquito

Chemotaxis refers to the ability of microorganisms to __________.

move toward or away from chemical stimuli

Which of the following is NOT a disease commonly associated with AIDS.

multiple sclerosis

Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe EXCEPT

mushroom

In the human intestinal tract, E. coli produces vitamins beneficial to the host and can inhibit pathogen growth. In turn, the bacterium is supplied with nutrients and an environment for growth. This symbiotic relationship between E. coli and its host is an example of __________.

mutualism

According to the "In the Clinic" subject in your textbook, a "quat" will not kill which of the following?

mycobacteria

According to the "In the Clinic" subject in your textbook, a "quat" will not kill which of the following? viruses mycobacteria gram positive bacteria fungi

mycobacteria

Aflatoxin is a(n) ________ associated with ingestion of contaminated ________.

mycotoxin; peanuts

One approach that is becoming more common in drug D&D is to search for antimicrobial-producing organisms in relatively pristine environments. A pristine environment is one that has been relatively unperturbed by humans and/or domestic animals. Your D&D team is searching for novel antimicrobials produced by bacteria in a remote area of a temperate rainforest in the Pacific Northwest. Which of the following terms would accurately describe your drug?

natural antibiotic chemotherapeutic agent

According to the In the Clinic Article, what parasitic eukaryote did the little West African girl have? (symptoms: swollen stomach, coughed up a 10cm cylindrical white worm with tapered ends)

nematode worm

Identify the indicator used in the MAC plate? neutral red methylene blue eosin phenol red bromthymol blue

neutral red

Which of the following is a chemical food preservative? penicillin nitrates xanthan gum Triclosan

nitrates

What would be the likely outcome if you increased the concentration of substrate for an enzyme in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor?

no change in enzyme activity would be observed

Which of the following is a similar characteristic of typical bacteria and viruses?

none of these answers are correct

According to the Clinical Case "A School Epidemic", which of the following was the cause of the gastrointestinal ailment? school lunch contamination norovirus Escherichia coli a parasitic infection

norovirus

Health care professionals who fail to use aseptic techniques can cause __________.

nosocomial infections

Gastric juices have a pH of 1 or 2. This would indicate which of the following?

numerous H+ ions and a low pH

The magnification of a microscope is determined by multiplying the magnification of the __________ and the __________ lens.

objective, ocular

With a light microscope, which of the following would allow discrimination between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

observation of nuclei

When immersion oil is used, it is placed _____________.

on the slide

Which of the following is NOT associated with viruses?

organelles

Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched?

oxidation; reaction in which electrons are gained

NADH molecules formed during glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle are __________.

oxidized when electrons are passed to the electron transport chain

What is the major symptom of otitis media?

painful pressure of the ear drum

The prefix "diplo" means ______________.

pair

Nucleic acid hybridization is based on the fact that

pairing between complementary bases occurs

Warts are generally caused by __________.

papillomavirus

What is the term used to describe a compound microscope that when the specimen is focused using a lower magnification objective, that it requires only fine adjustment when using the next higher objective? compound condensing resolution enhanced multifocal parfocal

parfocal

The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is

pathogen.

According to the study area activity "Investigating the Archaea" which is NOT a component of an Archaea cell wall?

peptidoglycan

According to the study area activity "Investigating the Archaea" which is NOT a component of an Archaea cell wall? proteins glycoproteins pseudopeptidoglycan peptidoglycan

peptidoglycan

During the bacteriophage lysogenic cycle, __________.

phage DNA is inserted into the host chromosome

The digestive tract is essentially one long tube. The order of the structures, beginning with the mouth, is

pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

What color would Mycobacterium smegmatis be after performing acid fast stain?

pink/red

Which of the following is an example of a cloning vector?

plasmid

Which chemotherapeutic agent interferes with the integrity of the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane? chloramphenicol streptomycin polymyxin tetracycline

polymyxin

The __________ charge of a basic dye adheres to the __________ charge of bacterial cell surfaces.

positive; negative

The Big Picture Activity mentions multiple strategies for reducing the incidence of NTD. Which of the following would you recommend as a successful strategy for preventing the transmission of African sleeping sickness?

preventing contact with insects such as mosquitoes, kissing bugs, fleas, etc., through the use of chemicals

The __________ structure of proteins is the unique sequence of amino acids linked together.

primary

In the Gram stain, crystal violet is the __________.

primary stain

CJD and vCJD are caused by a

prion

Which of the following infectious agents challenge the current sterilization strategies that have been accepted and in use for decades?

prions

In the blue-white screening procedure, bacteria that are transformed with recombinant plasmid and cultured in media containing ampicillin and X-gal will __________.

produce white colonies

Mad cow disease is caused by a prion, which is an infectious __________.

protein

The relationship between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid is similar to the relationship between an amino acid and a __________.

protein

Which type of molecule contains -NH2 (amino) groups?

protein

What is the purpose of sodium thiosulfate and ferric ammonium citrate in Hektoen Enteric agar? provides a source of iron and sulfur for organisms that can produce hydrogen sulfide to inhibit gram negative bacteria a vitamin source so that organisms can grow to inhibit gram positive bacteria to inhibit lactose fermenters

provides a source of iron and sulfur for organisms that can produce hydrogen sulfide

An organism displays some growth at 4°C and at 25°C. However, it grows best at 20°C. This organism would be classified as a __________.

psychrotroph

You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the addition of the mordant. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point?

purple

You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the counterstain. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point?

purple

You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point?

purple

You are performing gram stain. What color are gram negative cells stained after using the mordant? blue colorless purple red pink

purple

According to the textbook Clinical Focus article, "Infection Following Anesthesia Injection", which organism was causing the infection? Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus rapidly growing Mycobacteria

rapidly growing Mycobacteria

Of the following food products, which one was the most likely the source of Mr. Williams's infection?

raw milk

Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as __________.

recombinant DNA

Which of the following algae is NOT in Kingdom Chromalveolata?

red algae

Which is NOT a characteristic of the normal microbiota?

regularly associated with disease symptoms

Enveloped viruses have a layer of lipids surrounding their capsid. This envelope is made mostly of host cell membrane. In which step does the virus acquire this envelope?

release

Which of the following is an early indication of immune system failure?

repeated Candida albicans infections such as thrush and vaginitis

Which of the following is responsible for epidemics of respiratory disease in infants?

respiratory syncytial virus

The enzyme that copies viral RNA to produce dsDNA is....

reverse transcriptase

Which of the following diseases is a type III autoimmune disease?

rheumatoid arthritis

Which virus causes nearly half of the cases of the common cold?

rhinovirus

Which would be the most UNLIKELY location to find adhesin molecules on a newly discovered bacterium?

ribosomes

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED?

ribosomes; storage

Kuru is caused by ______________.

ritualistic cannibalism

The neglected tropical disease, Onchocerciasis is also called

river blindness

What is the counterstain used in the Gram staining technique?

safranin

These are lipase test results. What information can be determined from this test?

sample B is lipase positive

These are oxidase test results. What information can be determined from this test?

sample D is oxidase positive

What would be the correct terminology be to describe a cube-like group of 8 bacteria? vibrio diplotetrad sarcinae tetrad tetravibrio

sarcinae

Botulism was first described in the early 1800s, when it was known as the _________ disease because people contracted the disease when ingesting this food.

sausage

Which of the following is NOT a HUMAN prion disease?

scrapie

The occurrence of streptococcal bronchopneumonia in an individual recovering from influenza is an example of a __________.

secondary infection

Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has __________.

selected for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and increased their frequency in both the hospital environment and the community

Consider a culture medium on which only gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus colonies can grow due to an elevated NaCl level. A yellow halo surrounds the growth, indicating the bacterium fermented a sugar in the medium, decreasing the pH as a result and changing the color of a pH indicator chemical. This type of medium would be referred to as a(n)

selective and differential medium.

Martin Lewis agar is an enriched media (containing heated blood) designed for the growth of Neisseria gonorrhea. Antibiotics are added to suppress the growth of normal microbiota that may be found in patient specimens, yet permit the growth of Neisseria gonorrhea. This medium would best be described as __________.

selective media

Treating fungal infections can be challenging. Fungi are classified as eukaryotic organisms, the same as their human host. The idea that antimicrobial drugs should only affect the microbe without harming the host is an important principle in microbiology. It is referred to as the principle of __________.

selective toxicity

Which of the following pathogenic characteristics would best allow Brucella organisms to produce a chronic infection in a host?

sequestering of organism within the endoplasmic reticulum

Which differential media differentiates bacteria by hemolytic patterns?

sheep's blood agar

An example of a latent virus infection is __________.

shingles

Which of the following is caused by the Varicella-zoster virus?

shingles

Which of the following best describes Barbara's condition?

shingles caused by the herpes zoster virus

Describe a viroid.

short pieces of naked RNA

An antiseptic is used to remove microbes from __________.

skin before an injection

Most of the normal microbiota of the digestive system are found in the

small intestine and large intestine

The Variola virus causes

small pox

Which disease has been eliminated through the use of vaccines?

smallpox

Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT

smog production

Why do you think that a laboratory technician should use sterile technique and a sterile swab to streak the agar medium in preparing for the disk diffusion assay? it is not necessary to use a sterile swab so contaminating bacteria will not be part of the bacterial lawn because an inoculating loop could rip the agar so that other bacterial species will grow and potentially be tested for antimicrobial susceptibility

so contaminating bacteria will not be part of the bacterial lawn

Why is the liquefied agar media left to harden with the tubes tilted when making agar slants? you should never tilt the tubes, because they could spill so that there is a great surface area to inoculate bacteria to save the environment from all of the plastic Petri dish waste so that the unwanted bacterial contamination of the media will not occur to cool the agar more quickly

so that there is a great surface area to inoculate bacteria

Why do we stain bacteria? so they adhere them to the slide so that we can visualize them using a microscope to stabilize their structure to ensure that they are all one color so that they have a more durable plasma membrane

so that we can visualize them using a microscope

According to the Lab Technique video "Disk Diffusion Assay", what is the reason for spreading the bacterial sample on the plate as described? so that they never reach the log phase of growth so that they never reach the log phase of growth so that bacteria can produce single colonies so there are no gaps in the lawn of bacteria

so there are no gaps in the lawn of bacteria

The main reservoir for fungal diseases of the lower respiratory tract is

soil

You make a growth liquid broth media, autoclave it and transfer it to individual tubes then cap then. You decide to let it cool overnight on the workbench. When you return to the lab the next afternoon, you notice that the media in some of the tubes looks turbid. What is a possible explanation for this? the autoclave did not work properly and killed all the microbes some of the tubes were not sterile when the media was added the components of the media precipitated out due to the extreme heat of the autoclave the tubes contained differing amounts of media ingredients making some of them appear cloudy

some of the tubes were not sterile when the media was added

A student is looking at a bacterial specimen using the oil immersion lens, but has forgotten to put immersion oil on the slide. The specimen will appear

somewhat fuzzy and have poor resolution.

In the name Staphylococcus aureus, aureus is the

species.

What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope?

specimen

What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? objective lens ocular lens illuminator specimen

specimen

Which of the following are NOT paired correctly?

spirillum-comma shaped

A new microorganism has been discovered that resides in the mouths of dogs. This microorganism lacks a nucleus, has a cell wall consisting of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide, is shaped like a corkscrew, and is motile by means of an axial filament. This organism is most likely related to __________.

spirochaetes

What is the term to describe a flexible corkscrew shaped bacterium? coccobacilli spirochete bacilli vibrio spirillum

spirochete

Which of the following would not help you achieve asepsis? wiping down the work area with alcohol standing near the air conditioning vent flaming the inoculation loop wearing latex gloves all of these answer are correct

standing near the air conditioning vent

What is the term to circular shaped bacteria in grape-like clusters? coccobacilli staphylococci vibrio streptococci streptobacilli

staphylococci

During which phase of growth would you find the highest number of total cells, both living and dead? stationary phase lag phase death phase dormant phase log phase

stationary phase

This image depicts a bacterial growth curve. Identify the star-labeled phase.

stationary phase

Which of these lists is in the correct order of differentiation?

stem cells to B cells to plasma cells

Streptococcal pharyngitis is also known as

strep throat

What would be the correct terminology be to describe a chain-like group of rods? diplorods staphylobacilli streptobacilli diplococci tetravibrio

streptobacilli

For which of the following would growth on blood agar be a good diagnostic tool?

streptococci

For both the direct and the indirect ELISA, __________.

substrate is added as a final step

How would you recognize an antibiotic-producing soil bacterium on a plate crowded with other bacteria? The bacterial colony producing the antibiotic would be __________.

surrounded by a clear area

Naegleria fowleri meningoencephalitis is commonly acquired by

swimming in warm ponds or streams

According to the Clinical Focus article "Influenza: Crossing the Species Barrier", the 2009 H1N1 virus was also called ______________.

swine flu

Recombinant DNA technology has become an increasingly important part of our life. It is used for all of the following EXCEPT

synthesis of water

Which of the following pathogenic helminths have hooks, suckers and proglottids?

tapeworm

A migrant farmworker has been brought into the emergency room showing early symptoms of tetanus. He indicates that he had received a puncture wound in his hand a week before the onset of symptoms. When asked about vaccination or booster, he did not know whether he had ever been vaccinated. Which of the following should be administered to the patient as soon as possible?

tetanus immune globulin

Chicken pox is caused by contracting

the Varicella-zoster virus

What does resolution mean?

the ability of a microscope to distinguish fine details and differentiate between two very close objects

What does resolution mean? the ability of a microscope to stay in focus when the objective lenses are moved from low power to high the total magnification of the visual image seen a measure of the ability of a medium to bend light the ability of a microscope to distinguish fine details and differentiate between two very close objects

the ability of a microscope to distinguish fine details and differentiate between two very close objects

This is a MSA plate. What information can you get about the bacteria that grew on this plate? the bacteria fermented the agar in the media you cannot determine any information except that there was bacterial growth the bacteria was able to grow in 7.5% glucose the bacteria fermented the sugar in the media the eosin indicator in the media changed color

the bacteria fermented the sugar in the media

This image shows a Kirby-Bauer Table of Interpretive Standards. A certain bacterium yields a zone of inhibition surrounding a Tobramycin impregnated disc which measures 17mm. Which of the following can be determined by this result? NOTE: From left to right the zone diameter headings read "Resistant; Intermediate; Susceptible"

the bacteria is sensitive to this antibiotic

The observations of Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek documenting the existence of microscopic cells formed the basis of what important theory?

the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells

What would happen if you heat fix a specimen too long? the sample will be removed during washing steps the sample would not be affected the cells will stain better you would have to shorten all of the incubation times when staining the cells will shrivel up and become distorted

the cells will shrivel up and become distorted

Members of the Adenoviridae cause __________.

the common cold

Otitis externa is an external infection of

the ear canal

Dracunculiasis is caused by

the guinea worm

What is a Dane particle?

the infectious virion that causes HBV

Which of the following is the best definition of generation time?

the length of time needed for a cell to divide

Which of the following characteristics/facts is NOT indicative of vCJD?

the median age of death is 68 years old

Pasteurized milk in an unopened container spoils in the refrigerator. A sample reveals the presence of microorganisms. The most likely explanation is __________.

the microbes that survived pasteurization were able to grow at 4°C

This image shows the results of an acid fast stain. Which of the following can you determine from these results?

the pink stained cells have a high content of mycolic acid in their cell wall

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of the autoclave?

the requirement for long (hours) exposure times

Assume you inoculated 100 cells, with a generation time of 20 minutes, into 100 ml of nutrient broth. You then inoculated 100 cells of the same species into 200 ml of nutrient broth. After incubation for 4 hours, you can reasonably expect to have

the same number of cells in both.

What information about a bacterium can you obtain when you perform a simple stain? the thickness of peptidoglycan the shape and size whether it contains mycolic acid whether it contains keratin the presence of capsules

the shape and size

he specificity of an antibody is due to

the variable portions of the H and L chains

Protozoan and helminthic diseases are difficult to treat because

their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells

You discover a new bacterial species near a hydrothermal vent. Which of the following descriptions would describe this bacteria?

thermophile

Which is NOT a class of Proteobacteria? epsilonproteobacteria gammaproteobacteria deltaproteobacteria thetaproteobacteria

thetaproteobacteria

What is the fate of metabolites during cellular respiration?

they are oxidized completely to carbon dioxide and water

This is the endospore stain result. What can be determined about the completely pink cells (without the greenish inclusion)?

they are vegetative cells and stained pink with safranin

During the progressive pathogenesis of tuberculosis, macrophages ingest the pathogenic cells and clump together to form a turbercle. Some of the interior macrophages begin to die and a caseous center forms. At this stage, which of the following is TRUE concerning the pathogenic cells inside of this formation?

they remain dormant (latent TB)

What bacterial property determines if a cell is gram positive or gram negative? thickness of the capsule thickness of the mycolic acid layer thickness of the endospore thickness of the peptidoglycan layer thickness of the keratin layer

thickness of the peptidoglycan layer

Why do we use heat during the endospore stain? to drive the stain into mycolic acid to drive the stain into capsule to drive the stain into peptidoglycan to drive the stain into the keratin covering to drive the stain into the vegetative cell

to drive the stain into the keratin covering

What is the function of the electromagnetic condenser in TEM? to magnify the specimen 1000x to bend visible light to disperse electrons to strike a larger area of the specimen to focus the beam of electrons onto a small area of the specimen

to focus the beam of electrons onto a small area of the specimen

What is the role of the compound microscope condenser lens? to do the bulk of the magnification to focus the light to a high intensity in a small area to recreate the image in the viewer's eye to adjust the wavelength of light

to focus the light to a high intensity in a small area

Why is it important to spread the bacteria out on the slide as much as possible when preparing a specimen to stain? so they will not be removed when blotting it is not important to spread the bacteria on the slide so they will not be removed during the washing steps so they will be over crowded and stain better to have a better chance of finding individual stained cells

to have a better chance of finding individual stained cells

Why do you need to use the entire quadrant when performing the streak plate technique? to prevent contamination of your sample to save on the amount of agar used to initiate proper growth parameters to maximize your chances of obtaining single colonies

to maximize your chances of obtaining single colonies

Why is it important to flame your loop until it is reddish before use?

to prevent contamination of your sample

Why is it important to achieve asepsis when culturing a single species of bacterium? so that beneficial bacterium can aid in the growth of the bacterial strain you are growing to kill the bacteria that you want to grow to prevent unwanted bacterial contamination to ensure that the bacteria can obtain new plasmid DNA

to prevent unwanted bacterial contamination

You advise your pregnant friend to not adopt a new kitten from her neighbor because she could contract

toxoplasmosis

Which of the following is evidence that the arthritis afflicting children in Lyme, Connecticut, was due to bacterial infection?

treatable with penicillin

Which of the following is not a bacterial shape? triangle oval star comma rectangle

triangle

As mentioned previously, African sleeping sickness is transmitted via a biological vector. Which of the following vectors is responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma brucei?

tsetse fly

The insect vector for African trypanosomiasis is the

tsetse fly

A physician receives a lab report indicating that acid-fast bacilli were found in sputum from a patient with a lower respiratory tract infection. The physician suspects __________.

tuberculosis

In a negative staining procedure, the bacterial capsule would appear __________ when viewed under a microscope.

unstained in a colored background

One of the most important reasons to diagnose and treat strep throat is that __________.

untreated strep throat may contribute to the development of rheumatic fever

A scientist wants to perform a test that will indicate whether a nucleic acid sample is composed of RNA or DNA. Testing for the presence of which of the following is most appropriate in this situation?

uracil

What condition does the pathogenic protozoan, Tricomonas vaginalis, cause?

urethritis

Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT

use of genetically modified foods.

If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment?

using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms

Which of the following human prion diseases is related to mad cow disease?

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Self-replicating DNA used to transmit a gene from one organism to another is a ______________.

vector

Which is NOT a characteristic of an active HIV infection?

viral DNA is integrated into cellular DNA as a provirus

Which of the following are NOT paired correctly?

viroid-human pathogen

The infectious agent that causes AIDS is a

virus.

Which of the following is the reservoir for Legionella pneumophila?

water

Acid-fast Mycobacteria differ from non-acid-fast bacteria by the presence of __________.

waxy material in their cell walls

The level of HIV population in the blood is highest __________.

when the patient is asymptomatic

Where is the hottest part of a flame from a Bunsen burner? closest to the gas source in the dark blue cone where the light blue and dark blue cones intersect at the top of the flame in the light blue cone

where the light blue and dark blue cones intersect

Trichuris trichiura is also known as a ______________.

whipworm

When placed in water, phospholipids will orient themselves __________.

with phosphates associated with water and lipids clustered away from the water

According to the Clinical Case "It's for the Birds", what sickness did the Nguyen family contract from their sick bird?

x

What color are the bacterium stained in the capsule staining method we learned in lab?

x

During a flood, a community's well water system is contaminated with a pathogenic fungus. If the residents boil their water for 15 minutes prior to consumption, will they be protected?

yes, most likely

A nucleoside analog used to treat HIV infection is __________.

zidovudine

The clear area surrounding the antibiotic-impregnated disk when performing the antimicrobial susceptibility test is called is the _____________________ zone of inhibition bacterial lawn bactericidal field clearing zone

zone of inhibition