Microbiology test 2 questions

Lithotroph:

Energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds

T/F Osmosis requires that the membrane be permeable to solute molecules

False

A mutation which results in wrong amino acids being incorporated into a protein from the locus of the mutation to the end of the sequence

Frame shift

In two or three sentences describe turbidometery, what it is used for and how it is done.

It is used to count the bacteria and the bacterial growth. The spectrophotometer is also used to gauge light absorption.

Respiration:

Oxidative phosphorylation

What are 2 types of enzymes that allow microorganisms to survive in an oxygen rich environment? What does each enzyme do?

Peroxidase is used to convert H2O2 to H2O Superoxide dismutase is used to convert a superoxide ion into either H2O2 or O2

Fermentation:

Substrate-level phosphorylation

T/F Extremophiles are nearly always members of the domain Archaea

True

T/F Many scientists believe that viruses can be agents that bring about evolution because some can carry DNA from one organism to another

True

In Krebs cycle the beginning substrate is _____. a) Acetyl-CoA b) pyruvate c) lactate d) NADH

a) Acetyl-CoA

In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the a) cell membrane b) mitochondria c) chloroplasts d) ribosomes

a) cell membrane

If a red blood cell is placed into a hypertonic solution which of the following will happen? a) it will shrink b) it will burst c) Water will diffuse in and out at equal rates d) it will spin

a) it will shrink

Does not use oxygen but can grow in its presence

aerotolerant anaerobe

Does not utilize oxygen

anaerobe

When members of a non-symbiotic relationship produce inhibitory compounds

antagonism

Fermentation gives a net gain of _____ ATP's a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 32 e)36

b) 2

Which of the following represents a virus family name? a) herpes simplex virus b) herpesviridae c)picornavirus d) enterovirus e) hepatitis B virus

b) herpesviridae

The number of species an animal virus can infect is known as what? a) tropism b) host range c) adsorption d) latency e) exocytosis

b) host range

Which of the following are not examples of terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration? a) nitrate b) hydrogen sulfide c) iron -3 d)H2 e) sulfate

b) hydrogen sulfide

Which of the following is a cytopathic effect that could be caused by a viral infection a) budding b) syncytia c) lactic acid production d) induction

b) syncytia

Which of the following describes obligate anaerobic organisms? a) they use gaseous oxygen in their metabolism b) they lack the enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism and they lack the enzymes that process toxic oxygen products c) they posses superoxide dismutase but not catalase or peroxide d) they posses the enzymes needed to process toxic oxygen products e) they metabolize by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present but undergo anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen

b) they lack the enzymes that use oxygen in metabolism and they lack the enzymes that process toxic oxygen products

Which of the following statements is not true of viruses? a) viruses are obligate intracellular parasites b) viruses are active both inside and outside of host cells c) viruses can infect bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants and animals d) viruses exhibit high specificity for their respective host

b) viruses are active both inside and outside of host cells

Most pathogenic microbes are _______ a) psychrophiles b)mesophiles c) thermophiles d) A & D

b)mesophiles

The electron transport system produces _____ ATP's a) 2 b) 4 c) 34 d) 38

c) 34

In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface an incubated. Each ____ represents one _____ from the sample. a) cell, cell b) cell, colony c) colony, cell d)species, colony e) generation, cell

c) colony, cell

Yeasts reduce pyruvate to _________ in fermentation a) lactic acid b) propionic acid c) ethanol d) methanol

c) ethanol

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar and in a candle jar. After incubation there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf. This species is a/an a) aerobe b) anaerobe c) facultative anaerobe d) microaerophile e) capnophile

c) facultative anaerobe

The earth would gradually fill up with organic material, and nutrients would not be recycled if it were not for what group of organisms? a) parasites b) methanogens c) saprobes d) commensal

c) saprobes

Which of the following does not contribute to the initiation of the stationary phase of bacterial growth? a) depletion of nutrients b) accumulation of organic acids c) the generation time of the dividing organisms d) a drop in the pH of the growth medium e) increased density of the organisms

c) the generation time of the dividing organisms

All of the following are characteristics of viruses except a) they can be crystallized b) they often have a geometric capsid c) they have a viscous fluid inside there capsid d) they can cause fatal diseases e) they can cause mild diseases

c) they have a viscous fluid inside there capsid

Enzymes that are always being made are called _____ enzymes

constitutive

An organism growing fermantatively must... a) have exhausted all the oxygen in its environment b) be an obligate anaerobe c) be making lactic acid d) be getting less ATP per glucose than an organism using anaerobic respiration

d) be getting less ATP per glucose than an organism using anaerobic respiration

Which one of the following phrases is incorrect about a prophage? a) is present when the virus is in lysogeny b) is formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome c) is replicated along with host DNA and passed on to progeny d) causes lysis of host cells e) occurs when temperate phages enter host cell

d) causes lysis of host cells

An organism that gets its carbon from organic molecules and its energy from nutrients from other organisms is a ________ a) chemoautotroph b) photoautotroph c) photoheterotroph d) chemoheterotroph

d) chemoheterotroph

Phototroph:

energy from light

utilizes oxygen if it is present but can grow in its absence

facultative anaerobe

Can tolerate ad grow in a wide range of salt concentrations

halophile

Organisms that live entirely on inorganic minerals

lithoautotroph

Cannot grow without oxygen

obligate aerobe

The temperature which promotes the fastest growth of an organism is its _____________ temperature

optimum

spongiform encephalopathies are caused by

prions

A length of DNA that codes for a protein is a ________ gene

structural

When members of a non-symbiotic relationship cooperate and share nutrients

synergism

The correct sequence of events in viral multiplication is A. Adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release B. Endocytosis, uncoating, replication, assembly, and lysis C. Adsorption, uncoating, duplication, assembly, and lysis D. Endocytosis, penetration, replication, maturation, and exocytosis

A. Adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release

Host range is limited by which of the following choices? A. Type of nucleic acid in the virus B. Age of the host cell C. Type of host cell receptors on cell membrane D. Size of the host cell E. All of the choices are correct

C. Type of host cell receptors on cell membrane

Autotroph:

Carbon from CO2

T/F a microorganism that grows in jelly or syrup would be classified as osmotolerant

True

Which of the following is a form of commensalism? a) antibiosis b) satellitism c) parasitism d) synergism e) antagonism

b) satellitism

Collectively, viruses can contain all but what type of nucleic acid? a) Double-stranded DNA b) Double-stranded RNA c) Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid d) Single-stranded DNA e) Single-stranded RNA

c) Double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid

Which of the following ways of transporting molecules across the cell membrane requires energy input from the cell? a) osmosis b) facilitated diffusion c) Group translocation d) diffusion

c) Group translocation

Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus a) spike b) capsomere c) envelope d) capsid e) core

d) capsid

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the population begins to decline is called the _______ a) lag phase b) exponential growth phase c) stationary phase d) death phase

d) death phase

The time it takes for a bacterium to pass through one complete cell replication cycle is referred to as ______ a) exponential growth phase b) lithogenic cycle c) Lag phase d) generation time

d) generation time

An organic compound that an organism needs in order to grow, and cannot synthesize it, is called a ________ a) micronutrient b) macronutrient c) trace envelope d) growth factor

d) growth factor

Which of the following is not true of transcription? a) it requires polymerase b) it preceeds translation c) it requires DNA d) it requires a primer

d) it requires a primer

requires a small amount of oxygen

microaerophile

Explain how a repressible operon works

A repressible operon works by the means of negative feedback. The product of a pathway binds to a repressor. The repressor then binds to the DNA causing a hault in whatever was being produced.

Heterotroph:

Carbon from organic compounds

T/F The primary sources of nitrogen for heterotrophs include proteins, lipids, DNA and RNA

False

T/F the reactions of fermentation function to produce NADH molecules for use in glycolysis

False

What is meant by lysogenic conversion? Name a bacterial species in which it can occur and the disease that it can cause

Lysogenic conversion is when a bacterial virus undergoes lysogeny and inserts its genome into a bacteria. This causes the bacteria to begin production of toxins or pathogenic enzymes. Clostridium botulinum Botulism

What is the product of glycolysis that gets converted to acetyl CoA before entering Krebs cycle

Pyruvate

A symbiotic relationship between two organisms two organisms where one benefits and the other does not but is not harmed is __________ a) commensalism b) synergism c) mutualism d) antibiosis

a) commensalism

RNA viruses are typically replicated in the host's ________ a) cytoplasm b) endoplasmic reticulum c) nucleus d) Mitochondrial inner membrane

a) cytoplasm

Which of the following requires no energy from the cell? a) facilitated diffusion b) phagocytosis c) The sodium potassium pump d) Group translocation

a) facilitated diffusion

Which of the following categories of organisms would more likely be found growing in Antarctica? a) psychrophiles b) mesophiles c) thermophiles d) barophiles e) methanogens

a) psychrophiles

Which one of the following is not true about extremophiles and their characteristics a) Halophiles prefer salt environments above .2M NaCl b) Alkalophiles prefer an environment between a pH of 0-5.5. c) Thermophiles prefer an environment above 60 degrees celsius d) Mesophiles can cause our flu-like symptoms.

b) Alkalophiles prefer an environment between a pH of 0-5.5.

Which of the following is not a reactive oxygen species? a) Hydrogen peroxide b) Dihydrogen monoxide c) Superoxide radical d) Hydroxyl Radical

b) Dihydrogen monoxide

Which organism is an example of a photoautotroph? a) protozoa b) algae c) fungi d) pathogenic bacteria e) Animals

b) algae

An organism that gets its carbon from CO2 and its energy from sunlight is called a ____ a) chemoautotroph b) photoautotroph c) Photoheterotroph d) Chemoheterotroph

b) photoautotroph

Which of the following statements is true of the TCA cycle? a) it cycles once per glucose b) it releases 3 carbon dioxide molecules per cycle c) its active only during aerobic growth d) it yields ATP production via substrate level phosphorylation

d) it yields ATP production via substrate level phosphorylation

Which of the following is not a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration? a) sulfate b) nitrite c) nitrate d) lactate

d) lactate

The condition in which the host bacterial chromosome contains not only its own DNA but also bacteriophage DNA is known as what? a) lysectomy b) lytic cycle c) lysis d) lysogeny e) mutation

d) lysogeny

The E. Coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be the best termed a ____ relationship a) parasitic b) saprobic c) commensal d) mutualistic e) none of the choices are correct

d) mutualistic

Oncoviruses cause transformed cells to exhibit all but which of the following? a) increased growth rate b) Alteration in chromosomes c) Changes in cell surface molecules d) production of antibodies e) capacity to divide for an indefinite period of time

d) production of antibodies

Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during a) replication b) assembly c) adsorption d) release e) penetration

d) release