mid-term exam - study guide
By convention, it has been determined that alpha levels should be set no larger than ____.
.05
A study with 50 research participants has a degree of freedom of ________.
49
Which of the following is accurate?
APA Style uses different reference formatting for different types of publications
Sam was careful not to use information word-for-word from the articles. In addition to changing phrases to their own words, they made sure to use synonyms for the big words. Why would this still be considered plagiarism?
Because it sounds like the sentence structure and ideas were still the same as the original source
The purpose of this study was to test the effects of highlighting on memory. Participants were randomly assigned to two conditions, one where they were were encouraged to use a highlighter to assist their learning or a second where the highlighter was not mentioned. Then all participants studied a short passage for 5 min. Memory was tested 24 hours later. No significant differences were found. How was highlighting operationalized?
By encouraging participants to use a highligter or by not mentioning it.
Which statistic was developed to correct problems with interrater reliability?
Cohen's kappa
Organizing files and using a "cloud storage" system like Google docs can help reduce ______ load.
Extrinsic
Which example illustrates the proper way to cite a source in a research report when the author's name appears as the subject of the sentence?
Palmer (2017)
Which example illustrates the proper way to cite a source with two authors in a research report when the authors' names appear as the subject of the sentence?
Palmer and Ziser (2017)
Which type of question is a Likert-type question?
Rating scale
The participants subsection should describe the number/type/characteristics of the participants as well as which of the following?
The approach used to obtain the sample and recruiting process
What is the definition of variance?
The average squared distance from the mean
intent is simply to describe behaviors
The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants.
Experiments allow researchers to ____.
answer cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables
When researchers apply behavioral observation techniques to historical records in order to measure behaviors that occurred in the past, the measurement process is called ____.
archival research
The Milgram study involved ____.
asking participants to administer what appeared to be severe shocks to other people
The general goal of a research study using the descriptive research strategy is to ____.
describe a variable or variables as they exist naturally
Reed was having a hard time understanding the journal article he was reading because it included a lot of complicated words and long sentences. What type of cognitive load is influenced being influenced by the writing style in the article?
extraneous
Using cell phones during class might add to __________ load given that research findings suggest it ________ learning.
extraneous; reduces
The Tuskegee study involved ____.
failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis
To maximize learning we need to structure learning activities to make intrinsic load _______ and ________ resources for germane load.
manageable; maximize
A case study typically involves the study of ________.
one individual
A student's score on a measurement of impulse control allows researchers to form an accurate expectation for how well the student will control his or her impulses in class. This test illustrates ____ validity.
predictive
You develop a new measure of anxiety and you find that people who score high on your measure show more anxious behavior than people who score low on your measure. You have demonstrated ____.
predictive validity
A ____ source contains original research reports.
primary
The worksheets will help you focus on ________ ________ information
primary source
Pseudoscience is based on ____.
subjective evidence
While a _______ is a group of closely related phenomena or observations, _______ is a logical idea that can be tested.
theory; hypothesis
How do quantitative research and qualitative research differ?
they generate different types of data
Which example illustrates the proper way to cite a source in a research report when the author's name appears outside the body of the sentence?
(Palmer, 2017)
What is a hypothesis?
A prediction of the relationship between variables
Which type of hypotheses do authors write about when they are explaining their study?
Alternative, or research, hypotheses
The effects of adolescent pregnancy on the mother's adult life were examined through a qualitative case study. Five individuals between the ages of 21 and 55, who became mothers between the ages of 15 and 21, were interviewed. Sociological, psychological, and financial effects were considered. What was the operationalization of adolescent pregnancy in this study?
Becoming a mother between the ages of 15 and 21
This principle from the Belmont Report emphasizes minimizing harm and maximizing the benefits of research.
Beneficence
What learning strategies help manage intrinsic load?
Breaking down assignments and completing each assignment in order
How do hypotheses help us understand a study?
By helping us know what to look for in other parts of the study
How do the completed worksheets make it easier to write the Intro Section and avoid plagiarism?
By making it easier to find the necessary information without looking at the article again
A researcher recruits a sample of 25 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. What kind of sampling is the researcher using?
Convenience sampling
Which sampling technique is most likely to result in a biased sample?
Convenience sampling
Which research strategies attempt to address the same question about the relationship between variables?
Correlational and nonexperimental
Which section of an APA article/paper describes the extent to which the results support the hypothesis or how the results answer the research question?
Discussion
Which question is best addressed with the experimental strategy?
Does increasing the hours of sleep college students get each night cause an increase in GPA?
Andy is confused by the feedback on their paper. The professor said parts could be considered plagiarism, but there were citations for every sentence. If the paper included citations, how could it be plagiarism?
If the information was copied word for word and wasn't in quotation marks
Under what circumstances is a very small treatment effect still likely to be statistically significant?
If the sample size is large and the sample variance is small
Which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about populations by using sample data?
Inferential statistics
In which section of a psychological research report or proposal should the hypothesis of the study be stated?
Introduction
Which is the correct order of the sections of a research report?
Introduction, method, results, and discussion
Which question is best addressed with the correlational strategy?
Is there a relationship between the amount of sleep that college students get each night and the GPA of those college students?
Which statement identifies a potential problem with Internet surveys?
It can be difficult to control or even know the composition of the sample.
The reference below includes an error in the author information. What is the error? DiBattista, David., Mitterer, John O., & Gosse, Lisa (2004). Acceptance by undergraduates of the Immediate Feedback Assessment Technique for multiple-choice testing. Teaching in Higher Education, 9, 17-28. doi:10.1080/1356251032000155803
It includes first names and should only include initials
Which of the following statements accurately describes the scientific method?
It is a circular process that leads to a tentative answer.
How does the hypothesis relate to the findings of previous research?
It is informed by those findings
Why is probability sampling rarely used in behavioral science researcher?
It is often not possible to list every individual in a population.
Who is acting as a confederate?
Jay, who pretends to be a research participant even though he is actually working with the experimenter
The relationship between locus of control and attitudes toward homosexuality was investigated by surveying general psychology students. We anticipated that individuals who have a more external locus of control would have more negative attitudes toward homosexuality. What are the variables in this study?
Locus of control and attitudes towards homosexuality
This study evaluated the effects of meditation on college students' mood. Fifty-one students either meditated for seven minutes or did not meditate prior to completing the Self-Evaluation Questionnaire. The meditation group had significantly higher mood scores. What are the variables in this study?
Meditation and mood
Where would you look to find information on the validity and reliability of measures used in a study?
Method - Materials
A researcher finds that room color influences the mood of 45-year-old women in a sample. To preserve external validity, the researcher should generalize these findings to which group?
Middle-aged women
Does music affect the amount of physical activity engaged in for exercise? Participants in this study are 22 college students enrolled in undergraduate psychology courses. Participants did sit-ups for 30 seconds either listening to fast paced music or slow paced music. I compared the mean mood scores for each group and found no difference. What are the variables in this study?
Music and Amount of Physical Activity
What type of citation is included in this sentence? While time spent studying is related to grades, other variables also influence how well students score on assignments (Jones, 2020)
NOT in text
What type of citation is included in this sentence? According to Jones (2020), variables other than time spent studying influence grades.
NOT parenthetical
The FIRST time we cite an article, the formatting for the citation depends on:
NOT the number of authors
The SECOND time we cite an article, the formatting for the citation might be different than the first time. What influences whether or not the formatting will be different?
NOT the number of authors
If people score high on one measure and also score high on another measure, there is ____.
NOT: a negative relationship between the two measures
A researcher describes the unique characteristics of an individual research participant and uses the participant's real first name when writing about her study. Which ethical principle is being compromised?
NOT: anonymity
As the values for one variable decrease from one person to another, the values for a second variable also tend to decrease. This is an example of a(n) ____ relationship.
NOT: negative
Dr. Ziser conducts an experiment on life satisfaction using participants above the age of 80. Because she cannot include all people above the age of 80, she will select what is known as a ____.
NOT: subgroup
What type of citation is included in this sentence? Jones said that variables other than time spent studying influence grades (2020).
Neither -- this is not APA style
If a frequency distribution is shown in a bar graph, what scale was used to measure the scores?
Nominal or ordinal
A researcher recruits participants for an experiment by posting an announcement in the psychology department asking for volunteers. What kind of sampling is being used?
Nonprobability
Empirical research has established a bystander effect occurs in helping situations. This effect refers to the finding that someone is less likely to help when other people are present compared to when the person in need is alone. Although the effect has been replicated in a variety of contexts, research has neglected to determine if this effect occurs in response to request for help via Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). This study investigated whether a CMC bystander effect exists. It was hypothesized that as the number of names on an email recipient list increased, the likelihood of receiving help decreased. 150 students were selected from a private Midwestern University and randomly assigned to receive an email that varied only in number of names that appeared in the address field of the email - either 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 co-recipients. What are the variables in this study?
Number of "participants" on email and whether help was offered
Felipe plans to watch how positively or negatively teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD for his research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement?
Observational
The reference below includes an error in the article title. What is the error? Scouller, K. (1998). The Influence Of Assessment Method On Students' Learning Approaches: Multiple Choice Question Examination Versus Assignment Essay. Higher Education, 35, 453-472. doi:10.1023/A:1003196224280
Only the major words and the word after the colon should be capitalized
The Method section typically consists of what 3 subsections?
Participants, materials, procedures
What would the scatter plot show for data that produce a Pearson correlation of r = +.88?
Points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right
To select a sample of 10 employees from a factory workforce of 100, a researcher puts each employee's name on a slip of paper, then shuffles the papers in a hat and randomly picks 10 names. What kind of sampling is being used?
Probability
Which kind of sampling requires such extensive knowledge of the population that the researcher could list every individual in the population?
Probability
What type of question typically produces a numerical score for each participant?
Rating scale
If we simply define paraphrasing as "presenting the findings in your own words," which sentence structure(s) would be considered paraphrasing?
Reporting, summarizing, and paraphrasing
The informed consent process is most directly related to this principle from The Belmont Principles
Respect for Persons
Numerical results of a study are reported in the ________ section.
Results
What is meant by the saying, "science is empirical?"
Scientific answers are based on direct observation.
Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for her research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement?
Self-report
What are the errors in this example: Duffy & Petronius (2002, p. 23) found that none of the subjects showed improvement.
The "&" should be "and" and the page number should be omitted.
The second time you cite a publication with four authors in your report, what should be included in the citation?
The first author's last name followed by et al. and the date
A researcher has measured self-esteem for a sample of 40 first-grade children. The researcher would like to divide the children into two equal-sized groups consisting of the high self-esteem kids and the low self-esteem kids. Which statistical measure will identify the correct score to serve as the boundary between the high and the low self-esteem groups?
The median
What is a limitation of survey research?
The results are limited by the truthfulness of the participants.
This study examined the affect of lyrical music on reading speed. Twenty undergraduate students participated in the study by reading four paragraphs while listening to lyrical music and then again while listening to non-lyrical music. There was a highly significant interaction showing lyrical music has a negative effect on reading speed was it took significantly longer for participants to read the paragraphs in that condition. What are the variables in this study?
Type of music and reading speed
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether attending private school affects problem solving skills. College students who attended a private high school were compared to those who attended a public high school. Participants solved SuDoKu puzzles of three different levels of difficulty to test if type of school attended impacted the speed and accuracy of solution. What are the variables in this study?
Type of school attended and problem solving skills
Which behavior is an example of plagiarism?
Using someone else's ideas in your research report without a citation.
Which question can be addressed with a descriptive strategy?
What is the average number of hours of sleep that a typical college student gets each night?
Research proposals contain which of the following kinds of information?
What will be done
Research shows that exercise can decrease stress. This study investigated whether exercise would specifically mediate test anxiety. Participants followed along with a 20-minute exercise video and then took their introductory psychology test. What was the operational definition of exercise?
Whether or not participants followed-along with a 20-minute exercise video
Confederates dropped folders full of papers at four locations on campus to assess whether passing students would help or not. Gender, bystander density and location were assessed as factors affecting likelihood of helping. Bystander density was found to be a significant factor, with small (0-3 people) and larger (6 and up) groups helping more often than medium (4-5) groups. What was the operational definition of altruism?
Whether passing students helped pick up paper from a dropped folder
If people score high on one measure and score low on another measure, there is ____
a negative relationship between the two measures
What parts of a study are influenced by the hypothesis?
almost all of them
When there is more than one author, in text citations use ____ before the last author's name and parenthetical citations use _____.
and; &
A citations includes ______ information about the source of an idea and the reference includes _____ information about that source.
basic; detailed
Counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves his seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement?
behavioral
How does the worksheet help you learn about the concepts?
by helping you identify examples in real studies
A teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth, and eighth rows and taking all the students in those rows. This is an example of ____ sampling.
cluster
You develop a new measure of self-efficacy and you find that people who score high on your measure also score high on a standardized measure of self-efficacy. You have demonstrated ____.
concurrent validity
What term refers to a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?
construct
A researcher who brings dating couples into the laboratory to be observed while they are solving a problem is most likely using ____.
contrived observation
The most commonly used sampling method in psychological research is probably ____ sampling.
convenience
A research study records a score measuring Facebook use and a score measuring happiness level for each individual in a group of 20-year-old women. The study intends to determine whether there is a relationship between the two variables. This study is best characterized as ____ research.
correlational
Although the intent of informed consent is to provide participants with complete information about a research study before they agree to participate, this is sometimes impossible because ____.
deception is an important part of the research
What kind of reasoning uses a general statement to make conclusions about specific examples?
deductive
A researcher conducts a survey to determine the average number of minutes that college students spend on their smartphones in a typical day. Which research strategy is being used?
descriptive
Statistical techniques that summarize, organize, and simplify data are best classified as ____ statistics.
descriptive
A research ____ is a general plan for implementing the research strategy.
design
A researcher developed a new intelligence test for elementary school children. However, the researcher fears that the scores from the test may actually be measuring the children's reading ability. To show that the test is really measuring intelligence and not reading ability, the researcher must demonstrate ____validity.
divergent
Recording how many hours a week your roommate spends studying involves using the ____ method, while simply recording whether or not your roommate studies in a week involves using the ____ method.
duration; interval
The primary advantage of a stratified random sample is that it ____.
ensures that group sizes will be adequate for statistical analysis
Confidentiality ____.
ensures that information is kept secret and private
When an observer switches recording from one behavior during one interval to another behavior during another interval, it is known as ____ sampling.
event
An explanation is empirical if it is based on ____.
evidence of the senses
What is the difference between experimental hypotheses and non-experimental?
experimental predict a cause-and-effect relationship, non-experimental just predict a relationship
The results of a study may be influenced by the experimenter's expectations regarding the outcome of the study. This artifact is known as ____.
experimenter bias
The degree to which your research results generalize beyond the specific characteristics of your study refers to ____.
external validity
A(n) ____variable is a variable in a study that is not being directly studied.
extraneous
A Type I error means that a researcher has ____.
falsely concluded that a treatment has an effect
In the observational study of adolescents at the mall, you count the number of social interaction behaviors that occur within a one-hour observation period. This is an example of the ____ method of quantifying behavior.
frequency
A major goal of research is to ____ from a small group of participants included in a study to the larger group from which they came.
generalize
One responsibility of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that ____.
human participants will be kept safe in research
Plagiarism can be defined as representing someone else's _______ or words as one's own.
ideas
What kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a statement about a larger possible set of observations?
inductive
If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants are unlikely to understand, then the researcher has violated the intent of ____.
informed consent
Although surveys can be used with a variety of different research strategies, the defining characteristic of the survey research design is that the ____.
intent is simply to describe behaviors
Two observers record similar observations on a behavioral rating scale for a group of children they are watching. The researchers have established what kind of reliability?
inter-rater reliability
The ____ of a research study is concerned with factors in the study that raise doubts about the interpretation of the results.
internal validity
Which type of cognitive load is influenced by how complicated the topic is?
intrinsic
Which of the statements below is the most accurate summary of research findings about learning?
it's all about the connections in our brain
This principle from the Belmont Report means that all segments of the population should have an opportunity to be included in a study.
justice
In the scientific method, a prediction is evaluated by ____.
making systematic, planned observations
A measurement procedure is valid if it ____.
measures what you intend it to measure
Which method of acquiring knowledge is being used by students who are learning from teachers and textbooks?
method of authority
What learning strategies help minimize extrinsic load?
minimizing distractions while studying, planning, and organizing class materials
For scores measured on a nominal scale of measurement (e.g., job classification), which measure of central tendency is appropriate?
mode
It is possible for a distribution of scores to have more than one ____.
mode
A research study begins by separating a sample of 20-year-old women into two groups: a high Facebook use group and a low Facebook use group. A score measuring happiness is then obtained for each woman. The study intends to determine whether there is a relationship between Facebook use and happiness. This study is an example of the ____ research strategy.
nonexperimental
Essay questions on an exam are examples of ____ items.
open-ended
Using the number of yawns in a one-hour period as a definition and a measurement of sleepiness is an example of ____ sleepiness.
operationalizing
Jo is writing a literature review about how coaching styles influence college athletes. One of the articles they read is about managerial styles and employee performance. It would make the most sense for Jo to include the findings from that article in their literature review if they use the __________ sentence structure.
paraphrasing
When an author puts the ideas and information from a primary source in their own words and in a different context using a parenthetical citation to give credit to the primary source, they are ________.
paraphrasing
A researcher taking a job as a restaurant server in order to explore sexism in the restaurant industry is an example of ____.
participant observation
The individual differences between participants, such as age, gender, height, strength, intelligence, etc., are known as ________.
participant variables
Using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve mathematics problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?
physiological
A research proposal is a ____.
plan for a new study
A researcher is interested in the anxiety levels among patients in a nursing home. The entire set of patients living in the nursing home is an example of a ____.
population
Dr. Ziser conducts an experiment on life satisfaction using participants above the age of 80. All people above the age of 80 would make up the ____.
population
In the reporting, summarizing, and paraphrasing structures we are thinking about what we know from _______ sources.
primary
The purpose of an operational definition is to ____.
provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct
Last year Tomas and his friend Jamie were both too short to ride the rollercoaster. Jamie went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride. Because Tomas is taller than Jamie, he thinks that he will be able to ride the rollercoaster as well. Tomas is using the ____ to answer his question.
rational method
Publicly repeating a study by copying the methods exactly is referred to as ____.
replication
A sentence that uses an in text citation and directly states what the study in the article found is _______ the findings.
reporting
If a sentence is written in past tense and includes the names of the author(s) of the primary source in the body of the sentence, the structure is:
reporting
What type of sentence structure does this represent:Francis (2020) found that social anxiety was influenced by the context in which interactions took place.
reporting
When we use a __________ structure we need to directly apply knowledge about the research design in the primary source whereas when we use the _________ structure we can make logical extensions based on the design.
reporting; paraphrasing
When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be a(n) ____ sample.
representative
The multiple-choice questions on this exam are examples of ____ items.
restricted
A distinction between science and pseudoscience is that ____.
science is based on hypotheses that are testable and refutable
When people make an observation, then form a hypothesis that explains the observation, and then make more observations to test the credibility of the hypothesis, they are using the ____.
scientific method
A newspaper article discussing someone's research is an example of a ____ source.
secondary
The review of the literature in the introduction section of a research report is an example of a ____ source.
secondary
Which type of source summarizes information from sources of original research reports?
secondary
Using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement?
self-report
Studies involving deception ____.
should not be done if the deception involves concealing possible harm
A researcher develops a 20-question test to measure anxiety and administers it to a group of participants. To evaluate the reliability of the test, the researcher computes a score for the first 10 questions and a score for the last 10 questions for each participant and then computes the correlation between the two scores. What is the researcher measuring?
split-half reliability
The most commonly used descriptive statistics for a set of numerical scores are the mean and the ____.
standard deviation
A researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. To obtain participants for the study while ensuring sufficient numbers of participants from each of the ethnic groups, the researcher should probably use ____ sampling.
stratified random
A sentence that lists the main findings and uses a parenthetical citation is __________ the findings.
summarizing
Establishing the reliability of a measurement procedure by using the procedure to measure the same individuals on two separate occasions and comparing the two sets of scores is known as ____ reliability.
test-retest
What is another name for "the worksheet"?
the article summary template
Cognitive load refers to:
the mental resources required for a given activity
A young child believing everything that her kindergarten teacher says to be true is an example of ____.
the method of faith
An introduction of a research report or proposal typically contains ____.
the research question or problem
In the reporting and summarizing sentence structures, how does the design of the study in the primary source relate to the knowledge we can support with a citation to that study?
through inductive reasoning -- we can generalize to another setting
In an observational study of children in a day care center, you alternate one minute of observation with one minute of recording behavior. This is an example of ____ sampling.
time
The Nuremberg Code outlines basic ethical guidelines for the ____.
treatment of human participants
The Belmont Report provides basic ethical guidelines for the ____.
treatment of human participants in research
A potential drawback of secondary sources is that they ____.
typically do not contain detailed information about any specific study
Paraphrasing requires:
using your own words and structure as well as a citation
The law of large numbers states that larger samples are _____.
usually more representative of a population
