Midterm #2 MC

Secondary group

A larger and more impersonal group that is usually organized around a specific goal and is often temporary is called a/an Select one: a. secondary group. b. family. c. primary group. d. crowd.

Negative Sanctions

A monetary fine, harsh words, and a raised fist are examples of: Select one: a. negative sanctions. b. multiculturalism. c. positive feedback. d. cultural universals. e. situational norms.

False

According to sociologists, an individual's genetic makeup will determine what kind of personality and character traits he develops in life. Select one: True False

A part of our culture and as such are learned rather than innate

Although many people feel that expectations for personal space (usually about 18 inches for Americans) are innate, members of many cultures are used to noticeably less personal space than we are, which helps to demonstrate that our expectations for personal space are: Select one: a. a part of our culture and as such are learned rather than innate. b. impossible to measure accurately. c. something that is innate, more an instinct than something learned. d. the direct result of hormonal differences in the limbic system. e. usually negotiable and not all that hard to change.

Copresence

As people spend more time texting one another and less time in face-to-face interactions, _____ is becoming less frequent. Select one: a. copresence b. cohort formation c. co-interaction d. dual interaction

False

Cases in which children have been raised in social isolation demonstrate that people are born with the instincts necessary to fully develop into a functioning human being. Select one: True False

Culture War

Conflict within mainstream society about which values and norms should be upheld is called: Select one: a. linguistic relativism. b. counterculture. c. culture war. d. hegemony. e. symbolic culture.

False

Culture is more innate (a part of our biological nature) than learned. Select one: True False

Play; significant

Daisy's father is a firefighter. When Daisy dresses up, she dresses like a firefighter and pretends to put out fires. According to Mead, Daisy is at the _____ stage in her development, and she is able to take the role of the _____ other. Select one: a. play; significant b. game; generalized c. game; significant d. play; generalized

Symbols

Designer labels on purses and athletic logos on shirts are both examples of: Select one: a. taboos. b. values. c. symbols. d. gestures. e. counterculture.

Reference groups

Groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves (either positively, in terms of the positions we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the positions we wish to avoid) are called: Select one: a. reference groups. b. out-groups. c. networks. d. secondary groups. e. in-groups.

Sanctions

How are informal norms enforced in everyday settings? Select one: a. culture wars b. folkways c. sanctions d. signs e. multiculturalism

Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream

How is a subculture different from a counterculture? Select one: a. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but only members of a subculture actively oppose important aspects of mainstream culture. b. Subcultures are always smaller than countercultures. c. Subcultures are not culturally distinct from the mainstream; they just occupy a particular geographic area. d. Members of a subculture actively protest and fight to change society, while members of a counterculture drop out of society. e. Both are distinct from mainstream culture, but a counterculture actively opposes important aspects of the mainstream.

More; law

In America, a married man who has several mistresses is violating a ____________, but if he is married to more than one woman at the same time he is violating a ____________. Select one: a. positive sanction; negative sanction b. folkway; sanction c. norm; folkway d. law; taboo e. more; law

Prescriptions; proscriptions

In general, most people want to conform to group expectations. Therefore, we follow two things: _____ (doing the things we're supposed to do) and _____ (avoiding the things we're not supposed to do). Select one: a. uniformity; avoidance b. prescriptions; proscriptions c. proscriptions; prescriptions d. rules; regulations

Front stage

In the dramaturgical perspective, the _____ is the region in which we deliver our public performances. Select one: a. public front b. front stage c. back stage d. personal front

Negative sanctions

It's all too common to see someone driving a car on a busy freeway while cursing and gesturing at another motorist whose poor driving has offended them. Cursing and gesturing are not very nice but are also: Select one: a. positive sanctions. b. subcultures. c. cultural variations. d. negative sanctions. e. taboos.

Negative sanction

Josie wore a pair of short shorts to school. They were against the rules. Because this was the third time that she had broken the same rule, the principal gave her a detention. This was a type of Select one: a. academic admonishment. b. authoritative action. c. negative sanction. d. positive sanction.

False

Secondary groups cannot be geographically dispersed (spread apart in different locations). Select one: True False

Counterculture

Sociologists use which of the following terms to describe a group whose values and norms oppose the dominant culture? Select one: a. counterculture b. subordinate culture c. subculture d. dominant culture e. mixed culture Feedback

False

Sociology has developed a single comprehensive theory about how the self develops. Select one: True False

Group conformity

The Asch experiment, which found that most people gave incorrect answers to factual questions when a group of people endorsed those answers beforehand, illustrates the concept of Select one: a. out-group avoidance. b. group conformity. c. obedience to authority. d. McDonaldization.

Groups have great power to induce conformity

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that: Select one: a. an authoritarian leader can strongly influence group members. b. groups have great power to induce conformity. c. when people are given a relatively simple task, they're unlikely to conform to a larger group. d. peer pressure emerges when a group's task is relatively difficult or demanding. e. the larger the group is, the less each member has a sense of individual responsibility.

It challenges people's inability to observe their own cultures

The article "Body Ritual Among the Nacirema" is useful to sociologists because: Select one: a. it challenges people's inability to observe their own cultures. b. it presents a striking example of an exotic culture. c. it demonstrates proper fieldwork techniques for studying a different culture. d. it demonstrates how different other cultures are from American culture. e. it provides a host of insights into premodern cultures.

The hidden curriculum

The fact that schools teach children to obey authority would be considered a part of Select one: a. backstage behavior. b. the hidden curriculum. c. role conflict. d. a total institution. Feedback

Cultural diffusion

The spread of Starbucks Coffee Company throughout China is an example of Select one: a. technological determinism. b. cultural diffusion. c. cultural warfare d. cultural growth.

All of the above

What is the definition of "culture"? a. Culture includes the habits and lifestyle choices of a group of people. b. Culture includes customs and rituals, as well as tools and artifacts. c. Culture shapes and defines who we are. d. Culture encompasses every aspect of social life. e. all of the above

Internalization

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure? Select one: a. identification b. compliance c. abnegation d. internalization e. coercion

All of the above are organized qualities of bureaucracies

Which of the following did Max Weber identify as an organizational trait that helps bureaucracies operate smoothly? Select one: a. specialization b. technical competence c. impersonality d. hierarchy e. rules and regulations f. all of the above are organizational qualities of bureaucracies

Survivalists living in Montana

Which of the following groups is most likely to be classified as a counterculture? Select one: a. survivalists living in Montana b. New York taxi drivers c. members of the NAACP (the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) d. students belonging to the Middle Eastern Studies Club e. members of the American Bar Association

Pets

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major agents of socialization. Select one: a. family b. peers c. school d. media e. pets

They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the nature of bureaucracies? Select one: a. They have come to dominate modern social life, as predicted by Max Weber. b. Max Weber thought of them as an "iron cage." c. They can be so bound up in red tape that their rules impede the purpose of the organization. d. They are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another. e. People who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions rather than as individuals.

All of the above are examples of material culture

Which of the following is an example of material culture? Select one: a. a tree b. a spatula c. a Little Mermaid DVD d. a hammer e. all of the above are examples of material culture

The process is reciprocal: society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society

Which of the following is true of socialization? Select one: a. The process is reciprocal: society shapes the individual and the individual shapes society. b. It stops, generally around adulthood. c. It is innate in humans. d. It stays consistent in most social settings. e. It stays consistent over time.

Your close friends

Which of the following would be the best example of a primary group? Select one: a. student athletes b. all students at your college c. your sociology class d. your close friends

Multiculturalism

Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, religious, linguistic, and national backgrounds? Select one: a. technological determinism b. high culture c. multiculturalism d. ethnocentrism e. cultural imperialism Feedback

Cultural leveling

While on vacation three thousand miles from home, Candice wants to go to a restaurant where the locals go. She wants something different than she can get back home. While looking for a place to eat, she sees all the same chain restaurants she has near her home. This is an example of Select one: a. cultural leveling. b. ideal culture. c. culture wars. d. cultural growth.

There will always be new situations and new roles to learn

Why are adults not considered to be completely socialized? Select one: a. The family and school do a poor job of socializing children. b. Adults tend to watch more television than adolescents. c. People are spending more and more time in school. d. There will always be new situations and new roles to learn. e. Most people eventually enter a total institution, which requires them to learn a whole new set of norms.

They use their own culture as a standard of judgment

Why do ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal? Select one: a. They are practicing cultural relativism. b. They use their own culture as a standard of judgment. c. They understand other values and beliefs within the proper cultural context. d. Other cultures are extremely different from theirs. e. They are part of a counterculture.

Cultural diffusion

_____ is the dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another. Select one: a. Cultural leveling b. Cultural diffusion c. Cultural relativism d. Cultural sharing