Midterm 2 review questions (6-11)

Using the original calculation of IQ scores, a 12-year-old girl with an IQ of 50 has a mental age of _______ years. A) 6 B) 8 C) 12 D) 14

A) 6

Which pair of words would be most closely related in a semantic web? A) Dog and wolf B) Cat and puppy C) Dog and dig D) Cat and cut

A) Dog and wolf

What makes motherese appealing to babies? A) Every sound a mother makes strengthens her connection with her baby. B) The singsong qualities of motherese communicate positive emotion and reward. C) Babies create sounds, and motherese reinforces their attempts at language. D) The simple language of motherese is easier to comprehend than fully developed words and sentences.

A) Every sound a mother makes strengthens her connection with her baby.

Which of the following situations represents an effect of hindsight bias? A) Jerry rode his bike instead of taking his car to work, then told a co-worker that he had biked in because he knew there would be a car accident holding up traffic along his route. B) Becky regretted going camping last weekend after she got caught in the rain and said that she would not have gone if she had heard the weather forecast. C) Gregory took his car to a shop for repairs, then refused to use that shop again when the repair failed to last. D) Danielle bought shares of stock that lost a great deal of value, but she refuses to sell them, hoping that they will recover and restore her investment.

A) Jerry rode his bike instead of taking his car to work, then told a co-worker that he had biked in because he knew there would be a car accident holding up traffic along his route.

Which statement is consistent with the conclusion from Sperling's study of sensory memory? A) The duration of sensory memory is brief, lasting less than 300 milliseconds. B) The capacity of sensory memory is limited to a single bit of a visual stimulus. C) The quality of sensory memory is limited to undetailed sensory images. D) The degree of relationship between sensory memory and cue duration is limited.

A) The duration of sensory memory is brief, lasting less than 300 milliseconds.

34. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of confirmation bias? A) You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control. B) After meeting someone who, prior to the meeting, you believed to be rude, you say that you have always admired that person. C) You are much less likely to accept a task at work that is difficult for you than one that is easy for you. D) You prefer to solve challenging problems because you view yourself as intelligent.

A) You are a proponent of gun control. You seek out news sources and stories that affirm your beliefs about gun control.

In the popular cartoon Where's Waldo, viewers search for a character in a red-and-white striped shirt and hat. This character, Waldo, is hidden among numerous people and objects, many of which are also colored red and white, making Waldo very difficult to locate. In this cartoon, the red-and-white-stripe theme is the A) anchoring effect. B) goal state. C) heuristic. D) target.

A) anchoring effect.

While you are changing a light bulb in the kitchen, it breaks, leaving the broken end stuck in the socket. First you turn off the power. Then, to avoid getting cut, you use half a potato to remove the broken bulb. According to Sternberg's views, you have displayed _______ intelligence. A) creative B) emotional C) crystallized D) analytical

A) creative

Infants who are breast-fed grow up to have higher IQs than those who are bottle-fed; this suggests a(n) _______ influence on IQ. A) environmental B) genetic C) learned D) inherited

A) environmental

17. Damage to Wernicke's area in the brain leads to an aphasia characterized by A) fluent speech, which may be garbled. B) difficulty in learning a second language. C) difficulty in speaking, but not in understanding, words. D) declining language function near the end of life.

A) fluent speech, which may be garbled.

Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increases in _______ intelligence. A) fluid B) musical C) emotional D) crystallized

A) fluid

Information stored in the sensory buffer is retained A) for a few seconds. B) for several minutes. C) for a number of hours. D) permanently

A) for a few seconds

Writing down the names of all twentieth-century U.S. presidents from memory requires you to engage in A) free recall. B) cued recall. C) priming. D) spreading activation.

A) free recall.

Research on memory consolidation and interference suggests that if you are studying for an exam, you should A) get a good night's sleep to facilitate consolidation. B) study through the night so the information is freshly consolidated. C) engage in proactive interference to limit the intrusion of old memories. D) study early in the day when you are feeling well rested.

A) get a good night's sleep to facilitate consolidation.

Heritability estimates for IQ apply to _______ but tell us nothing about _______. A) individuals; populations B) MZ twins; dizygotic (DZ) twins C) populations; individuals D) DZ twins; MZ twins

A) individuals; populations

18. Saying that language is lateralized in the brain means that A) language function is primarily associated with one hemisphere of the brain. B) both hemispheres of the brain contribute equally to language function. C) without a corpus callosum, we would not be able to use language. D) only the right frontal lobe is responsible for language processing.

A) language function is primarily associated with one hemisphere of the brain.

Three weeks ago, you received a score of 115 on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). If you take the test again today, assuming there is test-retest reliability, you should score A) nearly the same on the second test as you did on the first. B) somewhat lower on the second test due to test fatigue. C) much higher on the second test because you will be familiar with it. D) somewhat higher on the second test because you will be motivated to improve your score.

A) nearly the same on the second test as you did on the first.

Kim Peek was described as a savant mainly because he was able to A) remember all of the details of every book he had ever read. B) play any song he had ever heard on the piano. C) remember an entire visual scene and reproduce it on canvas. D) provide the day of the week for any date in history.

A) remember all of the details of every book he had ever read.

In serial position studies, the recency effect vanishes if there is a long delay between the end of a list and the beginningof recall because _______ during the delay. A) short-term memory decays B) long-term memory decays C) consolidation occurs D) sensory memory decays

A) short-term memory decays

In a normal distribution of scores, _______ percent of all people score within one standard deviation of the mean, and _______ percent of all people score within two standard deviations of the mean. A) 50; 75 B) 68; 95 C) 75; 95 D) 95; 99

B) 68; 95

Which situation involves the concept of priming? A) Bill studied his notes before taking an exam and subsequently passed. B) Grace read an article about her favorite actor, and later, when choosing a movie, she unknowingly chose to watch a movie with that actor. C) Javier needed to memorize a list of items to pick up at the grocery store, so he associated each item with something on his office desk. D) Mary Ellen lost her keys and later retraced her steps until she found them.

B) Grace read an article about her favorite actor, and later, when choosing a movie, she unknowingly chose to watch a movie with that actor.

The _______ is an example of a decision-making error in which someone fails to properly estimate the probability of a particular outcome after being given additional information. A) Tower of Hanoi problem B) Monty Hall problem C) framing effect D) availability heuristic

B) Monty Hall problem

Which of the following describes the downside of savant-level memory ability? A ) Savants find it difficult to maintain close relationships. B) Savants are often victims of brain damage or abnormality. C) Savants' abilities fade over time. D) Savants never reach the level of success that non-savants reach with practice.

B) Savants are often victims of brain damage or abnormality.

37. Researchers have studied problem solving by examining the course of people's solutions to the _______ problem, which involves transferring a series of different-sized disks from one spindle to another, following a specific set of rules. A) gambler's fallacy B) Tower of Hanoi C) two-string D) Monty Hall

B) Tower of Hanoi

Which scenario represents the concept of rehearsal? A) You take pages of detailed notes during psychology lectures to help you study. B) You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone. C) You create a list of the things you have to accomplish before leaving for spring break. D) You organize your room so it is easy to find your books when it is time to study.

B) You keep repeating a new friend's phone number while looking for your phone.

4. In the word "rebuilt," re is A) both a morpheme and a phoneme. B) a morpheme, but not a phoneme. C) a phoneme, but not a morpheme. D) neither a morpheme nor a phoneme.

B) a morpheme, but not a phoneme.

George Sperling was able to differentiate between the amount of information that could be stored in sensory memory and the time until the memory faded by cuing participants to recall A) an entire visual scene from memory. B) a row of letters in a visual array. C) the first letters of words in a visual array. D) the second of three sentences in a visual array

B) a row of letters in a visual array

Retrieval is the process of A) consolidating memories into long-term units. B) accessing information from long-term memory. C) transferring information from short-term to long-term memory. D) interfering with information stored in long-term memory.

B) accessing information from long-term memory.

You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiaterm-30tion, so you ask for a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you an hourly rate close to your initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the A) Monty Hall problem. B) anchoring effect. C) framing effect. D) availability heuristic.

B) anchoring effect.

An elderly man has had a stroke, and his language is now impaired as a result. By definition, he has A) Parkinson's disease. B) aphasia. C) Williams syndrome. D) dyslexia.

B) aphasia.

2. Phonemes are A) words in a language that sound alike. B) basic speech sounds that make up languages. C) rules for constructing phrases and sentences in a language. D) strings of words that are put together to form a sentence.

B) basic speech sounds that make up languages.

A researcher wants to know if a test measures all the various facets of a psychological trait in question, or just a few aspects of the trait. The researcher is trying to determine the test's A) scoring reliability. B) content validity. C) test-retest reliability. D) concrete validity.

B) content validity.

Analytical intelligence is best described as the ability to A) gather new information to increase knowledge. B) deal with abstract information to solve problems. C) recall recently learned information to perform well on tests. D) adapt to everyday life by applying experience in a specific setting.

B) deal with abstract information to solve problems.

For many college entrance exams, the participants read the test themselves and select answers by filling in circles on computer-scored forms. Based on this information, you can reasonably conclude that these exams have A) high scoring reliability. B) high construct validity. C) high criterion-related validity. D) relatively low test-retest reliability.

B) high construct validity.

Memory researchers define forgetting as the A) inability to retain information in working memory long enough to make use of it. B) inability to retrieve information from long-term memory. C) sharp loss of information after head trauma. D) process by which information is lost in transit from short- to long-term memory.

B) inability to retrieve information from long-term memory.

One of the best sources of evidence that there is a sensitive period for human language development is that A) humans always develop language skills, no matter what linguistic environment they are in. B) it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language. C) it is nearly impossible for children to master two languages before the age of ten. D) the later one starts learning a language, the better he or she is at mastering the phonemes in the new language.

B) it can be very difficult for adults who are learning a second language to become proficient in the grammar of that language.

19. The hypothesis that the language we speak influences the way we think is called A) lateralization. B) linguistic relativism. C) the framing effect. D) the availability heuristic.

B) linguistic relativism.

You associate each line of a poem that you need to memorize with a particular object in your dorm room. This is an example of aiding your memory via A) storage procedures. B) mnemonic devices. C) confabulation methods. D) retrieval procedures.

B) mnemonic devices.

The notion of semantic webs emphasizes the fact that A) memories influence each other, one-by-one, in sequential order. B) most memories connect with several other memories. C) several memories can interfere with other memories. D) word meanings often correspond to the exact location of the word in the brain.

B) most memories connect with several other memories.

The singsong, high-pitched speech with slow, exaggerated pronunciation that parents use with babies is called A) telegraphic speech. B) motherese. C) morphemes. D) pragmatics.

B) motherese.

21. Categorization is the process of A) constructing concepts from specific events in our lives. B) recognizing similarities and differences among concepts. C) mentally representing concepts with a prototype. D) taking a mental shortcut to find a quick solution to a problem.

B) recognizing similarities and differences among concepts.

The hypothesis of linguistic _______ holds that the properties of a given language _______ the way speakers of that language think. A) relativism; dictate B) relativism; influence C) determinism; dictate D) determinism; influence

B) relativism; influence

According to memory researchers, the best way to prepare for an exam is to A) reread all of your notes the morning of the exam. B) repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam. C) associate each term you have to learn with an item in the exam room. D) divide each chapter into parts you can skip and parts you need to learn.

B) repeatedly test yourself on information that will be on the exam.

5. The study of the meanings of words is known as A) phonemes. B) semantics. C) decoding. D) syntax.

B) semantics.

You stop after reading two or three paragraphs of a magazine article to think about what you have read before continuing on. By doing so, you are trying to put the material into your _______ memory. A) sensory B) short-term C) iconic D) echoic

B) short-term

The fact that people with Williams syndrome have normal verbal abilities but severe deficits in spatial reasoning suggests that A) language is directly related to all other aspects of cognition, and we cannot master one without the other. B) the human brain may be specialized to pick up languages in a way that is distinct from solving other tasks. C) as concepts, intelligence and language are one in the same. D) spatial skills are closely related to language skills.

B) the human brain may be specialized to pick up languages in a way that is distinct from solving other tasks.

Cognitive psychologists focus on studying how A) our behaviors are influenced by genetics. B) we acquire and process information to gain knowledge. C) sensory information is registered by sensory receptors. D) social influences shape behavior.

B) we acquire and process information to gain knowledge.

The first widely used intelligence tests for adults were developed by American psychologists to determine A) who was likely to benefit most from vocational education. B) which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I. C) who among business leaders should be promoted into salaried, supervisory jobs. D) who is best qualified to attend the nation's top-tier colleges.

B) which draftees should be officers versus ordinary soldiers in World War I.

Your cousin is expecting a baby and excitedly tells you that she plans to buy lots of classical music to make her baby smarter. Which of the following is a reasonable response, based on what you have learned? A) "Great idea! But be sure to include Mozart, because his music works the best." B) "Great idea! But play the rock and rap CDs you already have; they'll work too." C) "Save your money. Studies have not shown that listening to classical music makes babies smarter." D) "Save your money. Intelligence is 100 percent hereditary, so you can't influence your baby's intelligence after he or she is born."

C) "Save your money. Studies have not shown that listening to classical music makes babies smarter."

Which statement best describes what today's IQ scores represent?A) Performance of adults 16 to 89 years of age on a number of individual verbal and nonverbal tasks B) The ratio of a child's mental age divided by his or her chronological age, then multiplied by 100 C) A person's performance on intelligence tests relative to a comparison group of people D) The degree to which a measurement tool produces consistent, repeatable results

C) A person's performance on intelligence tests relative to a comparison group of people

Refer to the figure below. Sensory buffers —>(A) Short term memory (C)<—>(B) long term memory The figure shows a model of the stages of memory. Which process would correctly be inserted into arrow B of the model?A) Retrieval B) Performance C) Encoding D) Consolidation

C) Encoding

Which statement about the capacity of long-term memory is most accurate? A) Humans have a limit of about one million long-term memories. B) Human memory capacity is severely limited, evidenced by our tendency to forget as we age. C) Human memory has a nearly limitless capacity that is difficult to quantify. D) Humans have an unlimited capacity for verbal information but not for visual information.

C) Human memory has a nearly limitless capacity that is difficult to quantify.

Which pair of family members is likely to have the most similar IQ scores? A) Mother and father B) Mother and biological child C) Identical twins D) Fraternal twins

C) Identical twins

Which example best represents memorization by hierarchy? A) Learning the colors of the rainbow with "Roy G. Biv" B) Remembering a list of unrelated words C) Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color D) Remembering a shopping list by "placing" the items along your route

C) Learning flower names by arranging the flowers by color

25. Which of the following is a prototype of "bird"? A) Feathers B) Beak C) Sparrow D) Ability to fly

C) Sparrow

Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables as stimuli in his memory research? A) They were short and would therefore be easy for subjects to remember. B) They would be easy for him to create at the time they were needed. C) They had no previous associations that might help subjects remember them. D) Nonsense syllables had been used previously in earlier memory research.

C) They had no previous associations that might help subjects remember them.

Which would provide the strongest evidence that education influences IQ scores? A) The correlation between number of years of education and IQ is 0.15. B) Individuals with high IQ scores enjoy reading and doing homework more than individuals with low IQ scores do. C) When comparing groups of children of the same age who differ in number of years of education, children who have one extra year of education have higher IQs. D) Generally speaking, children's IQ scores increase significantly during the summer months.

C) When comparing groups of children of the same age who differ in number of years of education, children who have one extra year of education have higher IQs.

29. The experience of flow is best exemplified by A) a perterm-26son tearing tickets at the entrance to a baseball game while smiling and greeting every ticket holder. B) an assembly-line worker bolting on automobile bumpers for three hours without a break. C) a jazz musician absorbed in playing without a conscious effort in the experience of soloing. D) a portrait artist struggling to correctly represent the contours of a face.

C) a jazz musician absorbed in playing without a conscious effort in the experience of soloing.

According to Howard Gardner, emotional intelligence involves A) the ability to disguise one's true emotions when the situation requires it. B) the sensitivity and capacity to control difficult people in a work environment. C) an understanding of one's own strengths and the capacity to respond to the moods of others. D) the ability to take on the roles of numerous characters successfully over the course of an acting career.

C) an understanding of one's own strengths and the capacity to respond to the moods of others.

If Tuan wanted to use the method of loci to help him remember a list of items to get at the grocery story, he should A) associate each of the words with rhyming words. B) associate each word on the grocery list with a word in his vocabulary. C) associate each item on the grocery list with a physical location in his house. D) think of a word that can be spelled with the first letters of each item on the grocery list.

C) associate each item on the grocery list with a physical location in his house.

About half of the individuals with savant syndrome also display A) fragile X syndrome. B) schizophrenia. C) autism. D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

C) autism.

8. Babies string meaningless sounds—like "da"—together over and over again. Linguists call this A) telegraphic speech. B) phoning. C) babbling. D) aphasia.

C) babbling.

According to the work of Fitts and Posner (1967), the associative phase of an individual's progress in learning to drive is best represented when she is A) able to drive long distances but rarely recalls the exact route of travel. B) able to operate the various controls in the car only by examining them carefully. C) comfortable with driving but makes errors if she plays the radio or talks to a passenger. D) able to drive with no significant mistakes, even while carrying on a discussion about school.

C) comfortable with driving but makes errors if she plays the radio or talks to a passenger.

Attention is best defined as the A) information presented to your conscious perception. B) subliminal perception of information. C) concentration of the mind on a particular object or process. D) supraliminal perception of information.

C) concentration of the mind on a particular object or process.

Contestants who do well on the game show Jeopardy, which involves using the store of facts that they have learned, are displaying _______ intelligence. A) creative B) fluid C) crystallized D) practical

C) crystallized

19. Damage to Broca's area leads to an aphasia characterized by A) fluent but nonsensical speech. B) difficulty in speech comprehension, but not in speech production. C) difficulty in speech production, but not in speech comprehension. D) declining language function near the end of life.

C) difficulty in speech production, but not in speech comprehension.

Apes have demonstrated the mostcompelling evidence of their ability to use language by A) learning to vocalize limited numbers of words. B) developing their own gestures to refer to objects. C) exhibiting deep comprehension of abstract concepts. D) producing novel combinations of words.

C) exhibiting deep comprehension of abstract concepts.

Many people report vivid recollections of high-impact events such as the Kennedy assassination, the September 11, 2001, attacks, and the 2012 Newtown school shooting. These memories are referred to as A) echoic memories. B) sensory memories. C) flashbulb memories. D) memory traces.

C) flashbulb memories

Raymond Cattell suggested that generalized intelligence is made up of A) verbal and mathematical abilities. B) spatial and linguistic abilities. C) fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. D) analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

C) fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

People who in the past would have been referred to as "mentally retarded" are now generally said to have A) Asperger's syndrome. B) synesthesia. C) intellectual disabilities. D) fluid intelligence.

C) intellectual disabilities.

Refer to the figure below. The data in the figure show the test scores of students who took the same intelligence test on two separate occasions. Students' first scores are shown on the left and their second scores are shown on the right. Based on the data, it is reasonable to conclude that the test A) lacks inter-observer reliability. B) has very high cross-test reliability. C) lacks test-retest reliability. D) has very high convergent validity.

C) lacks test-retest reliability.

Scientists who study language are called A) psychologists. B) behaviorists. C) linguists. D) analysts.

C) linguists

The Binet-Simon scale was meant to reveal whether a child's _______ age matched his or her _______ age. A) social; mental B) emotional; social C) mental; chronological D) chronological; social

C) mental; chronological

The drop in total IQ after age 45 is due mostly to declines in A) creative intelligence. B) crystallized intelligence. C) performance IQ. D) verbal IQ.

C) performance IQ.

Chunking information facilitates encoding because it A) increases the amount of information to be encoded. B) reduces the ability to tap into existing stores of information. C) reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded. D) increases the effort involved in encoding.

C) reduces the absolute number of items to be encoded.

Early studies of short-term memory by Brown and Peterson showed that information in short-term memory vanishes in about 20 seconds unless you A) practice cued recall. B) make detailed notes in writing. C) repeat the information to yourself. D) associate each word with an image.

C) repeat the information to yourself.

The term heuristic is a scientific term for a A) researcher bias. B) carefully crafted algorithm. C) rule of thumb or an educated guess. D) phenomenon that can be only loosely measured.

C) rule of thumb or an educated guess.

Allie is the only girl on her school's wrestling team. Yesterday, right before her sectional championship meet, her coach told her that female athletes tend to "choke" under pressure. This made Allie anxious, and she did not wrestle nearly as well as she usually does. Allie likely experienced A) savant syndrome. B) class bias. C) stereotype threat. D) convergent validity.

C) stereotype threat.

Memory, as a general construct, is best defined as A) the ability to briefly retain information in the senses. B) the long-term ability to recall events. C) the ability to store and retrieve learned information. D) the transfer of information between storage areas of the brain

C) the ability to store and retrieve learned information.

The concept of the availability heuristic is illustrated when you A) choose one movie over another because you prefer the design of its poster at the cinema. B) never make a decision about where to eat because you are rarely hungry. C) vow to never drive again because of the horrible accident you witnessed in front of your house. D) refuse to buy food that you think is overpriced, even if you are wrong.

C) vow to never drive again because of the horrible accident you witnessed in front of your house.

31. The cocktail party effect describes a phenomenon in which A) you remember details of events to which you are paying close attention. B) it is more likely that you will hear your name called if you are not looking at the person calling it. C) you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place. D) it is easier to hear the person you are talking to when it is quieter in the room.

C) you can selectively attend to a particular conversation out of the many conversations taking place.

One major consequence of psychologist James Flynn's findings is that A) the Stanford-Binet test is no longer used. B) intelligence tests now typically include both verbal and performance tasks. C) more and more tests have been developed to measure analytical intelligence. D) IQ tests have had to be altered so that test-takers must perform better to score 100.

D) IQ tests have had to be altered so that test-takers must perform better to score 100.

Monozygotic twins raised together have a higher correlation in IQ scores than MZ twins raised apart. This offers proof that A) intelligence is determined by one's genetic makeup. B) adoption affects IQ scores more than biology does. C) there may be an environmental influence on intelligence. D) MZ twins raised together learn from each other.

D) MZ twins raised together learn from each other.

Which of the following is most consistently correlated with IQ scores? A) Occupation B) Size of the brain C) Reproductive success D) School performance

D) School performance

_______ memory gives us a very brief impression of what we feel when we first detect a stimulus. A) Long-term B) Short-term C) Working D) Sensory

D) Sensory

Who coined the phrase "nature versus nurture" to convey the question of whether genes or upbringing has the most significant effect on developing humans? A) Alfred Binet B) Raymond Cattell C) Theodore Simon D) Sir Francis Galton

D) Sir Francis Galton

A child with fetal alcohol syndrome often has A) an atypical number of chromosomes. B) a rather long face, prominent ears, and extreme shyness. C) exceptional ability in a particular field but below-average ability in other areas. D) close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip.

D) close-set eyes and an absence of the typical folds between the nose and upper lip.

The ability of a language to produce an infinite number of sentences is called _______ capacity. A) telegraphic B) heuristic C) dyslexic D) generative

D) generative

The ability to acquire, retain, and apply knowledge is called A) intuition. B) creative thinking. C) abstract problem-solving. D) intelligence.

D) intelligence.

14. Dyslexia is defined as difficulty in A) writing long sentences with words that sound similar to one another. B) constructing grammatical sentences while speaking. C) developing a normal vocabulary. D) learning to read.

D) learning to read.

The susceptibility of our memories to include false details that fit in with real details of an event is called the A) priming effect. B) interference effect. C) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. D) misinformation effect.

D) misinformation effect.

3. The basic units of meaning in a language are called A) semantics. B) phonemes. C) linguistics. D) morphemes.

D) morphemes.

Some people claim to be able to recall whole images with exact detail, an ability called _______ memory. A) working B) nondeclarative C) sensory D) photographic

D) photographic

When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _______ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of _______ interference. A) retroactive; proactive B) hyperactive; retroactive C) hypoactive; hyperactive D) proactive; retroactive

D) proactive; retroactive

When a culturally unbiased intelligence test is being constructed, it should A) minimize the use of language. B) focus on testing knowledge of vocabulary. C) not attempt to measure analytical intelligence. D) refer to culturally specific objects from a wide variety of cultures.

D) refer to culturally specific objects from a wide variety of cultures.

7. Linguists like Noam Chomsky distinguish between the specific words that are put together in a sentence, called the _______, and the meaning underlying those words, called the _______. A) semantics; syntax B) deep structure; surface structure C) phonemes; morphemes D) surface structure; deep structure

D) surface structure; deep structure

Imagine you have a sibling, Henry, who is two years old. When he is thirsty, he says "Henry milk." This is an example of A) babbling. B) linguistic relativism. C) overgeneralization. D) telegraphic speech.

D) telegraphic speech.

36. Believing that a coin is more likely to land on "tails" because it has landed on "heads" for the last four tosses is an example of A) confirmation bias. B) hindsight bias. C) the anchoring effect. D) the gambler's fallacy.

D) the gambler's fallacy.

16. The case of the patient Tan is significant to the history of psychology and neurology because the case provides evidence that A) language is processed by both hemispheres of the brain. B) no specific brain area could be identified as playing a role in specific language skills. C) only a small portion of language processing occurs in the cerebral cortex. D) there may be a direct correspondence between a specific part of the brain and specific language skills.

D) there may be a direct correspondence between a specific part of the brain and specific language skills.

Short-term memory is now discussed by psychologists in terms of a system that keeps memories available during performance. This is also known as _______ memory. A) sensory B) iconic C) echoic D) working

D) working