Midterm app 200

Institutional / structural discrimination

when the actions or policies of organizations or social institutions exclude, disadvantage, or harm members of particular groups ( Indian Removal Act, Jim Crow Laws, boarding schools)

socialism

workers controlling the means of production " to each according to his contribution," A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Local color writers

writers in the late 1800s and early 1900s after the civil war who saw what they saw in Appalachia and reflected that in their writing. They used dialect in their writings, were very regionally specific, but they mainly focused on white people in the area. For example, Frost at Berea College and "our contemporary ancestors'

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

4 functions of stereotypes

1. Stereotypes are flexible- the image of Appalachia can mean just about anything (Essentialism) "hillbilly image" 2. Stereotypes can make money- popular because can be used for profit a. Country music, theme parks, tv books 3. They put others down a. marginalize, hillbilly stereotype 4. Stereotypes serve as a release for mainstream middle america's fears a. Class, alcoholism, sexuality, drugs, health

Black Invisibility 2 parts

1. weren't any African Americans in the region 2. Lack of attention in the scholarship to African Americans and race ( no one talks about it.)

Where is Appalachia

13 states. all of WV, parts of Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Ella May Wiggins ( 1900-1929)

1900-1929 songs: mill mother's lament themes: economic and racial issues, standing for rights

Dolly Parton

946-n/a songs: 9-5 themes: class and gender, literacy, women's rights, heritage Born in Sevier County, TN Grew up poor with 11 siblings Issues of class and gender- coat of many color backwoods barbie, eagle when she flies celebration of appalachian heritage- my tennessee mountain home, tennessee homesick blues film success- the best little whorehouse is texas, steel magnolias philanthropy- imagination library, wildfires, aids work and song for transamerica

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Ethnicity

A system for classifying people who are believed to share common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities. ( Irish)

Wagner Act

In 1935 it granted workers the legal right to organize labor unions

Mother's clan

Maternal society of many cultures including the Cherokee, you take your mother's name and your mother's family (uncles and such) play more of a role than the actual father itself

Traditional music

More inclusive term to include some written traditions and less tied to ethnic identity. Expands into sacred practices .

Animism

Sacred belief that objects or rivers and such have spirits within them

Shape- Note

Shows technological and educational developments Typically an octave is one unit of 8 notes- Do-Re-Mi- Fa- Sol- La-Ti-Do Shape- note splits an octave in two: Fa-Sol-La- ( Mi) Each syllable has a different shape Communicates the notes relationship with its neighbors Three or four vocal parts Performances start with solfege then text

Balladry

Some of the earliest scholarship of Appalachian music was focused on *ballads* originating from the British Isles *Francis Child* (1825- 1896), influenced by German literacy scholarship, collected and numbered ballads believed to be hundreds of years old British scholar *Cecil Sharp* (1859-1924) partnered with Olive Dame Campbell to collect ballads in the US. Sharp and Campbell travelled in North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky Sharp published his collection in 1917

Stereotypes

Stereotypes are created by taking the characteristics of an individuals we know and applying them to the whole group (120)

False consciousness

a way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation A term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position.

Individual discrimination

an intentional action carried out by an individual or small group that is meant to harm members of a certain group ( not hiring a certain group)

Discrimination

any behavior that harms individuals or puts them at a disadvantage on the basis of their group membership (actions)

Race

classification system that is invented, created by human beings. Therefore, people made rather than natural. Product of masses of people who form a society. Race has to do with beliefs and socially influence perceptions of what kinds

Surface mining

mountaintop removal, contour mine, highwall, or auger mine, area mine ( doing it out west, big machines in big pits)

Prejudice

negative beliefs or attitudes held about entire groups (beliefs)

Appalachian music

no such this as Appalachian music- its all contributed to American and southern music

oral transmission

no written lyrics, someone teaches it to you. Folk music

Scrip

nongovernment currency that could be spent only at a company store

Appalachian feminism

o Decentering metro centric narratives o Focuses on rural areas o Combining theory and action It is decentering metrocentric narratives. It is feminism and rurality. It is the importance of context for feminist thought, activism, praxis, women, song, and social change.

Underground mining

drift mine, slope mine, shaft mine

Capitalism

economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production, operating for profit, and free wage labor

Social institutions

schools and churches patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs

white privilege

the privileges that are ascribed to the white people in a white supremacist society

Commodity chain

the process that goes into a commodity from raw materials through distribution

Privilege

to give something of value based on group affiliation

Marginalization

to withhold or the denial of something of value based on group affiliation. Social exclusion, not allowing someone to have a voice

Alienation

separated from product of their labor, made items they couldn't afford to buy or alienated from own creative power or alienated from one another pits workers against each other

World systems analysis

- 3 part system 1. Core 2. Semi- periphery 3. Periphery Only purpose is to get things to the core Appalachia is periphery it is a way to get money and resources to the core Appalachia is just a way to get money and resources in to the core. The periphery is to get things to the core, and the core is the big cities where most of the money funnels

Freedom Industries

- In January 2014 employees of Freedom Industries identifies that materials were leaking from large supply tanks in WV. Some of the material got in to the river in Charleston and these tanks were full of methanol. It is thought that the company knew they were leaking but did not alert people. This left so many people without water. The Freedom Industry filed for bankruptcy, even when chemicals were still found plant leaked MCHM into water and made water undrinkable and unusable for weeks for over 300,000 people in 9 counties

Cherokee Syllabary

George Gista introduced a bilingual newspaper- The Cherokee Phoenix

4 creators

1. Local color writers a. Regionally specific b. Dialect 2. Missionaries a. Missionary work in the south b. Racial component 3. Educational Institutions a. Frost at Berea College- "Our contemporary ancestors b. Racial component and money 4. Industrialists a. Need for land b. Justifying (further) displacement, land grabs 5. Media- not part of the main 4 6. Politicians- not part of the main 4

Types of coal mining

1. Underground Mining 2. Surface mining

4 myths

1. homogeneity- all the same, sameness; whiteness; all white and poor 2. Isolation- geographic + culture 3. Equality- class, race and gender, same politics 4. Exceptionalism- difference, uniqueness

Loretta Lynn

1932-n/a songs: coal miner's daughter, the pill themes: class and gender, making a living from coal mining, women's bodies rights born in butcher hollow, johnson county, ky dad was a coal miner who died of black lung, 7 siblings had 6 kids class and gender issues- ones on the way, rated x, dear uncle sam etc.

Nina Simone

1933-2003 songs: Mississippi Goddam themes: conflict of racial justice, civil rights activist Born Tyron , NC Trained concert pianist worked in atlantic city recorded more than 40 albums active voice of the civil rights movement old jim crow, why? ( the king of love is dead) to be young, giftef and black, four women 1963 murder of civil rights activist Medgar Evans, 16th street baptist church bombing in birmingham alabama that killed four young black girls

Folk Revival

1940's-1950's Middle and upper class attention on American folk traditions Oriented largely around urban areas and college campuses

Appalachian Studies Association

1978 1st Appalachian studies conference 1980 Appalachian Studied Proceedings published 1989 Journal of the Appalachian Studies Association begins publication "The mission of the Appalachian Association is to promote and engage dialogue, research, scholarship, education. creative expression, and action among a diverse and inclusive group of scholars, educators, practitioners, grassroots activists, students, individuals, groups and institutions. Our mission is driven by our commitment to faster quality of life, democratic participation and appreciation of Appalachian experiences regionally, nationally and internationally Conference, committees, regional networking, activism scholarship sharing

Buffalo Creek

A dam failure in 1972 and 125 deaths. A dam failed and unleashed millions of gallons of coal slurry that engulfed 17 different towns. Pitson Company claimed that they had no responsibility for the dam failure and future students did not even realize it had anything to do with the coal industry and thought it was born from a natural disaster. dam owned by Pittston Coal Company collapsed and flooded the area with 125 million gallons of coal flurry. This killed 125 people and wiped out over 17 towns

Florence Reece

American social activist, poet, and folksong writer. She is best known for the song "Which Side Are You On?" which she wrote in 1931, on the back of a calendar, during the Harlan County strike.

Social construct

Appalachia is a social construct Something is a social construct if it is agreed upon definition of something in society, unity understood and defined created by scholars, activists, locals and government

class consciousness

Being aware of own class interests, helps workers understand where they are in the system

Aunt Molly Jackson (1880- 1960)

Born in Clay County, Kentucky Sister- Sarah Ogan Gunning, Brother- Jim Gartland Active during 1930s labor unrest- supported the National Miners Union Hardtimes in Coleman's Mines The Death of Harry Simms

Hazel Dickens ( 1935- 2011)

Born in Mercer County, West Virginia Moved to Baltimore in 1950s Started working with Alice Gerrard Early pioneer of women in bluegrass Prolific songwriter on Appalachian, women's workers' issues Yablonski Murder Black lung Dont Put her down you have helped put her there They'll Never Keep Us Down

Jean Ritchie ( 1922- 2015)

Born in Viper in Perry County, KY Popularize dulcimer Influential in folk music revival of 1950s and 60s Graduated from UK with a degree in social work The L&N dont stop here anymore Black waters Compare to Beatty's West Virginia Water

Slash- and burn farming

Brush and trees are cut and burned, then gardens containing crops are planted in their place

Don Blankenship

CEO of Massey Energy Company. He was very anti- union and he managed to get the state police on his side. The company had neighbors working in violence to feed their families and he would hire and fire people so easy. He believed that since a jungle was the survival of the fittest, capitalism was the survival also of the most fit. CEO of Massey Energy Co. Was anti-union. Found himself at the center of controversy after Upper Big Branch.

Hawks Nest

Carbine the chemical company was in charge and they were reported to know of the dangers of the tunnel that they were dealing with, but they would let men die and simply replace them with another. Criminal Acts were completed here in the 1930s and poor people's labor was exploited. A labor war was going on and national programs came to be, but the industrialist of the area continued to be able to get away with things with little consequence. tunnel being drilled underground where many coal miners lost their lives due to breathing in silica dust and contracting Silicosis.

Class struggle

Classes realize their common socioeconomic interests and become political groups that are prepared to engage in struggle to protect and enhance them Creates social change classes becoming political groups in that individuals eventually recognize their common socioeconomic interests and are prepared to engage in struggle to protect and enhance them (class struggle creates social change) conflict between social or economic classes (especially between the capitalist and proletariat classes)

Folk music

Commonly used for music passed down through oral transmission, so no written notes or lyrics. Connotations of ethnic identity and devalues authorship. Became a commercial term during the "folk revival" during the 1960s

Lined-out Hymns

Congregations in Appalachia were catalysts for the Second Great Awakening ( early 1800s) No instruments in religious workshop adhering to Calvinist belief Old Regular Baptists and Primitive Baptists Call and Response- common musical form in vocal genres Leader states the words for congregation who might not have books

Appalachian Regional Commission ( ARC)

Established in 1965 through the Appalachian Regional Development Act Joint federal partnership Definition of region, funding, research, reports ARCs mission is to innovate, partner, and invest yo build community capacity and strengthen economic growth in Appalachia

Universalism

Everyone in the group is like this. All-universal attributes

Upper Big Branch

Explosion in 2010 where 29 people were killed, and sandstone was hit and there was a massive explosion. All of the coal dust through 7 miles of seams went off and some miners were blown apart. Miners had reported that they were scared of this mine, but safety practices were still neglected. The company was able to manipulate the workers in to not reporting these problems further by instilling fear for losing their jobs mine owned by Massey industries that exploded and 29 miners were killed

Mississippians

First society people located in central North America

hillbilly music

Folk genre from rural Appalachia, Southern white experience

Alan Lomax

Folk music research collection for the Library of Congress American Ballads and Folk Songs (1934) Our Singing Country (1941)

Frontier thesis

Idea that Appalachia is the way it is and the people are the way they are because of the physical geography of the frontier The hills and hollers dictated the culture of the region and the isolated and homogenous aspects of the region

Appalachian Studies

Interdisciplinary Appalachian studies movement 1960's/ late 1970's Cratis williams symposium, Borne NC 1976 1st Appalachian studies conference held at Berea, KY 1978 Social activism + scholarship-poverty, environmental degradation, stereotypes, insider/ outsider, community based research

Balladry- Musical Characteristics

Learned through *oral transmission* *Ballads* are songs that tell a story There is a consistent, memorable melody with different text for each verse Individual versions can have well over a dozen verses Lyrics can be repetitive a memory tool emphasize plot points Just to make a song last longer Often sung a lone voice, but also can be accompanied by guitar or dulcimer

Harmony ethic

Peaceful idea of a balanced society of nature and human life

Ralph Peer

Record company talent scout and producer Promoted "hillbilly" music alongside "race" music. Article in Collier's shows that Peer and other record label reps did not care for the sound of the music

Gender as performance

Repetitious signaling for how we want to be treated and seen (mannerisms, clothes, speech)

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority- hydroelectric dams, later coal- fire powered plants

Bourgeoisie/ capitalist class

The rich, capitalist class that own the means of production

Long term impacts of Civil War

There was disintegration of the social order, little change to slavery during the war. There were economic impacts post war, and there were power struggles between mountain and non- mountain parts of state

Essentialism

This is what people are like and only this. " This is their essence."

WPA

Workers Progress Administration unemployment, public works programs Federal Writers Project ( putting people back to work)

Racism

a belief that a particular race is superior or interior to another

Frolics

a lively party with music and games usually held in someone's home Before recordings were available, musicians performed here

Whiteness

a social construct- a racial category

White supremacy

a system of reinforcing beliefs and ideas that assert the natural or superiority of the lighter skinner or white human races over other racial groups

Judicious mixture

black, native, white, immigrant. This aimed to separate workers, make unionization more difficult, maintain worker control, and they would pay them money that could only be used in the company store (compared to Monopoly money)

Bluegrass music

came from white music in the South and Appalachia, building on Irish and Scottish instruments and traditions

Communism

classless society complete socialization of productive system end of all economic exploitation appearance of individuals no longer impelled by acquisitive and individualistic needs classless society characterized by the complete socialization of the productive system, the end of all economic exploitation, and the appearance of individuals no longer impelled by acquisitive and individualist values "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs"

Cecil Sharp

collected ballads as a means of social study and historic preservation He was a British scholar (1959-1924) partnered with Olive Dame Campbell to collect ballads in the US. They traveled all around to gather them.

Call and Response

common musical form in vocal genres Leader states the words for congregation who might not have books

Black lung

comprises of diseased tissues that are full of coal dust. Happens to most coal miners and is the cause of many deaths. Coal companies knew this existed but did nothing about it disease coal miners get when coal dust fills diseased tissue in lungs.

Discourse

conversation

Civil War in Appalachia

created many images that developed Appalachian stereotypes. It was brother against brother, guerilla warfare, property, agricultural damage, and transportation infrastructure damage north v south slavery people switched side

Protestant ethic

facilitated the development of capitalism. How one lives their life demonstrates their standing with God. Being economically successful demonstrates your worthiness to God.

Bill Monroe

father of bluegrass

class

groupings of people with approximately similar incomes and occupations Economic - Grouping of people who share similar income and wealth, similar occupations, and similar levels of education - Socioeconomic status Behavioral - Grouping people together

Genocide

indigenous populations. Deliberate killing an extermination of a group of people, often based on ethnicity

Tri-racial society/ multicultural frontier

intermingled communities of white colonists, black slaves and Indian communities

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Ballads

o Earliest scholarship of Appalachia music was focused on ballads originating from the British Isles o Francis Child- influenced by German literacy scholarship o Songs that tell a story - have a consistent memorable melody o Often sung alone but can be accompanied by guitar or dulcimer o Created about local topics and events o Collecting ballads is beneficial to studying Appalachia because it provides insight to moral value and social standards, gives historical records of events and people, and provide info on how Appalachia is connected to the rest of the country o Heavy emphasis on British ballads mischaracterizes the regions people and music o "old time music"

results of industrialization according to Lewis

o Farm sizes decreased o Population increased (people are having more kids and more people are coming in ) o Taxes increased o Farm commodities brought in by rail from the Midwest underpriced farmers in their own local markets (goods can be transferred much more easily)

Appalachian instruments

o Fiddle- 4 strings, melodic instrument - most common instrument in dance o Banjo- African in origin, 4 to 5 strings accompaniment and melody the banjo was adopted into fiddle music o Voice- Most versatile and oldest of Appalachian o Mandolin- same tuning as guitar but has 8 strings, percussive accompaniment and melody.

Feminism

o People should be equal o Means different things to different people o Rooted in praxis, action and theory there is no one definition. It is both a theoretical orientation and a political stance. It is rooted in praxis- action and theory. It means that all people should be equal, people are unequal in society, and something should be done about it

Salstrom on the Great Depression

o Stock market crash in 1929 o Appalachia hit especially hard- lumber and coal o Disease and malnourishment in the coal fields in 1930s o Importance of gardens and farm subsistence o New Deal - 1933 to 1936 solutions FDR created to address problems

company towns

planned communities where people in charge had social contro. They had control of the houses, company store/commissary, churches, banks, municipal services

Folk Festivals

played a role in reifying Appalachia as pure Anglo-Saxon society across the US they provided a circuit for Appalachian musicians and inspired folk revivalists

Masculinity

possession of the qualities traditionally associated with men based on gender norms

Feminitity

possession of the qualities traditionally associated with women

Settler colonialism

premised on occupation/ acquisition of land and the elimination of the native population

Ralph Peer

record company talent promoted hillbilly music alongside race music

Evelyn Williams

reminder of what people went through women and their role in intersectionality

social construction of reality

something is real because we say is real because we say its real- race, gender, time, place, etc. mutually agreed upon ways of understanding the world- or a social phenomenon that was invented by individuals and is shaped by the social forces present in the time and place of its creation

Commodity

something that can be bought or sold

Contemporary Music & Social Justice

song: Cigarette Trees - about taking their money and their life

Sarah Ogan Gunning

songs: Come all ye coal miners & girl of constant sorrow themes: coal industry, how miners are treated

Reel World String Band

songs: who owns Appalachia themes: sexuality, women's issues, social justice active since 1970s- early womans bluegrass band social justice songs- womens issues, sexuality, environmental issues, overly feminist chanks creek, the battle of jericol sue massek- one woman play about sarah ogan gunning

Oppression

systems that discriminate and privilege based on perceived or real differences among people

exploitation

the action or fact of threatening someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work

Bristol sessions

the first important country music recordings made in Bristol, Tennessee in 1927 by Ralph Peer. Among the artists that Peer recorded were Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family

Social justice

the goal of social justice is full and equal participation of all groups in a society that is mutually shaped to meet their needs. Social justice included a vision on of society in which the distribution of resources is equitable and all members are physically and psychologically safe and secure

Intersectionality

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

Patriarchy

the system: male dominated, male identifies, male centered society. Patriarchal culture included ideas about the nature of things, including men women, and humanity with manhood and masculinity most closely associated with being human and womanhood and femininity related to the marginal position of "other" control and domination

Gender

the ways that social forces create differences between men's and women's behavior, preferences, treatment, and opportunities, and the characteristics of men and women that reflect these forces

Stockman- farmer-hunter- economy

they adopted some of the new crops brought by the outsiders and began raising livestock; this led them to protect the crops in their fields by building European-style fences...This shared stockman-farmer-hunter economy was organized on the basis of family farms. Its staple grain crop was corn, often planted among the stumps of deadened and burned trees, supplemented by wheat, rye, and oats. Farmers also raised a variety of vegetables in kitchen gardens, such as potatoes, beans, peas, onions, squashes, and cabbages.

Fiddle contests

they became popular in the late 1800s. They were stage competition at festivals and local events that focus on personal skill, expression and virtuosity. They laid the foundation for the development of bluegrass.

Blair Mountain

this was a battle in the 1930s versus the coal companies. People saw that coal miners got good pay, but they were not respected as the workers that they were. The mine guards, or the people who administered civil law, served with brute force. People fought this with the government but the power structure on WV remained. one of largest labor uprisings in US history. Martial law was declared to end rebellion. Mostly miners fought but many others did too. They didn't win.

Proletariat (working) Class

those who survive on the wages they earn

Changes in Transportation, communication, factory infrastructure, mechanization, land speculation, migration, population growth, resource extraction

transcontinental railroad, cars, phones, telegraphs, conveyor belt, Cherokee tribes, trail of tears, land ownership, coal mining, destroying land, not owning your minerals

Themes in Appalachian women's songs

unionism environmental degradation- water, air, soil mining accidents poverty working and living conditions disasters and deaths race, class, gender, sexuality

Women using song for social change in Appalachia

use for protest they use music and art for feminist praxis