MIDTERM CHAPTERS 1-7

________ is defined as a special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.

A longitudinal design

The ________ has developed ethics guidelines for its members, and the ________ evaluates the ethical nature of research conducted at their colleges and universities.

American Psychological Association (APA); Institutional Review Board (IRB)

________ involves reasoning from a general case that we know to be true to a specific instance.

Deductive reasoning

In the context of psychological research methods, which of the following scenarios is an example of the survey method?

Dr. Frank asks people how many hours of television they watch per week

Identify an example of precognition.

George senses a future event at a party.

In the context of psychological constraints, Carol Dweck (2017) studied first-year pre-med majors taking their first chemistry class in college. Identify a result of the study.

Growth-mindset students got higher grades than did fixed-mindset students.

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics used for solving real-life problems?

Heuristics are shortcut strategies.

Which of the following statements is true about cultural-familial intellectual disability?

It is a mental deficit with no evidence of organic brain damage.

Which of the following statements best defines critical thinking in psychology?

It is the process of reflecting deeply, asking questions, and evaluating evidence

Which of the following is true with regard to the association cortex?

It is the site of the highest intellectual functions, such as thinking and problem solving.

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills.

Identify an accurate statement related to operant conditioning.

Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning

In the context of loss aversion, identify a true statement about sunk-cost fallacy.

People are reluctant to give up on a venture because of past investment.

In the context of short-term memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal?

Rehearsal is the best strategy for retaining information over longer periods of time. (I believe this is correct)

After a research study has been completed, the researchers should inform the participants of its purpose and the methods they used. This is in accordance with the principle of

Select one: a. deception. c. confidentiality. debriefing.

Which of the following is true about neurogenesis?

Select one: b. Researchers have found that neurogenesis does not occur in a few mammals such as mice. Researchers have documented neurogenesis in only two brain regions: the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb. d. Recent research has revealed that exercise decreases neurogenesis.

________ is a psychological disorder in which a person's use of a psychoactive drug affects his or her health and abilities to work and engage in social relationships.

Substance use disorder

________ refers to a language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentences.

Syntax

Which of the following statements is true of neural networks?

They make up most of the brain.

Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews 10 of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have ________ of September 11, 2001.

a flashbulb memory

Mark Johnson, a doctor in Dallas, prescribed an antidepressant drug Prozac to his patient, Ted. Prozac works by increasing brain levels of serotonin. This means that Prozac is considered

an antagonist.

Which of the following occurs when people perceive a stationary object as moving?

apparent movement

In observational learning, the first process that must occur is

attention

People's decisions are likely to be biased because they tend to seek out and listen to others whose views confirm their views while they avoid those with dissenting views. This is a characteristic of

confirmation bias.

Which of the following is defined as the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally?

depth perception

Bubba, a very smart German shepherd, has learned that if he barks at the neighbors while they are grilling, they will throw him a candy. However, his owner, Paul, does not want Bubba to eat candies as it is not good for his health. He does not allow Bubba to eat candies from the neighbors. When Paul is in the yard, Bubba never barks at the neighbors. In operant conditioning terminology, Bubba is demonstrating that he can

discriminate

Conor, a student, is reading his favorite novel and watching television simultaneously. Which of the following types of attention best illustrates Conor's actions in this scenario?

divided attention

Which of the following is one of the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

fight-or-flight reaction

A(n) ________ is a person's genetic heritage, his or her actual genetic material.

genotype

According to evolutionary psychologists,

human behavior is traceable to problems early humans faced in adapting to their environments.

In experimental research, the ________ is a manipulated experimental factor, and the ________ is the outcome.

independent variable; dependent variable

Tamika hypothesizes that women are more helpful than men, and she decides to conduct an experiment to test her hypothesis. During lunchtime, she goes to the crowded food court and deliberately drops her folder containing papers. She then notes whether the person standing closest to her helps her pick up her papers and whether the person is male or female. What is the operational definition of "helpful" in Tamika's study?

making an effort to gather the papers

The humanistic approach to psychology and the behavioral approach to psychology differ in that the behavioral approach states that humans are driven by

mental processes, whereas the humanistic approach states that humans are driven by free will.

Which of the following goals of science does the empirical method best fulfill?

objectivity

Molly's natural hair color is brown, but she has had it dyed blonde. Molly changed her

phenotype

The ________ gland is defined as a pea-sized gland just beneath the hypothalamus that controls growth and regulates other glands.

pituitary

Professor Stenson is examining the effects of color on patients' anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black, and then she records their blood pressure. In this case, the independent variable is the

room color

Greta is teaching her students the meaning of words and sentences in the language used in the country of Calibra. In this scenario, Greta is most likely referring to the ________ of the Calibran language.

semantics

Jacob's friend Sarah loves the warmth she feels for everybody when she takes Ecstasy. Jacob warns her that repeated use of this drug could have lasting negative effects on the neurotransmitter

serotonin

Dan, who often travels in airplanes, experiences sudden fear of flying after he hears the news about an airplane crash. In this case, Dan's experience demonstrates

the availability heuristic.