Midterm Check Your Understanding Assignment (OPTIONAL)

Croup is characterized by

barking cough

Copious amounts of foul-smelling sputum are generally associated with

bronchiectasis

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

norepinephrine

A person who experiences a panic attack and develops hyperventilation symptoms may experience

numbness and tingling in the extremities

A patient who was involved in a fall from a tree becomes short of breath. The lung sounds are absent on one side. This patient is experiencing ________ shock.

obstructive

A patient with flail chest will demonstrate

outward chest movement on expiration

Fully compensated respiratory acidosis is demonstrated by

pH 7.36, PaCO2 55, HCO3- 36

The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in

fibrinolysis

Pneumocystitis is a term that refers to a

fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV

Early manifestations of a developing metabolic acidosis include

headaches1

A 3-year-old boy who exhibits prolonged bleeding after minor trauma and a prolonged aPTT, but a normal platelet count, is likely to be diagnosed with

hemophilia

The imbalance that occurs with oliguric renal failure is

hyperkalemia

Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1 contribute to shock states because they induce production of

nitric oxide

An erroneously low blood pressure measurement may be caused by

positioning the arm above the heart level

Which type of leukemia primarily affects children?

ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)

Administration of which therapy is most appropriate for hypovolemic shock?

Crystalloids

When exposed to inhaled allergens, a patient with asthma produces large quantities of

Ige

In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event?

Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction

Which characteristic is indicative of hemolytic anemia?

Jaundice

Which assessment would support a diagnosis of type A COPD rather than type B COPD

Normal PaCO2, scant sputum, accessory muscle use, barrel chest

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

P53

Which group of clinical findings describes the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)?

Pain in long bones, infection, fever, bruising

A deficiency of von Willebrand factor impairs

Platelet adhesion to injured tissue

The conversion of plasminogen to plasmin results in

activation of thrombin

A patient presents to the physician's office with pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin. The patient is most likely between the ages of _____ years.

4 and 7

immunosuppression

A major cause of treatment failure in tuberculosis is

Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a serious complication of septic shock characterized by abnormal clot formation in the microvasculature throughout the body.

true

The anemia resulting from a deficiency of either vitamin B12 (cobalamin) or folate is caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow that produces very large abnormal bone marrow cells called megaloblasts.

true

The most commonly recognized outcome of hypertension is pulmonary disease.

true

metabolic acid deficit.

Vomiting of stomach contents or continuous nasogastric suctioning may predispose to development of

A patient diagnosed with chronic compensated heart failure reports that, "My feet swell if I eat salt but I don't understand why" The nurse's best response is

"Salt holds water in your blood and makes more pressure against your blood vessels, so fluid leaks out into your tissues and makes them swell."

Which blood pressure reading is considered to be indicative of prehypertension according to the JNC-7 criteria?

128/82

b. Pneumothorax

A patient exhibiting respiratory distress as well as a tracheal shift should be evaluated for

Which clinical finding is indicative of compartment syndrome?

Absent peripheral pulses

right sided heart failure

After sitting in a chair for an hour, an elderly patient develops moderate lower extremity edema. His edema is most likely a consequence of

resistance air flow

All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by

In which dysrhythmias should treatment be instituted immediately?

Atrial fibrillation with a ventricular rate of 220 beats/minute

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with

Epstein-Barr virus

A 3-year-old is diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. What signs and symptoms should you anticipate in your assessment?

Rapid, deep breathing, lethargy, abdominal pain

Glucose

Red blood cells obtain nearly all their energy from metabolism of

Which finding is indicative of orthostatic hypotension in a person with a supine blood pressure (BP) of 110/70 and a heart rate (HR) of 100?

Sitting BP 88/60, HR 118

The assessment findings of a 5-year-old with a history of asthma include extreme shortness of breath, nasal flaring, coughing, pulsus paradoxus, and use of accessory respiratory muscles. There is no wheezing and the chest is silent in many areas. How should you interpret your assessment?

The child may be having such a severe asthma episode that the airways are closed, so start oxygen and get the doctor immediately.

Sepsis has been recently redefined as

a systemic inflammatory response to infection.

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle, because it increases

afterload

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except

allostasis.

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with

antiplatelet drugs.

Low cardiac output in association with high preload is characteristic of ________ shock.

cardiogenic

A cause of thrombocytopenia includes

chemotherapy

Patients with structural evidence of heart failure who exhibit no signs or symptoms are classified into which New York Heart Association heart failure class?

class I

The final step in clot formation is

clot retraction

Patent ductus arteriosus is accurately described as a(n)

communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

Effects of hypernatremia on the central nervous system typically include

confusion

Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia include

confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the

conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.

When systemic vascular resistance is decreased, blood flow

decrease

A restrictive respiratory disorder is characterized by

decreased residual volume

Clinical manifestations of severe symptomatic hypophosphatemia are caused by

deficiency of ATP

Lack of α-antitrypsin in emphysema causes

destruction of alveolar tissue

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of

extrinsic pathway.

An increase in organ size and function caused by increased workload is termed

hypertrophy

A person who overuses magnesium-aluminum antacids for a long period of time is likely to develop

hypophosphatemia

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by

hypoventilation.

A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is

immunosuppression

Constrictive pericarditis is associated with

impaired cardiac filling

Lusitropic impairment refers to

impaired diastolic relaxation

Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis would result in

increased pH, increased HCO3-.

Venous obstruction leads to edema because it ________ pressure.

increases capillary hydrostatic

Empyema is defined as an

infection in the pleural space

Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include

intermittent claudication

Clinical manifestations of chronic arterial obstruction include

intermittent claudication.

After bronchoscopy and histologic examination of a suspected tumor, your patient is diagnosed with primary bronchial carcinoma. Thus, the tumor

is malignant

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

liver

The effect of stress on the immune system

may involve enhancement or impairment the immune system

Emesis causes

metabolic alkalosis.

The goal of long term heparin for the management of a deep vein thrombosis is to

prevent further clot formation

Indicators that an individual is experiencing high stress include all the following except

pupil constriction

A person with acute hypoxemia may hyperventilate and develop

respiratory alkalosis

Overproduction of nitric oxide is an important aspect of the pathophysiologic process of what type of shock?

septic

The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via

sputum culture

Activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by

tissue thromboplastin

C.Q. was recently exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus and subsequently developed a pharyngeal infection. His clinic examination reveals an oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. He complains of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of C.Q.'s disease is

streptococcal infection

A patient with significant aortic stenosis is likely to experience

synope

What compensatory sign would be expected during periods of physical exertion in a patient with limited ventricular stroke volume?

tachycardia

Allostasis is best defined as

the overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing

vitamin K deficiency bleeding.

Rheumatic heart disease is most often a consequence of

β-hemolytic streptococcal infection