Midterm

Which of the following are considered ways of knowing? (choose all that apply) authority reading intuition testing reason scientific method

authority intuition reason scientific method

A theory is a(n) _____________ for a phenomenon

explanation

Identify the correct order for the grassroots values skepticism and humility dissemination openness and transparency protect humanity seek truth

4 - skepticism and humility 5 - dissemination 3 - openness and transparency 1 - protect humanity 2 - seek truth

All questions can be answered using the scientific method True or False

False

It is best that scientists keep their discoveries to themselves True or False

False

Psychology is generally considered a pseudoscience because it relies on intuition True or False

False

The driving force behind the grassroots values are the APA True or False

False

Jorge wants to test whether people like McDonalds or Burger King more. He randomly samples 6 participants and brings them into a lab. After blindfolding them, he has participants eat a chicken sandwich from both restaurants, then has participants to rate on a scale of 1 to 10 the quality of the texture. After averaging their responses, he concludes that people have no preference for either restaurant. What threatens the statistical and construct validity of this study?

Statistical - small sample size Construct - (quality of the texture) is the measurement tool really measuring what they think it's measuring

A scientist should never have an interest that competes with the search for the truth. True or False

True

What is the replication crisis? - the psychological distress caused when one's experiment fails - a growing awareness among scientists that existing claims are difficult to experimentally replicate - the tendency of pseudoscientists to not want to replicate findings

a growing awareness among scientists that existing claims are difficult to experimentally replicate

Which of the following are considered numeric variables? (select all that apply) bank account balance mile speed political identity gender

bank account balance mile speed

How does one measure test-retest reliability? - by administering the test to two different groups of people at the same time, then correlating the measures - by administering the test to the same people at two different timepoints, then correlating the measures - by administering the test to the same people at the same time, then correlating the measures - by administering the test to two different groups of people at two different timepoints, then correlating the measures

by administering the test to the same people at two different timepoints, then correlating the measures

While there are four measurement scales, we really only care about two types. What are they? ordinal and integer categorical and numeric nominal and integer ration and interval

categorical and numeric

Which two values did NHST prize? transparency and truth subjectivity and certainty certainty and objectivity mechanism and objectivity

certainty and objectivity

What are the four types of construct validity? - face, construct, criterion, and inter-rater - internal, external, statistical conclusions, construct - concurrent, predictive, discriminant, and convergent - test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater, criterion

concurrent, predictive, discriminant, and convergent

________ is the greatest threat to science pseudoscience misinformation confirmation bias lack of funding

confirmation bias

What of the following are NOT one of the four types of measurement scales? ordinal construct interval nominal

construct

Which of the following are considered constructs? depression websites height weight

depression

What are the three levels of risk? low, exempt, at-risk low, medium, and high exempt, medium, and high exempt, minimal risk, at-risk

exempt, minimal risk, at-risk

Suppose Hillary performs a study with undergraduate psychology students. Unfortunately, her population of interest is adults of any age. In this case, __________ validity is threatened. construct external statistical internal

external

Which of the following are types of construct validity? omega face inter-rater criterion

face criterion

Match the words with their definitions independent variable dependent variable confound extraneous variable laboratory research field research internal validity external validity

independent variable - the variable the experimenter manipulates dependent variable - the variable measured after the experimenter manipulates the other variable confound - an alternative explanation for experimental results extraneous variable - a variable that varies between participants that the experimenter is not interested in laboratory research - research done in a highly controlled environment field research - research done in a naturalistic setting internal validity - degree to which causal claims researcher makes are actually true external validity - degree to which findings uncovered in one study generalize

What are the four validities? - test retest, inter-rater, construct, and internal consistency - test-retest, convergent, predictive, and face - internal, external, construct, statistical construct, inter-rater, divergent, predictive

internal, external, construct, statistical

Match the epistemologies with their weaknesses intuition authority rationalism empiricism scientific method

intuition - can be misleading authority - may not know what they're talking about rationalism - premise may be wrong empiricism - senses can be tricked scientific method - pigeon-holes research agenda

Always, we are seeking converging evidence across ___________ ____________

multiple studies

Suppose someone made an error in their data analysis and chooses to hide their error from the world. Which value of grassroots research does this most strongly violate? skepticism and humility openness and transparency informed consent eagerness fairness

openness and transparency

Which of the following are NOT considered part of the general model of research? data analysis replication peer review empirical study

peer review

Match the word with the definition predictive validity concurrent validity convergent validity discriminant validity

predictive validity - when measured at two time points, it is the degree to which the measure correlates with another measure of the same or similar construct. concurrent validity - when measured simultaneously, it is the degree to which measure correlates with another measure of the same or similar construct convergent validity - when multiple measures of the same construct all highly correlate with one another discriminant validity - when the measure correlates poorly with measures of others constructs it should not theoretically be correlated with

Which of the following activities show respect for the rights and dignity of participants? (select all that apply) treat participants fairly compensation privacy informed consent respect autonomy

privacy informed consent respect autonomy

Suppose an individual retrieves private health information without consent in order to make an important discovery. Which grassroots value is this person violating? fairness skepticism and humility beneficence protecting humanity

protecting humanity

What is the difference between science and pseudoscience? you have to have a phd to be scientific pseudoscience claims have no evidence pseudoscience sounds scientific, but it's missing one of the characteristics of real science scientists do not make money for their claims

pseudoscience sounds scientific, but it's missing one of the characteristics of real science

According to the video, to evaluate a claim, we must be humble, skeptical, evaluate evidence, seek converging evidence, and experiment consult experts share knowledge remain uncertain

remain uncertain

There are five epistemologies. They are intuition, authority, rationalism, empiricism, and the

scientific method

According to the grassroots values, we must hold humility and _______ in balance

skepticism

Suppose John conducts a study that only has ten participants. With such a small sample size, _________ validity is going to be threatened internal statistical construct ecological

statistical

What are the characteristics of science? (choose all that apply) systematically empirical claims cannot be tested claims are confident and resounding claims are based on expert opinions claims are replicated/replicable claims tend to be published in journals

systematically empirical claims are replicated/replicable claims tend to be published in journals

What are the three types of reliability? test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater internal, external, statistical conclusions concurrent, predictive, discirminant face, construct, criterion

test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater

What is epistemology? a way of testing hypotheses the different ways we come to know information the ways in which we experience confirmation bias a systematic approach to doing research

the different ways we come to know information

Which of the following are NOT characteristics of good hypotheses? experiments stem from hypotheses they are educated guesses they have great criteria for support of a theory hypotheses stem from theory they must be evaluated in a lab

they are educated guesses they must be evaluated in a lab

What does it mean to "know" something? to have a fact verified through all epistemologies to have a strong personal belief accompanied by uncertainty to have certain knowledge of a fact to learn of something validated through the scientific method

to have a strong personal belief accompanied by uncertainty

What does it mean to seek justice? (select all that apply) - ensure participants have miranda rights - treat participants fairly - provide compensation - the right to remain silent

treat participants fairly provide compensation