Midterm Public Speaking

What is communication apprehension? Define CA and Types

* A broad-based fear of anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons. Stress of communicating Types: trait like- just is shy, anxious to speak Context based- situation that sets you off, public speaking, meetings, whenever you speak Audience based- people make you uncomfortable,anxious ab. speaking in front of group/person Situational- job interview - sets you off

Explain the bodily elements of delivery and be able to define each.

*Bodily elements is the ways you stand, sit, move and gesture and use facial expression and eye contact will influence your listeners perceptions of you and your presentation. 1. Posture- the way you stand or sit before during and after a presentation will influence the perceptions of your listeners. Even before you begin to speak, listeners have made judgements about you about how you act before your presentation. Effective speakers usually plant both feet a comfortable distance apart and distribute their weight on the balls of their feet. 2. Movement- purposeful movement during a presentation can help you to hold an audiences attention through variety, to emphasize important ideas, to make your relationship with the audience more personal, or to signal major transitions in your speech. Random movement usually distracts and lowers credibility. Purposeful movement usually enhances meaning or affects mood positively. 3. Gestures-your gestures should reinforce your message. Bend your arms at the elbow to raise your hands above your waist. Whatever form your notes take- index cards or full sheets of paper they should not draw attention away from your voice and body or inhibit your ability to gesture naturally. 4. Facial Expression- should reflect the meaning of the message and help establish an appropriate relationship with the audience 5. Eye Contact- effective eye contact an important asset in presentations because it enhances your ability to create a more favorable image but also provides you with important feedback. Most individuals believe the ability to look a person in the eye is a sign of honesty and sincerity. Watch for cues of understanding or confusion and cues of acceptance or rejection in order to help you adjust your presentation to the response of the audience.

Explain the environmental/situational elements of delivery and be able to define each.

*Numerous characteristics of the environment and expectations of the audience regarding the situation will influence the effectiveness of your presentation. 1. Personal Appearance - within the first few seconds after observers look at you, they will come to a variety of conclusions about you simply based on your appearance. Choices in dress and grooming that help you meet the expectations of your listeners will tend to increase your effectiveness. 2. Time - Audiences expect a certain time frame for certain presentations. Most audiences appreciate presentations being short as possible. Audience tend to resent speakers who waste time on insignificant or tangential material while going overtime toward the end of the presentation. 3. Amplification - Speakers must be prepared for situations that require use of a microphone. Practice with a microphone before the presentation, be sure to articulate. 4. Physical Environment- many characteristics of location can influence the effectiveness of one's speech. Select a facility that will promote your goals. Listeners tend to be more persuadable and productive in attractive surroundings. Also cooler and spacious places if the audience is hostile toward your idea.

Understand the types of transitions and when you should use them.

*Transitions link together the parts of a message. Help the audience move as smoothly as possible from one point or section to another. Transitions help to see the important relationships between the ideas, may be nonverbal or verbal. 1. Signposts- alert listeners to a new idea or point, indicate exactly where speaker is in presentation. Usually number like first or second or can be words like next and finally. 2. Internal Summaries and previews- internal summaries - before moving on, speaker stops to repeat or emphasize major ideas already presented. Previews - Speaker follows up an internal summary with a statement indicating which way the speech will go 4. Interjections; emphasize the important ideas by drawing attention to a point the speaker does not want the listeners to miss. Ex: now this is important 5. Special Devices; use of a theme, key phrase, or memory aid

What are the steps in preparing an effective outline?

-Write the topic, general purpose, and specific purpose -Jot down all your ideas -Select out key ideas and identify your central idea or thesis -Choose organizational pattern -Arrange the main points in your chosen pattern -Identify the main points that need sub points -Arrange sub points in organizational pattern -Choose forms of support -Identify best ways for introduction and conclusion -Add transitions -Reference list or bibliography -Adjust outline for teachers preference.

How do you relate support to ideas?

1. Didactic Method; state idea, develop it with forms of support and then restate it - helps your audience grasp your point immediately, to follow your approach, to follow your approach in developing it, and to remember your idea. Useful when you are trying to inform your audience regarding a point. 2. Inductive Method; presents support first and then draws a conclusion from it. This allows you to avoid starting with an idea the listener may reject immediately. By presenting support first you can illustrate to the listener the validity of the idea. Helpful in persuasive situations and helps provide variety from didactic.

What are the different methods of delivery?

1. Extemporaneous Speaking- delivers material in a spontaneous manner. Extemporaneous speakers select the actual wording of supporting material as they deliver their speech. Extemporaneous speakers word the key ideas of the presentation to maximize clarity and impact but don't write the entire speech word for word. Advantage is if the audience appears confused or skeptical, extemporaneous delivery will allow you to provide additional support to clarify your ideas. Also most effective method 2. Impromptu Speaking-Talk "off the cuff" - off the top of the head. In decision making meetings you may find yourself explaining or arguing for positions. Advantage is even at the spur of the moment you can quickly review the goals of a speech introduction and attempt to meet them. You can anticipate likely questions and prepare effective answers before interviewing for a position or responding. 3. Speaking from Manuscript- write out and deliver speech word for word. May be most appropriate when a speaker has to be very careful what is said. Speaking from a manuscript is often appropriate whenever poorly worded ideas or misstatements may have a serious negative consequence for government, business, or individuals. Advantage is when you have a strict time limit like on TV. Speaking from a manuscript can have major challenges for a speaker because you might not give good eye contact or read it enthusiastically 4. Speaking from Memory- delivering manuscript w/o notes. Use when you plan on giving the speech several times like a campaign or sales promotion. Bad when you try to give it like it is an extemporaneous speech- can cause award long pauses and you don't adapt to the audience and could come off as non-conversational.

Explain the different types of audiences- What are the strengths and limitations to each?

1. Friendly Audience; positively disposed towards speaker's purpose 2. Hostile Audience; opposed to speaker's purpose 3. Neutral Audience; undecided about speaker's purpose 4. Apathetic Audience; no knowledge of or interest in speaker's purpose

What are the different levels of communication?

1. Intrapersonal communication - communication you have with yourself. Your thoughts, your self-talk, your recognition of your own feelings and attitudes. 2. Interpersonal communication - also called dyadic communication, occurs between two people. For example brief exchanges between strangers, friends, and ongoing discussion with significant other. 3. Group communication - three or more people who interact and influence one another in the pursuit of a common interest. For example study group, athletic team, and families. 4. Public communication - one person communicating face to face with an audience. The interaction between the speaker and audience is more limited than the other types. 5. Mass-media communication - communication which takes place over some form of technology because the audience is so large that its members cannot be grouped together in one place. All five of these levels share a common process: a source attempting to influence a receiver through the creation of appropriate messages.

Explain the components of a speech. You give your audience a preview in the introduction, tell them your main ideas and support for those ideas in the body, and summarize in the conclusion.

1. Introduction- Provide a good basic foundation for leading into the speech. You must get its attention, interest it in the topic, establish yourself as a credible source, and prepare the audience for the speech. 5-20 percent of speech. 2. Body- Main Content of the speech. Body of the message usually contains 2-5 ideas or main points that develop your thesis or central idea. You may explain your idea, give examples, compare ideas, and give statistics. 3. Conclusion- speech ending, you will provide some concluding remarks. Last chance to bring home the purpose of the presentation and mood or emotional response. Promoting clarity and retention. Refocus attention on the key idea of the presentation. Sense of finality or completion. 5 percent or less of total speech.

How do we improve our listening?

1. Note-taking- help you listen and remember more effectively. Requires you to engage your body and something to do with the extra thinking time, uses additional senses to help retain material, summarize your own words. 2. Preview-Review- by learning and thinking about the topic in advance, you preview or prepare for the listening situation. If you read chapter before lecture, it will increase the effectiveness of your listening. Effective listeners can add focus by trying to anticipate what the speaker will say next. Review is important to help you synthesize and remember a message form listening. Most effective method is to review your notes right after a message. 3. Concentration- active listening. We must concentrate on the intended messages and their potential meaning. By using your spare thinking time well, you will be far more effective in receiving and remembering messages. 4. Interaction- ask question you don't understand, make comments about your own opinions, if you nod your head, catch the speakers eye you increase your chances for effective listening. Respond to your audience verbal and nonverbal. Ask question and keep in touch. 5. Consider the context- when you see a person about to give a speech you make an assumption about the person and decide whether you will like them. Who, what, where, how, appropriate. 75-85 communication is nonverbal. 6. Observe non-verbal cues- read between the lines. Facial expression, pause, vocal stress on a word, change in rate or pitch, movement forward, gesture are just as important as words. By examining the words and non-word message carefully an effective listener can better find the intended or actual meanings. 7. Listen for ideas - main points. Most trained speakers have a few key ideas and you should be able to identify them.

What are the different types of listening?

1. Passive Listening - just let the messages wash over you, don't exert effort in the listening process. Process is more hearing than listening. Hearing is psychological. Listening is cognitive. Ex: listening to music while doing homework 2. Selective Listening- select out or choose to pay attention to some things while ignoring others. Ex: says do homework then can play. Child only hears play and no homework. 3. Listening for Pleasure- not worried about solving the problems ex: listening to music 4. Listening as Therapy-when a friend has a problem and needs to talk and needs you to help them think through the situation. Listener seldom passes judgment but uses encouraging listening behaviors. You should nod frequently, use expressive face, restate the speaker's ideas and ask probing and leading questions so the speaker is encouraged to speak their mind. 5. Listening for comprehension-what you do in class. Is listening to learn and remember. Requires heavy concentration and comparison of new information to previous information and experiences. 6. Listening for evaluation- you evaluate the truth or falsity of the message. Don't accept everything the speaker says. Listening is critical and discriminative listening. You attempt to listen objectively, avoid responding emotionally, focus on content, critically evaluate the evidence and reasoning.

What are the five patterns of organization and when should you use each pattern?

1. Topical Order- arranges ideas into appropriate categories. Primacy- leading with mainpoint- audience remembers. Recency- keep most important point- audience remember. Once you have chosen topics or categories you may further order them in precise ways ex: familiar to unknown, simple to complex. Less to most important 2. Chronological Order-considers ideas over time. Start with events that happened the longest ago and trace their developments to recent events. Ex: historical events and demonstration process 3. Spatial Order- arranges ideas according to location or geography. Way to examine structures like building and objects. May be combined with chronological to explain geographical development 4. Casual Order- examines cause and effect of a phenomenon or a problem. Examining effects first then their probable causes for accounting historical events. Examining existing causes first and then their probable effects is for predicting the future 5. Problem-Solution Order- explains the nature of a problem and the way to solve it. Use when a presenter explains the nature of a problem using a casual pattern. Speaker identifies harmful effects of problem and the probable causes. In the solution the presenter offers a plan to eliminate or control the effects of the cause. Best arrangement is to begin with the problem then explain the solution. 6. Motivated Sequence - organizes the entire speech. Use when your purpose is persuasive or informative. Five steps: Attention- gain the audience's attention in a way that relates positively to the rest of the message. Need- points out to the audience the way a problem applies to the needs or motivates of the audience. Listeners must perceive that the problem affects them. Satisfaction - show a way to satisfy the need. The plan to solve the problem. Visualization- help the listeners see themselves in the future. Positive visualization describes the advantages of adopting your plan or using your information. Negative visualization describes the consequences of not adopting your plan or using your information Action- make a specific appeal for action. Act on your plan or encourage to apply the information

Explain the vocal elements of delivery and be able to define each.

1. Volume- talk loudly enough to be heard. You will need to talk more loudly than you would in conversation. You should vary your volume for interest and emphasis. 2. Articulation- or enunciation, refers to the manner in which an individual uses the lips, tongue, jaw, and soft palate to produce the vowel and consonant sounds of a language. Clear articulation will help listeners grasp your words easily. If you don't speak right it can be distracting. 3. Pronunciation-presenting the appropriate sounds of a word in the accepted order, without additions or omissions and with stress on the appropriate syllables. Mispronunciations may reduce your listeners perceptions of your credibility. 4. Rate- number of words a speaker utter in a minute. Most public speakers deliver 120 to 175 words per minute. You should attempt to match your rate to the needs of the audience. Sometimes silence is appropriate. 5. Pitch-how high or low you speak during your message. Your pitch should be pleasing to the audience. Inflection refers to the changes in pitch that influence meaning. Changes in infection can help with emphasis. 6. Quality- vocal quality refers to the unique characteristics of a speakers voice caused by a variety of elements including ones manner of breathing, level of tension in the throat, use of the soft palate to close and open the nasal passage, and condition of the sinuses and their effect on resonating cavities.

What are the different types of outlines?

1. Word Outline - word or topic outline contains key topics contained in a speech. Can provide a basis for developing a complete sentence outline. Can be helpful in planning an overall organization pattern for the speech. 2. Phrase Outline- uses sentences or fragments for an outline 3. Sentence Outline - contains a complete sentence for each point in the outline. The complete sentence outline helps you prepare and test the key ideas in your presentation. Allow you to test whether your ideas are clear and definite. Helps you avoid fumbling for words. Clearly phrased ideas are easier for your audience to understand. Contains your key ideas not entirely worded speech. 4. Complete Content Outline- complete content outline is the manuscript of a speech written in outline form. The symbols help the speaker to quickly identify relationships during the planning and speaking phases.

Why do we practice for our speeches?

1. feel more familiar with the material and discover portions where you are having difficulty presenting your ideas succinctly and clearly. 2. Have a chance to visual speaking situation and audience, thus helping reduce nervousness 3. able to test plans with visual aids 4. Find out timing of speech Speaker should practice the speech out loud because oral speaking style is different from reciting mentally. Always practice with a visual aid. Other notes: functions of delivery - effective delivery will help you emphasize and reinforce your ideas and feelings, direct the audience through the structure and developments of your presentation, hold the attention of the audience, and create an appropriate relationship with the audience.

Explain the fundamental principles of communication and their importance.

1.Communication is circular; sender and reciever encode and decode simutaniously through feedback 2. Communication is based on Perception: perception is an individuals way of understanding reality. Perception depends on a variety of influences including; attention, selectivity, and memory. Because each of us perceives, remembers, and understands differently, the outcomes of the communication process are unique to the people and situations involved. 3. Communication is irreversible; we cannot take it back. The speaker may apologize but the perceptions of the audience members may not change Communication is irreversible, circular, experienced, ever changing, BAVs, beliefs, attitudes and values

Demographic AA provides good info about?

Age

Why do we outline?

An outline provides a concrete tool to plan and deliver an effective presentation Organize, refine the phrasing of your key ideas to promote clarity, identify where you need to develop and support your ideas, helps you identify where you need to help the listener providing transitions, prepare useful speaking notes An outline gives the public speaking teacher a method for previewing and analyzing the students speech. -helps the instructor understand your thinking processes and offer suggestions for improvement. Helps the instructor analyze the nature and assess the quality of your preparation

Explain an individual's Firing Order

Behavior affect sensation imagery cognition stress

How do you build interest in your speech?

By showing them ways the presentation will benefit them, incorporating factors of attention, and having the listeners participate in the presentation. Activity, surprise, reality, suspense, important, humor, familiarity.

what principle of informative speaking reminds us to avoid jargon(slang)

Clarity

What are ways to overcome CA? Tips and Focused Treatment

Cognitive restricting- coping statement is "this will go well, I practiced" Systematic desensitization- slow exposure speeches get longer over time Visualization- mental rehearsal script how your day is going to go Physical exercise and stress reduction - go to gym Interpersonal support- look for person that you like and look at them Skills training - practice Deep abdominal breathing- focus on your breathing Tips: anxiety can be useful, don't procrastinate, know your audience, select appropriate topic, focus on the message not the fear, self perception creates anxiety, you will feel more nervous than you look

what section of the speech should be the last part you write?

Conclusion

D.O.N.E.

D- direction- we are wrapping up - in conclusion O- overview- repetition, main points N- need- why does this matter for our audience E- excitement- pull the audience back in

Explain the two models of communication and why each is important

Dance's helical model. The bottom of the helix is small. As the helix moves upward it becomes larger. Movements up the helix is a slow process of circular, back and forth motion. Through a slow process of give and take, their relationships develop as they commit themselves. Helps you remember that the communication process is ever changing, circular, expanding, and building upon the past. SMCR - source message channel receiver by David Berlo is a model focus on the elements that must be operating effectively for communication to occur. Model helps identify the location of potential barriers to effective communication. Transactional - Using both models we can look at the elements and the characteristics of the communication process.

what intrapersonal process is the way to view your word?

Frame of reference

Explain the process of listening.

Effective listeners use extra time to concentrate on the message, interpret meanings, look for hidden meanings, and analyze nonverbal aspects such as facial expressions

How do you establish credibility?

Effective speakers establish their knowledge of the subject early in the message. Effective speakers do nothing to bring into question their honesty and trustworthiness.

How can we nonverbally display that we are listening?

Facial expression, a pause, a smile, nodding along with the speaker as he/she is talking

what type of example is best when your audience has no experience?

Hypothetical

I.N.T.R.O.

I- interests - attention N- Need - what's in it for them T- topic- don't lead with topic R- reliability- why are we the best speaker, do other people agree O- overview- preview main points- repetition matters

As a committee chair for an organization, you are called upon to give a quick update. Example of?

Improptu Delivery

What are the intrapersonal processes?

Intrapersonal process happens inside of you. Intrapersonal processes include the way we think and the way we communicate with ourselves. Processes depend upon an individual's frame of reference, creativity, imagination, risk taking behavior, and cognitive patterns. 1. Frame of reference- the way you view your world. Your beliefs, attitudes, and values. Is your structure for encoding and decoding messages 2. Creativity- involves visualizing something in an innovative, new or unique but useful way. You can increase your creativity by learning to think in less traditional ways. The extent to which you have developed your creative thinking affects the way you send and receive messages, the way you interact with others, and you're potential for success in new situations. 3. Imagined Communication-individuals talk to someone else or to themselves as if they were another person. This communication takes place in their mind. Ex: see themselves in front of the audience. Imagined communication with people as a way of exploring problems, preparing for things to come, or venting anger over something that had already happened. You may discover that it helps you to prepare for future communication, deal with your feelings, and learn from past communication. 4. Risk-taking behaviors- your willingness to take risks is largely dependent on your interpretation of past experience. At least a minimum amount of risk is necessary for growth and development. When we communicate we risk rejection by others. Because the frame of reference is at least slightly different for every person, you never know how people will react. Your intrapersonal processes about risk taking are influenced by your past experiences and interaction with others 5. Cognitive Patterns -each person structures and interprets messages in his own unique way. The process of measuring your thinking patterns is called cognitive mapping. Your cognitive map identifies the senses you use for obtaining data and the typical patterns of thinking you employ for understanding data. Because different individuals come to rely on different cognitive structures in their analysis of messages, perhaps that other student's cognitive map was different.

How much speaking time should be used for the introduction and conclusion?

Intro needs to be more than 5 percent of your time but less than 20 percent. Conclusions are usually shorter than introductions. They rarely exceed 5 to 10 percent of a speaker's time.

what is not a good way to build interest in you topic?

Introduce the Topic

What are the components of effective intros/ conclusions?

Introduction -Gaining attention, developing interest and involvement, strengthen credibility, preparing the audience Conclusion- refocus attention, establish an appropriate mood, and provide a sense of finality

Explain the importance of the introduction and conclusion.

Introduction- A well-constructed introduction helps a speaker accomplish specific purpose of his/her presentation. The introduction sets up favorable atmosphere for the body of your message. To prepare your audience for the body of your message, you must get its attention, interest it in the topic, establish yourself as a credible source, and prepare the audience for the speech to come. Gaining attention by audience participation, quotation, relevant story. Developing interests and involvement- showing how the topic affects the audience. Streghthning credibility- establish knowledge early in the message, do nothing to bring into question their honesty and trustworthiness. Preparing the audience- previewing content. You must adapt your introduction to the unique nature of your purpose, audience, and occasion. Conclusion presents main points again, provides sense of finality, Refocuses attention on the specific purpose, and establishes an appropriate mood - last chance to create a mood or emotional response in your audience consistent with your purpose.

What is the order of Informative speech preparation?

Introduction- secure attention, build credibility, want listeners to recognize your interests in and knowledge and understanding of the topic. Emphasis the relevance and importance of the topic to the audience to increase the listener's motivation to learn new material. Clearly preview the main points of your presentations. Body- contain clearly phrased main points arranged in appropriate pattern of organization. Look for an opportunity to phrase your main points in a way that promotes retention. Internal previews and internal summaries- between your main points, summarizing the content of your previous point and previewing the content of your next point will provide another repetition or restatement to promote retention. Use the didactic method- stating your main point, providing evidence that supports it, then restating your idea. Conclusion- provides a final opportunity to restate key ideas and encourage the audience to use the material. Review main points, build confidence of the listeners to use your material, end presentation in memorable way.

What are some tips for creating effective introductions and conclusions?

Introductions- relevant story, quote, audience participation, reference to the speaker, audience or the occasion. Let your listeners know how they will benefit from your presentation. Audience must believe you're willing to tell the truth. Previewing the content, telling the listeners what you are going to tell them. Conclusions- summary of the key ideas, appeal for action, positive mood, challenge the audience

best type of outline for delivering your speech?

Keyword/Prase*

Explain the elements of credibility

Listener is more likely to pay attention to and learn from a source with high credibility. The audience should perceive the speaker as trustworthy. Competence- listeners are more likely to spend the energy required to learn new material if they perceive the speaker as competent. Trustworthiness- audiences generally assume the speaker is trustworthy unless the speaker violates that trust. Illustrating the value of the material to the audience can build your image. Avoid extreme language. Dynamism- audiences are more likely to pay attention to speakers who demonstrate an energetic and responsive style of delivery. Express your enthusiasm with your voice and body. Respond to feedback.

Your friend just got dumped. what type of listening are you engaging in?

Listening as therapy

Explain primacy and recency- How does this impact your speech?

Material presented first (primacy effect) or last (recency effect) is remembered better than information presented in the middle. Consider placing your most important points first or last.

What are some ways to conduct an audience analysis and why you would use each?

Observation- similarities and differences among people. What makes people tick? Interviews-when in doubt about an audience or speaking situation ask questions. A speaker can interview some of the audience before preparing the presentation. Questions like: size of audience, how much time do I have to speak, what the audience knows about the topic, how has the audience responded to the topic in the past. Surveys- gather information by using a questionnaire. Individual speakers to create a questionnaire or ask questions orally to better understand the audience's specific attitudes about a given topic. A good questionnaire encourages a response to questions that will yield the desired information.

What are the elements of an outline?

Outline is a simple, clear and functional blueprint or guide that identifies the ideas, structures, and support of a presentation. Each item in the outline should contain the idea or one piece of support. Consistent system of number and letters should represent the relationship among the ideas and between each idea and its development.

What is the difference between listening and hearing?

People talk at 125-150 words per a minute. While people process over 300 words per minute. Listening refers to the psychological process of attaching meaning to sound waves we detect. Hearing refers to the physiological process of detecting the frequencies, duration, and volume of sound waves.

Why we remember the first things that are said?

Primacy

what is the best organizational pattern for a persuasive speech?

Problem/Solution, Reasons, Refutative, Order/Sequence

*What are the three types of audience analysis? Before you begin to plan for your speech you should obtain as much information as possible about your audience and the circumstances surrounding your presentation. Understanding the knowledge, feelings, and values of your audience will allow you to present information appropriate for your audience and increase your chances of attaining your goal. *What are the benefits and limitations to the different types of analysis?

Psychological Audience Analysis- considering the impacts of beliefs, attitudes, and values on the behavior. An attitude is a person's emotional reaction to an idea, object, person or behavior. The way individuals feel toward something predicts the way they will behave toward it. A belief is that which an individual considers to be fact. Often speakers must change the beliefs of a listener in order to change the listener's attitudes. At the core of an individual's BAV system are values. Our values are our general rules for living and our basic goals in life. Personal values provide an individual with a frame of reference for evaluating situations. Wise speaker will seek out and emphasize audience values that are consistent with the goal of the presentation. Demographic Analysis- word demographic comes from two Greek that means a picture of the people. Demographic data provides statistics about the composition of the audience in terms of variety of social categories. Characteristics consider such as: gender, age, educational level, occupational experiences, economic class, religion, regional background, and ethnicity. It provides useful information about the probable beliefs, attitudes, and values of the listeners as well as their interests, experiences, and levels of knowledge. Avoid comments that could be perceived as condescending or prejudiced. Analysis of the situation and occasion- size of the audience, characteristics of the physical environment, and the nature of the speaking occasion. As the size of the audience increases, presentations generally increase in formality. To avoid unpleasant surprises, you should analyze the physical environment where you will deliver your presentation. Each occasion will have unique characteristics for which you should prepare. Audience expectations- what do these listeners expect a speaker to do in these circumstances? The events surrounding have an effects on the audience reaction.

why the audience should be able to trust you?

Reliability

What is the difference between a self-centered and audience-centered speaker?

Self-Centered Speakers; focus on issues that are important to them, act as though everyone has had the same experiences, lack respect for diversity among human beings, and focus on their speaking performance Audience-centered Speakers; present material to which audience can relate, use words familiar to the audience, respect differences of audience members, avoid attacking or insulting the audience.

What types of outlines work best for the formal/preparation outline?

Sentence Outline- because what you need to say is right there.

How do you construct effective speaking notes?

Should help not handicap the delivery. Use a combination of words, phrases, and sentences that help you remember the content of your speech. Usually full sentences will allow you to have direct quotes, and provide stats, names. Should be easy to read and handle, read notes easily, number your note cards

What is simplicity and how do we work to incorporate this into speeches?

Simplicity you don't need for us to tell you that simple material is easier to understand and remember than is complex material. Simplify the complexity of your material to a level the audience can grasp in the allotted time. One way to simplify your material is through organization of your main points and sub points. Humans can remember organized material better between 7 and 9 unrelated things.

Modifying your dress based on your audience is an example of?

Situational Elements

How do we add clarity of language use?

Use language appropriate for the level of knowledge of the audience. Both real and hypothetical examples can help the audience understand and remember. Listeners learn best from concrete forms of support that appeal to their senses. Listeners tend to learn well from seeing how new information is similar and different from information they already have. Listeners learn best when they use more than one of their senses. Visual aids can promote retention by making ideas vivid. Repetition and restatement promote retention.

What are the principles of informing?

When speaking to inform, effective presenters capitalize on the principles of simplicity, clarity, credibility, and interest. Simplicity - Simplicity you don't need for us to tell you that simple material is easier to understand and remember than is complex material. Simplify the complexity of your material to a level the audience can grasp in the allotted time. One way to simplify your material is through organization of your main points and sub points. Humans can remember organized material better between 7 and 9 unrelated things. Clarity - to inform an audience effectively and efficiently, we must phrase our ideas clearly and select appropriate forms of support. Use language appropriate for the level of knowledge of the audience. Select forms of support that promote comprehension and retention. Both real and hypothetical examples can help the audience understand and remember. Listeners learn best from concrete forms of support that appeal to their senses. Listeners tend to learn well from seeing how new information is similar and different from information they already have. Listeners learn best when they use more than one of their senses. Visual aids can promote retention by making ideas vivid. Repetition and restatement promote retention. Credibility - listener is more likely to pay attention to and learn from a source with high credibility. The audience should perceive the speaker as trustworthy. Competence- listeners are more likely to spend the energy required to learn new material if they perceive the speaker as competent. Trustworthiness- audiences generally assume the speaker is trustworthy unless the speaker violates that trust. Illustrating the value of the material to the audience can build your image. Avoid extreme language. Dynamism- audiences are more likely to pay attention to speakers who demonstrate an energetic and responsive style of delivery. Express your enthusiasm with your voice and body. Respond to feedback. Interests- listeners learn more from presentations that interest them. Increase by showing them ways the presentation will benefit them, incorporating factors of attention, and having the listeners participate in the presentation. Show the audience the significance of your topic. Listens learn more from presentations that involve them mentally and or physically.

What types of outlines work best for the speaking outline/speaking notes/ notecards?

Word Outlines, Phrase Outlines, or Sentence Outlines, or a combination of the three.

How can you build in interest into your speech?

You should involve the listeners physically by having them do something with the speaker. You should involve the listeners indirectly by explaining and demonstrating your interest in the topic. You should involve the listeners mentally by showing the way the topic affects them.

Describe the effective use and purpose of visual aids

listeners learn best when they use more than one of their senses, can serve as a real example of the ideas you present, promote retention by making ideas vivid