MIDTERM study guide

Which statement best characterizes the difference between REM sleep and the other stages of sleep?

True dreams occur during REM sleep but not during the other stages. (pg. 168)

If Ararv sustained damage to his amygdala, the damage would affect his brain function by causing Ararv to experience:

a lack of an ability to experience fear or anger. (pg. 185)

Which is a changeable internal condition that orients an individual toward a specific category of goals?

a motivational state (pg. 151)

Which taste was most recently added to the six primary tastes?

Fat (pg. 205)

Jim is conducting a series of experiments on prejudice. His interest in the processes through which people are influenced by other people's beliefs is consistent with _____ psychology.

Social (pg. 17-18)

Which method would a behavioral neuroscientist most likely utilize to study jealousy?

mapping specific brain areas, in order to observe which of these areas become more active during a jealous state. (pg. 11-12)

Andrew believes that a depressed client's self-degrading thoughts and self-injurious behaviors are the results of the mechanical brain and body's control over the client's behavior. He only believes in matter and how it influences behavior. Andrew's belief identifies with the early philosophy known as:

materialism (pg. 4)

New information in working memory _____ pass on to _____.

may or may not; long-term memory (pg. 313)

Olds and Milner discovered that rats will work hardest to stimulate the _____ through artificial electrical stimulation

medial forebrain bundle (pg. 156)

Olds and Milner discovered that rats will work hardest to stimulate the _____ through artificial electrical stimulation.

medial forebrain bundle (pg. 156)

The view that elementary ideas are innate to the human mind and are not gained through experience is known as:

nativism (pg 7-8 & 10)

Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the founder of scientific psychology because he:

published the first textbook that defined psychology as a science. (pg. 2)

Larissa prefers to drink a large cup of tea, whereas Jayden prefers a smaller cup of tea. Two cups of tea, one prepared by each of these women, would vary along the _____ dimension.

quantitative (pg. 194)

Dr. Harrison is investigating the effects of two different teaching techniques on high-school students' mathematical reasoning. He is aware that there is a wide range of difference in math ability among the students in the study. Which concept can help to ensure that the pre-existing differences in math ability do not bias the study's results?

random assignment (pg. 35)

According to Georg von Bekesy, the auditory system codes pitch in terms of the:

rate of firing from various places on the basilar membrane. (pg. 218)

The gate-control theory of pain and pain inhibition proposes that:

the experience of pain depends on the extent to which neural pain signals can reach higher pain centers in the brain. (pg. 210)

Nativism is:

the idea that some knowledge is inborn in the mind and does not have to be learned by experience. (pg. 7-8)

Dr. Zhang has conducted a between-groups experiment to test the effects of energy drinks on attention span. Inferential statistics will determine:

the likelihood that performance differences between the groups occurred by chance. (pg. 43)

Research findings concerning the physiology of smell indicate that most of the output from the glomeruli goes to:

the limbic system and hypothalamus, areas involved in basic drives and emotions. (pg. 200)

Research has demonstrated that leptin would be ineffective as an antiobesity drug because:

the majority of obese people are not lacking in leptin. (pg. 163)

The term schema refers to:

the mental representation of any given class of objects, scenes, or events. (pg. 350)

Professor Williams tells his class to close their eyes and think of their last vacation to the beach. Professor Williams's focus on his students' memories refers to which part of the individual?

the mind (pg. 1)

Psychology is the science of behavior and the mind. Behavior refers to:

the observable actions of a person or an animal (pg. 1)

If a research participant's answers to interview questions are affected by the preconceived notions of the interviewer, the answers are biased by:

the observer-expectancy effect (pg. 50-51)

Which statement would explain why someone who just ate soup would have a renewed appetite when presented with an apple?

the phenomenon known as sensory-specific satiety (pg. 163

One theory of the purpose of dreams is that they are merely a side effect of:

the physiological changes that take place during REM sleep.

Where did Descartes believe the soul was housed?

the pineal body. (pg. 4)

The quantitative dimension of a stimulus (such as brightness of a light, loudness of a sound) is coded at the level of sensory neurons by:

the rate of action potentials. (pg. 194)

Grace's receptors for a tasting will respond to a savory sandwich with changes in membrane permeability and with changes in the electrical charge across the membrane. This electrical change is called _____ and it is the essence of the process called _____.

the receptor potential; transduction. (pg. 194)

Quantitative coding for the sense of smell is based on:

the total amount of activity taking place in the glomeruli responding to the odorant. (pg. 200)

Cognitive psychology is BEST characterized as the study of:

the various forms of mental information that guide behavior and experience.(pg. 15)

While physiologists were examining the neural mechanisms of behavior, and empiricist philosophers were analyzing lawful relationships between behavior and the environment, Darwin was studying the functions of the behavior, which are:

the ways in which an organism's behavior helps it to survive and reproduce.

A _____ is a model used to explain observations and make predictions, whereas a _____ is a prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy.

theory; hypothesis (pg. 31)

Suppose a researcher finds a correlation between the amount of time college students spend on social media sites (variable A) and the students' amount of sleep (variable B). The researcher can reasonably conclude that:

there may be a relationship between the variables. (pg. 35-36)

Aristotle's principle of association by contiguity would NOT help explain one's ability to recall:

things that occur at different points in time. (pg. 349)

Ethical issues in human psychological research involve all EXCEPT the:

use of invalid instruments in data gathering procedures. (pg. 54)

Which type of knowledge did Kant say is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned?

a priori knowledge (pg. 8)

A child's ability to learn a language refers to _____ knowledge whereas the specific words and grammar that a child acquires refers to _____ knowledge.

a priori; a posteriori

Jeremy's ability to hold himself upright demonstrates _____knowledge while his ability to do a variety of yoga poses demonstrates _____knowledge.

a priori; a posteriori

Immanuel Kant distinguished between _____ knowledge, which is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned, and _____ knowledge, which is gained from experience in the environment.

a priori; a posteriori (pg. 8)

Which does NOT increase the likelihood that the observed difference between two means will be statistically significant?

an increase in the difference between the two means. (pg 44-45)

A questionnaire used to measure childhood aggression asks the question "Does your child push others?" This is an example of:

an operational definition (pg. 47-48)

Hobbes's materialism proposed that the body:

and the mechanistic brain controls all voluntary and involuntary behavior. (pg. 4)

What is the master center of appetite control and weight regulation?

arcuate nucleus (pg. 161)

If a person tries to solve a problem or becomes excited while in a waking state, the EEG is most likely to show:

beta waves (pg. 167)

As one fall asleep, how does one's EEG wave patterns change as one goes from being alert, to being relaxed, to being deep asleep?

beta waves > alpha waves > delta waves (pg. 167)

During REM sleep, EEG waves resemble _____ waves, muscles become more _____, and breathing and heart rates become _____.

beta; relaxed; more rapid (pg. 168)

A survey investigating public opinion regarding drug abuse and addiction in the United States is carried out by telephone with calls made Monday-Friday between 9 A.M. and 5 P.M. This study is flawed, due to:

biased sampling. (pg. 46-47)

On several rainy days, Andrea distributes a questionnaire about mood to participants, but does not tell them about her research interest because she fears that calling attention to the rain will bias participants' opinions about their mood. Keeping participants uninformed about the hypothesis of the study is also known as keeping them:

blind. (pg. 51)

Scientists know that stress-induced analgesia is mediated by endorphins because rats injected with endorphin(s):

blockers and then subjected to stress showed no sign of the usual stress-induced analgesia. (pg. 212)

According to the theory of dualism, behavior is controlled by the:

body and the soul (pg. 3)

Following extreme physical exercise, sleep is usually deeper and lasts somewhat longer. This fact tends to support the _____ theory of sleep.

body-restoration (pg. 171)

In his view of dualism, Descartes believed that any behavior common to both human beings and nonhuman animals must be produced by the _____ and not the _____.

body; soul. (pg.3)

According to the side-effect theory of dreams discussed in the text, dreams are the result of the:

brain making sense of hallucinations caused by the exercise of perceptual and motor neuron groups during REM sleep. (pg. 173)

The hypothalamus is the hub for the central drive system because it connects the:

brainstem, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and endocrine system (pg. 155)

Sophie studies the differences between societies that have an individualistic view versus a collectivistic (group) view. She would most likely describe herself as a _____ psychologist.

cultural. (pg. 16)

A cultural psychologist would be most interested in studying:

discipline styles among parents from three countries. (pg. 16)

Research has shown that increased time in short-term memory:

does not necessarily increase the likelihood an item will be encoded into long-term memory (pg. 339)

Liking is to endorphins as wanting is to:

dopamine. (pg. 157-158)

Each taste bud contains about 50 or more _______________, which has hair-like extensions that make contact with the fluid lining of the surface of the tongue and mouth

taste receptor cells(p. 205).

Olds and Milner identified reward pathways in the brain by:

testing rats in an apparatus in which the rats could electrically stimulate various areas of their own brains by pressing a lever. (pg. 156)

Brennan notices that the subjects in his experiment modify or improve an aspect of their behavior because they know they are being studied. This phenomenon is called:

the Hawthorne effect (pg. 40)

Which of these theories help explain why small mammals sleep longer than larger one?

the body restoration theory

The existence of phantom-limb pain suggests that:

the brain's pain mechanisms can be activated by factors other than sensory input. (pg. 210)

Reflexology was born out of the understanding of how _____ work together to create reflexive actions.

the central nervous system and peripheral nerves (pg. 5)

While waiting to enter a classroom, students talk in pairs and attend to their conversation partner while screening out the voices of the other pairs. This is an example of:

the cocktail-party phenomenon (pg. 318)

_____ is a component of rewards that refers to the effects those rewards have on learning.

Reinforcement

A shorter person usually weighs less than a taller person. Which correlation coefficient between height and weight might possibly describe this relationship?

+0.80

Which value illustrates the highest correlation coefficient?

-0.8 (pg. 42)

Which coefficient would indicate the strongest correlation theoretically possible?

-1.00

Which correlation coefficient would indicate the weakest correlation?

0.00. (pg. 42-43)

The median of 20, 12, 10, 19, 13 is:

13 (pg. 41)

A BMI of ____ is considered overweight and one of _____ is considered obese.

25; 30 (pg. 164)

What is the median of the numbers 8, 7, 5, 9, 12?

8 (pg. 41)

Each complete sleep cycle lasts about:

90 minutes (pg. 168)

What is the difference between a mood and an emotional feeling?

A mood is an emotional feeling that has lasted for a long period.

When Ashton attends a birthday party, he expects people will give presents, sing "Happy Birthday," and put candles on a cake. Ashton's idea of what he expects to happen at this event is known as:

A script (pg. 351)

In pain reduction, which is MOST likely to mediate the placebo effect?

endorphin production (pg. 212)

The sharp, highly localized pain Paulina feels when her finger is burned is thought to be mediated by:

A-delta fibers (pg. 209)

_____ are myelinated, fast-conducting fibers that signal the first wave of pain upon injury.

A-delta fibers (pg. 209)

All are qualitative dimensions of sensory coding EXCEPT the:

loudness of two tones at the same pitch. (pg. 194)

Malcolm is attending a laser-light show at a local planetarium. The show begins with a display of very faint red lights. The weakest intensity of red light that Malcolm is able to see is his _____ for that light.

Absolute threshold (pg. 196)

Which is an example of sensory adaptation?

After a few minutes of exposure to an unpleasant odor, one no longer notices the smell. (pg. 195)

C fibers are believed to be responsive to _____ and to mediate _____ pain.

All types of pain stimuli; second (pg. 209)

What is one potential problem with conducting research in a laboratory setting?

Artificial environments may interfere with genuine results. (pg. 38)

Which statement would accurately encourage older people to make sure their smoke alarms and other alert systems are properly working?

As the sense of smell declines with age, the elderly are less likely to smell smoke in time to escape. (pg. 201)

Which of the following is NOT a natural science?

psychology

Frederick wanted to know how couples communicate. He asked his friends who were in a relationship if they could take a survey. This type of study displays:

Bais (pg. 46)

If psychology can be defined as the science of behavior and the mind, why are the data in psychology always drawn from behavior?

Behavior can be observed but the mind cannot (pg. 1)

After spending several days in a deep meditative state, members of a remote tribal community participate in an annual celebration, piercing their chests, backs, and faces with thick needles carved from bone. _____ MOST likely explains why these individuals appear to feel no pain from the piercings.

Belief-induced analgesia (pg. 212)

People with more taste buds than average are most sensitive to which taste?

Bitter (pg. 205)

After eating, Bob is still starving. However, after waiting for about 15 minutes he was no longer hungry. What best explains this occurrence?

Bob began to feel the effect of PYY. (pg. 162)

Lester accidentally hits his thumb with a hammer. The diffuse, long-lasting pain he feels is carried to his central nervous system by:

C fibers (pg. 209)

Who was the scientist who wrote The Origin of Species and proposed that natural selection leads to the evolution of behavioral tendencies that promote survival and reproduction?

Charles Darwin (pg. 8)

In a digit span test, Nelson was able to recall the 12 individual numbers 194719481949 by grouping the digits together to form higher-order units. His technique for remembering the numbers as the three years 1947, 1948, 1949, rather than 12 individual digits is called:

Chunking (pg. 341)

Instead of memorizing a complex mathematical equation, a math student decides to memorize small pieces of the equation. This strategy is MOST similar to:

Chunking (pg. 341)

Psychologists have found it is easier for people to remember groups of adjacent items, compared to remembering items with no affiliation. The procedure of grouping together separate items in order to remember them with greater ease is called:

Chunking (pg. 341)

Shanice discovers a useful way to remember the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior) is to remember the word homes. The strategy that BEST describes the technique Shanice is using to remember the lakes is called:

Chunking (pg. 341)

While in the living room, Rocco thinks of something he needs from the bedroom but, when he gets there, he forgets what he wanted. Rocco goes back to the same spot in the living room and the memory returns. In other words, Rocco solved his memory problem by taking advantage of:

Context (pg. 350)

In the information-processing model of memory attention, encoding, and retrieval are known as _____ processes.

Control (pg. 314)

If Karen is taking biology this semester and likes psychology, what type of psychology would she most likely NOT going consider to pursue?

Cultural psychology

What has provided strong evidence that endorphins are involved in the liking component of reward?

Drugs that increase the effectiveness of endorphins increase the facial liking reaction to sucrose (pg. 158)

Auditory sensory memory is also called _____ memory.

Echoic (pg. 320)

How is elaborate rehearsal more effective than rote learning?

Elaborative rehearsal promotes understanding and not just memorization like rote learning. (pg. 339)

Carlos has realized that trying to memorize terms for his exam is not helpful. Instead, he attempts to understand the meaning behind the concepts and is better able to remember them. This deeper method of processing information is called:

Elboration (pg. 339)

Which statement is TRUE of the periaqueductal gray (PAG)?

Electrical stimulation of the PAG can reduce or stop chronic pain. (pg. 211)

____ is short for endogenous morphine-like substance.

Endorphin (pg. 158)

Kamal remembers the first time he saw a Spider-Man comic book. Kamal's memory of this experience in his life is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

Episodic (pg. 332)

People's knowledge of their own past experiences is considered _____ memory.

Episodic (pg. 332)

Semantic memory and episodic memory are both subclasses of _____ memory.

Explicit (pg. 331)

Which area of the brain is MOST involved in the control of attention?

Frontal lobe (pg. 323)

Serena is a participant in a selective listening experiment where she is asked to immediately repeat the words coming into her left ear and ignore the words coming into her right ear. When thinking about what she heard in her right ear, Serena will BEST identify the:

Gender of the speaker (pg. 318)

How is Jane Goodall's primatology work in Africa an example of a field study?

Goodall observed apes in their natural habitat. (pg. 37-38)

Which statement accurately describes transduction in hearing?

Hair cells on the basilar membrane bend as they are pressed against the tectorial membrane by the basilar membrane's movement. (pg. 216)

Pfungst drew a testable hypothesis from his theory that:

Hans was guided by visual cues from onlookers. (pg. 31)

Ivan sustained a head injury in a car accident resulting in temporal lobe amnesia. After the accident, Ivan learned to play the piano in a therapy program. Which statement describes what is MOST likely to happen to Ivan after he ends the program?

He can play the piano, but cannot remember being in the therapy program. (pg. 336)

Ashtad, a psychology professor, is investigating the effect on exam grades of a note-taking strategy. Which statement is an example of a between-groups experimental approach to this research question?

He teaches one group of randomly selected students the note-taking strategy and the other students are given general instructions to "take good notes." (pg. 34)

Suppose a researcher measures intelligence by weighing participants on a highly accurate scale. This measure would have _____ reliability, and _____ validity.

High; low (pg. 47-48)

Researchers found a positive correlation between television violence and levels of cortisol, a stress hormone. According to this finding, people who watch more television violence tend to have _____ levels of cortisol than those who watch less.

Higher (pg. 42)

Victor views the word "cat" on a screen, while Tanya hears the word "cat" over a speaker for the same length of time. The word "cat" is in Victor's _____ memory, meaning the word will linger in his sensory memory for a shorter period of time than in Tanya's.

Iconic (pg. 320)

How do drives and incentives complement each other?

If one is weak, the other must be strong in order to motivate goal-directed behavior (pg. 152)

Which is TRUE of sensorineural deafness?

It is a result of damage to the hair cells of the cochlea or to the auditory neurons. (pg. 217)

Which statement is TRUE of sensory memory?

It is of high capacity and short duration. (pg. 313)

Which statement concerning Bekesy's traveling wave theory is TRUE?

It must be supplemented by a theory about the timing of vibration on the basilar membrane for sounds below about 4000 Hz. (pg. 218)

How does psychology relate to other disciplines?

It relates to all three disciplines.

What was the significance of Paul Broca discovering that the loss of the ability to speak is linked to damage in a specific area of the brain?

It suggested the idea that different parts of the brain serve different mental functions. (pg. 5-6)

Noria's eyes are adapted to complete darkness and Kellen's eyes are adapted to a small amount of light. Will Noria's absolute threshold for white light be lower or higher than Kellen's absolute threshold for white light?

It would be lower (pg. 196)

The perception of certain environmental events gives rise to bodily arousal, and the awareness of this arousal is emotion, according to:

James's peripheral feedback theory of emotion. (pg. 181)

All of these are examples of implicit memory EXCEPT:

Knowledge of current events (pg. 331)

_____ refers to the feeling of satisfaction that occurs when one receives a reward, and _____ refers to the desire to obtain a reward.

Liking; wanting (pg. 156)

Which approach would a behavioral geneticist most likely take in order to understand the factors involved in sexual jealousy?

Measure the degree of jealousy displayed in identical twins as compared to nonidentical twins. (pg. 13)

The philosophy that holds that human knowledge and thought come from sensory experience is referred to as empiricism, according to your text, the philosophy that believes the opposite is called:

Nativism

Darwin argued that facial muscles evolved over time to give them the unique ability to express emotions, giving humans the innate ability to learn to communicate. Darwin's insights on the evolution of emotions gave _____ a scientific way of thinking about the inborn universal tendencies that constitute human behavior.

Nativist theories

Which statement is FALSE regarding the role of smell in interpersonal relations?

Nearly 50 percent of mothers can immediately identify their newborn babies by smell alone right after birth. (pg. 202)

A correlational study may suggest a cause-effect relationship between two variables, but it does not in itself constitute evidence of cause and effect. Why not?

Neither variable is manipulated, so it's impossible to identify the cause and effect with certainty. (pg. 35)

Each sense has its own set of sensory _____, which carry the neural impulses from the receptors to the central nervous system.

Neurons (pg. 193)

Tenen is on the jury for a very important trial. The only strong evidence that a man is guilty of a crime is a witness' testimony. Should Tenen base his judgment on a witness' memory?

No, memories are highly susceptible to suggestion. (pg. 352)

Which best describes Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion?

Perception of the stimulus influences the type of emotion felt, and the degree of bodily arousal influences the intensity of the emotion felt. (pg.182)

Free nerve endings are the sensitive terminals of the receptors for the sense of:

Pain (pg. 208)

Melzack and Wall proposed a theory that explained a person's changing threshold for:

Pain (pg. 210)

In what way is pain a body sense like that of touch, temperature sensitivity, and the sense of body position?

Pain can originate from multiple places throughout the body and the experience of pain comes from the body itself, not outside stimuli. (pg. 208)

Why does the research conducted by Eagle and his colleagues, using the duck image embedded in the tree silhouette, suggest that unconscious processing for meaning can take place for unattended visual stimuli?

Participants could not report having seen a duck figure but incorporated duck-related images into their drawings of nature scenes. (pg. 321)

What allowed Pfungst to demonstrate the existence of a cause-effect relationship between visual cues being given by observers and Clever Hans' ability to respond correctly to questions?

Pfungst measured the questions Hans answered correctly with or without blinders on, and kept other variables constant. (pg. 35)

Individual vowel and consonant sounds that make up words are called:

Phonemes (pg. 221)

Researchers investigating childhood amnesia suggest the slow development of the _____ in childhood is the reason adults have poor recall from the first few years of life.

Prefrontal cortex

Kendra was the only participant shown a photograph of an apple. Later in the experiment, she was able to identify an unclear drawing as an apple when the other participants did not. Kendra's ability to identify the drawing as an apple was due to:

Priming (pg. 321)

_____ is the unconscious pre-activation of information that is already stored in long-term memory.

Priming (pg. 321)

Each time Ari ties his shoes, he is accessing his _____ memory.

Procedural (pg. 331-334)

A child shows off its newfound ability to tie its shoe. The child has MOST directly demonstrated an addition to its _____ memory.

Procedural (pg. 334)

Josephina was woken up by a noise in the middle of the night, and remembers having a vivid dream that seemed very realistic. She was most likely woken up during what stage of sleep?

REM (pg.168)

Zion is trying to remember the name of his first-grade teacher. The transfer of information from Zion's long-term memory to his working memory is called:

Retrieval (pg. 315)

What form of memory dysfunction from the text MOST accurately describes the amnesia typically characterized in soap operas in which the person can form long-term memories after the accident but has no memories of what happened before the accident?

Retrograde amnesia (pg. 345)

Which scenario MOST accurately reflects a schema?

Sarah is able to recognize the city park, even though it doesn't look like any other park she has seen before. (pg. 350)

If Imani has an intense fear of jellyfish, _____ would predict that seeing and perceiving a jellyfish when swimming would lead Imani to feel the emotion of fear while her level of body arousal would influence the intensity of fear she feels.

Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory (pg. 182)

Which theory predicts that a drug-induced increase in arousal will increase the intensity of the emotion felt in an emotion-inducing situation?

Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory of emotion and James's peripheral-feedback theory of emotion (pg. 182)

Luka recently moved to Columbus, Ohio, from Seattle. He was surprised to find Starbucks and skyscrapers downtown. This scene was contradictory to his _____ of a typical Midwest city, as consisting mainly of some low-profile office buildings, and a field with dairy cows.

Schema (pg. 350)

A general mental representation of the sequence of events normally involved in going to a restaurant would be an example of a(n):

Script (pg. 351)

Judy is so focused on watching basketball players in white shirts pass the ball to one another that she does not see a gorilla in the room. This is an example of:

Selective viewing (pg. 318)

Lisa is handing out surveys assessing recycling habits to her fellow students. What type of data-collection method is she MOST likely employing?

Self-reporting (pg. 31, 38-39)

Knowing the meaning of the word orchestra and knowing that Vladimir Horowitz was a great pianist are all pieces of knowledge that would be stored in a person's _____ memory.

Semantic (pg. 332)

Eliseo knows Devo was a popular band during the 1980s, yet he cannot link this knowledge with any event in his life. This type of information that Eliseo can state without remembering when or where he learned it is an example of _____ memory.

Sematic (pg. 332)

A wonderful fragrance is wafting in toward Rasindu from the kitchen. _____ is the process by which Rasindu produces a basic experience of that fragrance and _____ is the process by which information about the scent is organized and interpreted as freshly baked cookies.

Sensation; perception (pg. 192)

Emerson is concentrating on driving though a busy intersection when his passenger asks him a question to which he does not attend. Emerson says "What?" but before the question is repeated, he "hears" it from his own memory. Presumably, a trace still existed in his _____ memory.

Sensory (pg. 313)

The preservation of the pattern of neural responses to a stimulus (such as a light or a sound) and information about various dimensions of the stimulus (such as the wavelength of light or the frequency of sound waves) is called:

Sensory coding (pg. 194)

Working memory, also known as _____ memory, is where all conscious perception and reasoning occurs.

Short-term (pg. 313)

Sensory memory can hold information for a very _____ period of time, and contains _____ of the sensory input that enters the sensory system.

Short; all (pg. 313)

Jose is asked to find the olfactory bulb. In which sensory system should Jose first look?

Smell (pg. 200)

Jacob and Aiden have both been wounded to similar degrees but neither feels any pain. _____ accounts for Jacob's lack of pain, as he was just stabbed by a mugger and has to get away. However, _____ accounts for Aiden's lack of pain because he has spent hours meditating in order to pierce his cheeks for a religious ceremony.

Stress-induced analgesia; belief-induced analgesia (pg. 212)

If traits that give organisms a_____ advantage are also heritable, that is, passed from parent to child, then there will be a slightly higher proportion of fast rabbits or efficient algae in the next generation.

Survival

Yu is studying the sense of smell and the olfactory area. What part of the brain should Yu be focusing on?

Temporal lobe (pg. 200)

Trying to visualize verbally presented information _____ encoding.

Tends to strengthen (pg. 343)

_____ support(s) the notion that the brain's mechanisms for experiencing pain can be activated without sensory input.

The existence of phantom-limb pain (pg. 210)

Which opinion demonstrates Descartes' philosophy of dualism in regards to anger?

The soul is responsible for an individual's consistent anger. (pg. 3)

Frank has a diverse group of friends. Some are artists, others writers, and still others are priests. What academic division would all of these people fall under?

The humanities

In her correlational study of parents' disciplinary styles and children's development, Diana Baumrind found that children of authoritative parents scored higher on behavioral measures than children of authoritarian and permissive parents. Which statement is TRUE regarding Baumrind's study?

The parents' discipline style and the children's behavior may be influenced by a third variable not measured in Baumrind's study. (pg. 36)

A researcher is studying the effect of psychotherapy on students' level of anxiety. The researcher randomly assigns 60 participants to one of three treatment conditions: daily sessions, weekly sessions, or no sessions. Which method might the researcher use to measure the participants' anxiety level and why?

The questionnaire method, because it produces data about things that cannot be observed, such as thoughts and feelings. (pg. 39-40)

How can a researcher conclude from an experiment that a cause-effect relationship exists between two variables?

The results of an experiment can demonstrate that change in the dependent variable is caused by change in the independent variable (pg. 34)

Which statement accurately describes transduction of smell?

The terminals of olfactory sensory neurons contain receptor sites that bind molecules of odorous substances. (pg. 200)

Which statement is FALSE regarding the relationship between the independent and dependent variables?

The variables are both manipulated. (pg. 34)

Which statement about human olfactory receptors is TRUE?

There are approximately 400 different types of receptor sites. (pg. 200)

Which is evidence that the medial forebrain bundle and nucleus accumbens are essential pathways for the effects of a wide variety of rewards?

These two brain structures become active in all sorts of situations in which an individual receives a reward. (pg. 157)

Why might researchers want to utilize laboratory settings for their research?

They allow for the most control over variables.

What do elaboration, organization, and visualization all have in common?

They are all encoding strategies (pg. 339; 343)

A study shows that as the number of churches in a town increases, the rate of crime also increases. Which statement below is TRUE regarding the study's findings?

They are correlational. The two variables might be caused by a third variable. (pg. 35-37)

Which statement about descriptive statistics is FALSE?

They determine whether results are due to chance. (pg 41-43)

Which statement below BEST represents the role of statistics in the scientific field of psychology?

They summarize and analyze the data that have been collected in a research study. (pg. 41-45)

Materialism is credited to which philosopher?

Thomas Hobbes. (pg. 4)

What limitation makes Descartes' theory of dualism unacceptable to most contemporary psychologists?

Thought and thought-related phenomena are not accessible to scientific study. (pg. 4)

What is the purpose of using a placebo in a drug experiment?

To determine whether the drug's effect is due to the participants' own expectations. (pg. 52)

Josh is working in the yard when an insect buzzes by his ear. Before he can hear the insect, the receptor cells in his ear must produce an electrical change in response to the sound. This process is called:

Transduction (pg. 194)

_____ is the process by which the sensory cells in one's nose respond to the physical stimulus by producing an electrical change.

Transduction (pg. 194)

Andrea is studying psychophysics. She has a participant hold 30 marbles in one hand. What psychological law should Andrea use in order to find out how many marbles she needs to add for the participant to feel the difference?

Weber's law (pg. 197)

_____ is considered to be the founder of scientific psychology, in part because he founded the first university-based psychology laboratory.

Wilhelm Wundt (pg. 2)

Which BEST describes a typical night's sleep?

With each successive cycle, the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases. (pg. 168)

Which statement is an actual research finding that supports an evolutionary perspective on why individuals experience bitter tastes as unpleasant and consequently avoid them?

Women are most sensitive to bitter tastes during the first three months of pregnancy, the period in which the fetus is most vulnerable to poisons. (pg. 206)

Implicit memories are different than explicit memories because they do not affect behavior by entering _____ memory as explicit memories do

Working (pg. 331)

Implicit memories are different than explicit memories because they do not affect behavior by entering _____ memory as explicit memories do.

Working (pg. 331)

Craik and Tulving showed a list of words to participants and asked them to answer one of the following questions about each word. Which question led to the BEST long-term memory for the words?

Would it fit into the sentence: The girl placed the _____ on the table? (pg. 339)

Before the 1920s, scientists believed that the basilar membrane acted like harp strings. Georg von Bekesy was the first to discover that the membrane actually behaves more like:

a bed sheet when someone shakes it at one end. (pg. 217-218)

In a correlational study of driving safety, accident rates during phone use were compared to accident rates for the same people when the phone was not in use. It was found that there was:

a four times higher accident rate when cell phones were being used than when they were not. (pg. 327)

The neurons near the proximal end of the basilar membrane fire rapidly, while other neurons on the membrane barely fire. The brain interprets this as:

a high-pitched sound. (pg. 218)

Dr. Gonzales is interested in how the presence of others affects people's willingness to help a stranger in an emergency. Dr. Gonzales decides to stage an accident and record how many people approach the scene to help. Dr. Gonzales is using _____ as a data-collection method.

a test (pg. 39)

Which pain reduction method can work for humans but not for rats?

belief- induced analgesia (pg. 212)

The _____ is the faintest detectable sound from a flute, and _____ refers to the minimal difference in intensity between two otherwise identical stimuli, such as a flute and a piccolo (a small flute).

absolute threshold; just-noticeable difference. (pg. 196)

Charlotte made a last-minute play in the volleyball tournament that caused her team to win and experiences an intense feeling of pleasure as a result. This feeling of pleasure is referred to as:

affect (pg. 177)

What is the difference between affect and mood?

affect is a short-term emotion independent of an object, while mood is long term, free-floating emotion (pg. 178)

Collins and Loftus designed a spreading-activation model of memory organization to explain the results of experiments on people's ability to recognize or recall specific words:

after exposure to other words (pg. 333)

Descartes' version of dualism defines behavior as controlled by the soul and the body. His philosophy suggests that it is possible to scientifically study behavior because:

all behaviors that are common to both humans and animals are produced by the body alone. (pg.3)

The value of sensory adaptation is that it:

allows one to focus his/her attention on the changes that occur in his/her environment. (pg. 195)

If a piano's notes were getting softer and higher pitched, its _____ as measured in _____ would be decreasing and its _____ as measured in _____ would be increasing.

amplitude; decibels; frequency; hertz (pg. 213)

In monkeys, removal of the _____ results in psychic blindness, an inability to process the psychological significance of objects.

amygdala and nearby portions of the cortex. (pg. 184)

In the brain-based theory of emotion, the _____ plays a central role in assessing the emotional significance of stimuli and generating an immediate emotional response, whereas the _____ is responsible for the conscious experience of emotion.

amygdala; prefrontal cortex. (pg. 184-185)

What is a subjective feeling that is mentally directed toward some object?

an emotion (pg. 177)

Robert Plutchik identified eight primary emotions by:

asking subjects to rate pairs of common emotion labels for the similarity of the emotions they described, producing a theory that is useful but definitely not universally accepted. (pg. 178)

Because Shayla often eats hot dogs at football games, the thought of one of these things makes Shayla think about the other. This can be BEST accounted for by the principle of:

association by contiguity. (pg. 349)

A learning psychologist:

attempts to explain behavior most directly and exclusively in terms of learning.

The Stroop effect is due to the:

automatic nature of skilled reading (pg. 316)

Dr. Brown is interested in researching the role of the nervous system in a person's experience of sexual jealousy. What type of researcher is Dr. Brown?

behavioral neuroscientist (pg. 11)

Why is seeking for social contact NOT considered a regulatory drive?

because it does not maintain homeostasis and is considered a want more than a need for the body (pg. 153-154)

The Stroop interference effect illustrates that when a perceptual skill becomes automatic, it:

becomes difficult to avoid doing it (pg. 316)

According to the definition offered in the textbook, psychology is the science of:

behavior and the mind (pg.1)

Psychologists study the mind by observing behavior because:

behavior can be observed but the mind cannot. (pg.1)

Researchers have found that women in their reproductive years become increasingly sensitive to particular odors as a result of repeated exposure. Such findings are consistent with theories that olfaction serves one or more special functions related to reproduction in women EXCEPT:

caring for other infants (pg. 201)

The set of neurons in which activity constitutes a motivational state is called a:

central drive system. (pg. 155)

Cognitive psychologists often compare working memory to the _____ of a computer.

central processing unit (pg. 314)

The idea that different drives correspond to neural activities in different sets of neurons in the brain describes what theory?

central-state theory of drives (pg. 155)

Which phenomena is BEST explained in terms of chunking, according to the textbook? The ability of:

chess masters to remember the arrangement of pieces on a chess board. (pg. 341)

Who is the LEAST susceptible to the Stroop interference effect?

children who have not yet learned to read (pg. 316)

Alec uses the mnemonic device "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos" to remember the order of the planets from the Sun. Alec is using the process of:

chunking (pg. 341)

Suppose participants are asked to listen to the following list of letters and then to repeat them in order: i, n, t, r, o, p, s, y, c, h. Participants who perform the task most accurately and with the LEAST apparent effort probably have used:

chunking (pg. 341)

What is the term for any biological change that is in approximately a 24-hour cycle without any external cues?

circadian rhythm (pg. 175)

As Demetria listens to music, sound waves are transported inward to her _____, the structure where transduction takes place.

cochlea (pg. 216)

The fact that humans can distinguish a more intense sound from a less intense one indicates that humans are able to:

code quantitative information about stimuli. (pg. 194)

Which occurs because different receptors in a given sensory system are tuned to respond to somewhat different forms of energy (e.g., different wavelengths of light)?

coding of stimulus quality. (pg. 194)

Jane is a psychology student and wants to focus her study on the human memory. Studying human memory also involves studying human beliefs and thoughts. What is Jane ultimately studying?

cognition (pg.15)

A psychologist is researching effective learning strategies for acquiring a second language. This type of research is:

cognitive (pg. 15)

Logan is interested in how the processing and organization of memories involving people of other races might contribute to prejudiced beliefs and behaviors. She is looking for a _____ explanation of prejudice.

cognitive (pg. 15)

The study of information that is stored and activated by the brain, such as beliefs, thoughts, or forms of memories, is part of which branch of psychology?

cognitive (pg. 15)

The psychologist Oskar Pfungst discovered the source of Clever Hans's intellectual abilities by:

conducting experiments in which he controlled what the horse could and could not see. (pg. 30)

The memory of an event is MOST like a:

construction built and rebuilt from various sources of information. (pg. 350)

Arzu hypothesized that highly stressful childhood experiences are associated with mental distress in adulthood. To test this hypothesis, she identified a group of people who had suffered such experiences and a group who had not, and then determined how many in each group had experienced a period of severe mental distress in adulthood, as defined by inpatient psychiatric treatment for two weeks or longer. This study is an example of a(n):

correlational study

What is the thin, porous bone in which the axons of the olfactory sensory neurons pass through?

cribriform plate. (pg. 199)

Which statement is NOT a component of determining statistical significance?

data-collection methods. (pg. 44-45)

Stage 4 of sleep brain activity indicates long, irregular flowing waves on the EEG. What are these waves named

delta waves

Stage 4 of sleep brain activity indicates long, irregular flowing waves on the EEG. What are these waves named?

delta waves (pg. 167)

Which are MOST common during stage 4 of sleep?

delta waves (pg. 167)

Mark believes that doing meditation decreases calorie intake. To test his hypothesis, Mark assigns participants to two groups, one that participates in a meditation program and another that does not. He then measures how many calories they consume each day. In Mark's study, calories are the _____ variable.

dependent (pg. 34)

Murad is testing to see if an energy drink increases athletic performance. On one day, he has the participants drink an energy drink before playing a game. On another day, he has the participants drink nothing before the game. In this situation, athletic performance is the _____, and whether or not they had an energy drink is the _____.

dependent variable; independent variable.

Mary tests two groups of participants to determine whether sleeping enhances memory. She has both groups read a list of words to memorize. Group A then goes to sleep, while group B stays awake all night. In the morning, both groups are given a memory test. In this example, the number of words remembered is the _____ and sleeping is the _____.

dependent variable; independent variable. (pg. 34)

A psychologist asks 3-year-olds to explore a room filled with toys either with or without their mothers present. The time the children spend exploring is measured. Exploration time is thus an example of a(n) _____ variable, and the presence or absence of the mother is a(n) _____ variable.

dependent; independent. (pg. 34)

Which example is a demonstration of naturalistic observation?

depriving assembly line workers of water for 6 hours and measuring their general level of activity during this period. (pg. 39)

Jonathan has spent the last 3 years observing the mating patterns of blue-footed boobies in Peru. He is MOST likely conducting a(n) _____ study.

descriptive

What type of statistics helps to summarize sets of data?

descriptive statistics.

A psychologist systematically observes and records the behavior of children on their first trip to a dentist's office. This psychologist is performing a(n):

descriptive study (pg. 37)

A cochlear implant will alleviate deafness caused by:

destruction of the hair cells in the inner ear (pg. 217)

Mohammad is interested in comparing young children, older children, and adolescents in terms of their moral reasoning level. Given his interest in typical age-related changes in reasoning, he is most likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental (pg. 16-17)

Which explanations for behavior describe the typical age differences that occur in how people act and think?

developmental explanations (pg. 16-17)

Researchers showed participants a video of three black-shirted players tossing a basketball among themselves and three white-shirted players tossing a basketball among themselves in the same play area. Participants were told to count the number of passes made by the players in the white shirts. When questioned immediately after the video, 50 percent of the participants claimed they:

did not see the gorilla walk into the center of the players, face the camera, and hit its chest. (pg. 319-320)

On the first trial of a psychology experiment, Tam is presented with two identical auditory tones. On subsequent trials, the intensity of the second tone is slightly increased, and Tam is asked to report the first time she hears a difference. The researchers are trying to discover Tam's:

difference threshold. (pg. 196)

One group receives a placebo and a different group receives a new drug. Both groups do not know which drug they have received, and the observers also are not aware of who received the new drug. This demonstration is a _____ experiment.

double-blind (pg. 51)

A study is designed to test the effectiveness of a new pill in treating insomnia. There are two groups of participants, one getting the new pill and the other getting a placebo. If neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is receiving the new pill, the design is a(n) _____ experiment.

double-blind. (pg. 52)

Consistent with the gate-control theory of pain, activation of neurons in the PAG of the midbrain inhibits pain by way of axons that run:

down to the lower brainstem and spinal cord, where pain sensory neurons enter. (pg. 211)

Hunger is an example of a(n) _____ and food is an example of the corresponding _____.

drive; incentive (pg. 152)

If a person believes that a nontangible soul exists separately from the material body, then that person's beliefs identify with the philosophical belief known as:

dualism (pg. 3)

All statements concerning the senses are true EXCEPT:

each sense is capable of producing conscious sensory experiences without the involvement of the cortex. (pg. 193)

Two lion cubs are stalking and pouncing on their mother's tail. Of the five categories of mammalian drives, their practicing of life skills through play would be categorized as a(n) _____ drive.

educative (pg. 154)

Which is MOST useful as an index of sleep?

electrical brain activity measured with an EEG (pg. 166)

Cassie is out with her friends at a bonfire. When Cassie moves closer to the fire, she experiences the sensation of heat. As a result, Cassie begins to move toward the fire whenever she gets cold. This demonstrates how her sensory experience shaped her behavior. Which philosophy would explain Cassie's behavior?

empiricism (pg. 6)

Which statement BEST describes the memory deficit of H. M.? H. M. was unable to:

encode information into long-term memory (pg. 335)

According to network models of long-term memory organization, such as that of Collins and Loftus, long-term memory is BEST thought of as a(n):

enormous web of concepts that are linked together by associations. (pg. 333)

An amnesic patient was told, "Sierra's father was a fireman." When later asked what Sierra's father did for a living, the patient responded, "He was a fireman," but when asked how he knew that, he said, "I don't know." This patient was thereby demonstrating a deficit in _____ memory.

episodic (pg. 337)

Being able to recall one's childhood birthdays is an example of a(n) _____ memory.

episodic memory (pg. 332)

Patients with developmental amnesia typically have the most severe deficiency in:

episodic memory (pg. 337)

An online poll is conducted to try and predict who will be elected in the upcoming presidential election. Considering that not everyone has access to the internet, the data collected for the poll is incomplete. What does this example illustrate?

error (pg. 46-47)

After surgical removal of parts of his temporal lobe and limbic system as treatment for epilepsy, the patient H. M. experienced a form of severe amnesia making him unable to remember:

events that occurred after the surgery (pg. 335)

Suppose Dr. Schlesinger is investigating food aversions that some women develop while pregnant. She is particularly interested in the aversion to green vegetables and has hypothesized that this aversion has survival benefits, given that some plants can contain toxins harmful to developing fetuses. These research interests suggest that Dr. Schlesinger is most likely a(n):

evolutionary psychologist (pg. 13-14)

Research suggests that people who want to maintain a lower body weight should:

exercise to build muscle because muscle burns calories at a higher rate than other body tissues do. (pg. 165)

In a(n) _____, the researcher systematically varies the _____ variable.

experiment; independent. (pg. 34)

Patients with temporal lobe amnesia provide evidence that the encoding of _____ but not _____ memories depend on the _____ and nearby structures.

explicit; implicit; hippocampus (pg. 335-336)

Which statement BEST expresses the relationships among facts, hypotheses, theories, and experimental testing in science?

facts -> theories -> hypotheses -> tests -> more facts. (pg. 31)

If the suprachiasmatic nucleus is damaged, animals will:

fall asleep and wake up at random times (pg. 175)

After her house was robbed, Salina was asked to identify the guilty man in a lineup. While talking to the police officer, her judgment of who committed the crime inadvertently changed because of how the officer looked at each of the suspects. This is an example of:

false eyewitness memory (pg. 352)

Source confusion is thought to be a primary cause of MOST cases of:

false-memory construction (pg. 354)

The electroencephalogram (EEG) records three types of electrical activity: _____ waves when a person is awake and attentive, _____ waves when a person is awake but relaxed and nonattentive, and _____ waves when a person is in deep sleep.

fast, irregular; slow, regular; slow, irregular (pg. 167)

All are examples of motivational states EXCEPT:

food (pg. 152)

Darwin's concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the _____ of behavior.

functions (pg. 9)

In selective listening studies, most participants were able to identify the _____ of the message they were NOT attending to.

gender of the speaker (pg. 318)

Given what researchers know about elaborative rehearsal, it makes sense that the text recommends _____ as a superior method for learning textbook material.

generating questions about the material read. (pg. 339)

Carlos tells everyone he can't help his fidgeting because it is something he cannot control, he was born that way. What level of analysis is he using?

genetic (pg. 11 & 13)

All other things being equal, the results of a study are more likely to be statistically significant when there is a:

greater difference between group means. (pg. 44-45)

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a:

gross index of brain activity, averaging the activity of billions of neurons. (pg. 166)

In circadian-clock experiments with humans, Charles Czeisler found that:

having a few hours of bright, artificial light at night coupled with avoidance of natural light during the day could reverse subjects' circadian clocks. (pg. 176)

Research suggests that all of the following may be related to obesity later in life EXCEPT:

having a twin that is a healthy weight (pg. 164-165)

To remember the areas of the brain, one should think of them in terms of the largest structures to the smallest. For example, there is the cerebral cortex, the cerebral cortex has right and left hemispheres, and each hemisphere contains frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. This memory strategy is referred to as:

hierarchical organization. (pg. 342)

Research on dieting has found that those who are successful typically were so because they avoided_____ but greatly increased _____.

high-fat foods; their exercise (pg. 165)

People who have _____ levels of _____ receptors are more likely to be compulsive gamblers.

higher; dopamine (pg. 160)

An experiment showed that college students who were taught to generate questions and think about answers as part of their studying earned _____ grades than otherwise comparable students who studied simply by rereading. This research provides evidence that _____ leads to better long-term memory.

higher; elaborative rehearsal (pg. 339)

The constancy of internal conditions that the body must actively work to maintain is known as:

homeostasis (pg. 152)

Tyrell goes for a long run on a hot day during which he sweats heavily. His sweating is his body's way of trying to cool down and maintain normal temperature. This tendency of the body to maintain a steady temperature illustrates the importance of maintaining:

homeostasis (pg. 152)

Walter Cannon proposed that individuals can understand drives in terms of the body's need to keep internal conditions (for example, oxygen levels) within restricted ranges. He called this process:

homeostasis (pg. 152)

John Locke's ideas helped initiate the school of thought known as empiricism. Empiricism held as its central belief that:

human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience. (pg. 7)

What is the name for a prediction that is derived from a theory?

hypothesis. (pg.31)

A scientific theory is a(n):

idea or a conceptual model designed to explain existing facts and make specific predictions. (pg. 31)

Mei told her friend, Layla, to smile and be happy. According to Ekman's facial feedback theory of emotion:

if Layla smiles more, she will feel happier. (pg. 183)

Rorschach's inkblots are a series of ambiguous ink stains used to elicit subconscious thoughts from the participant. Past experiences are supposed to affect the results, letting the psychologist look into the participant's reactions and see thoughts and memories the participant may not be aware of. A psychologist studying memory would explain the results of this test in terms of _____ memory.

implicit (pg. 331)

The logical flow of thought depends on priming, which is a type of _____ memory.

implicit (pg. 331)

Where can free nerve endings be found?

in all body tissues from which pain is sensed (pg. 208)

A group of subjects were asked to feel emotions by mentally reliving events associated with them. A second group of subjects were asked to move their facial muscles in ways that mimic the facial expressions associated with various emotions. Researchers found that subjects:

in both groups showed the pattern of arousal associated with the emotion. (pg. 183)

To help a participant selectively listen to one message while ignoring the other, the messages should be presented:

in different parts of the room (pg. 318)

Nick feels dehydrated after running a marathon. He sees a sports drink stand just past the finish line and heads straight for it. The internal motivational state that orients Nick to the sports drink stand is thirst. The sports drink itself represents a(n):

incentive (pg. 152)

The major function of the structures in the middle ear is to _____ the inner ear.

increase the pressure that sound waves exert on (pg. 215)

Which CANNOT reduce pain?

increased activity in C fibers (pg. 211)

As a technical term, error refers to:

increased randomness in results. (pg. 36)

If an experiment has the correlation coefficient of -.85, this means that when one variable decreases, while the other variable ________:

increases. (pg. 42)

Latonia has developed a new treatment to help people quit smoking. 52 % of the participants assigned to her program quit successfully, whereas 34 % of participants assigned to a no-treatment condition quit successfully. If Latonia wanted to rule out the possibility that her treatment's results were due to chance, she should use _____ statistics.

inferential (pg. 43)

Which concept is explicitly designed to help a researcher decide how much confidence to place in a specific, data-based conclusion?

inferential statistics. (pg. 43)

In general, one can determine whether an animal is experiencing a particular motivational state by:

inferring the motivational state from the animal's behavior. (pg. 152)

Most Americans are not obese because of a leptin deficiency, but because they are _____ to the hormone.

insensitive (pg. 163)

Research suggests that obese people may have _____ PYY production; this _____ a contributing cause of obesity.

insufficient; may well be (pg. 162)

Research suggests that obese people may have _____ PYY production; this _____ a contributing cause of obesity

insufficient; may well be (pg.162)

A nonregulatory drive is one that:

is not associated with a clearly identifiable tissue need. (pg. 153)

How is introspection an example of self-reporting?

it is an observation of one's thoughts, perceptions, and feelings. (pg. 39)

Marli is carrying a box of her belongings to her new dorm room. Her roommate puts a book on top of the box Marli is carrying, but Marli does not notice the extra weight of the book. Her roommate keeps adding books until Marli can detect the added weight. Marli's ability to detect a difference in weight is referred to as the:

just-noticeable difference. (pg. 196)

The _____ is the minimal difference in intensity between two stimuli that is required for a person to detect that a difference exists.

just-noticeable difference. (pg. 196)

A psychologist interested in studying conflict between romantic partners brings 50 dating couples, one couple at a time, into a room on campus. This room is designed and equipped specifically to enable videotaping of the couples' interactions without distraction. This psychologist is conducting research in a ___________ setting.

laboratory.

Once when Josh had stomach flu, his mom used a strong floral fragrance when cleaning the living room. Now whenever he smells the floral fragrance he associates it with how sick he felt when he had the stomach flu. Which concept applies to Josh's situation?

law of association by contiguity (pg. 7 & 9)

According to empiricists, the _____ means that two events experienced together will be linked in the person's mind so that the thought of one event will tend to elicit the thought of the other.

law of association by contiguity (pg. 9)

Because Jordan often drinks coffee while eating bagels and reading the newspaper, the thought of one of these things also makes Jordan think about the others. Aristotle would explain this phenomenon in terms of the:

law of association by contiguity. (pg. 9 & 7)

The horse named Clever Hans correctly answered the questions he was asked because he:

learned to respond to movements made unconsciously by his questioner and the audience. (pg. 30)

Which area of psychology would best explain behavior in terms of past experiences with the environment?

learning (pg. 14)

In his research, Dr. Madden attempts to relate learning experiences directly to behavioral changes and is relatively unconcerned with the mental processes. Dr. Madden is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

learning (pg.14)

A woman is eagerly waiting at a coffee shop for her fiancé to arrive. When she sees him approaching, she would most likely experience positive emotions associated with increased brain activity in her:

left prefrontal cortex. (pg. 186)

Which hormone might Daren be lacking if he can continuously eat without ever feeling full?

leptin (pg. 162)

Which is a hormone that regulates weight?

leptin (pg.162)

When fat cells have adequate reserves, they secrete the hormone known as _____, which _____ the hunger drive.

leptin; decreases (pg. 162)

A nonsomniac is a person who has:

less need for sleep compared to the average person. (pg. 173)

A researcher could be MOST confident that the research hypothesis was correct if there were _____ than a _____ percent chance that the data were due to chance and the research hypothesis was wrong.

less; 5 (pg. 44)

One way to keep observer-expectancy and subject-expectancy effects from occurring in an experiment is to:

let neither participants nor experimenters know to which groups the participants are being assigned. (pg. 51)

Dalton wants to determine whether the lighting level in a room affects test performance. He has one group of students take a test in a brightly lit room, and a second group of students take the same test in a dimly lit room. In this experiment, the _____ is the independent variable and the _____ is the dependent variable.

level of brightness; test score (pg. 34)

Broca's area in the brain's left hemisphere is an example of:

localization of function (pg. 5)

Colin argues with a colleague that one part of the brain controls anxious thoughts while another part controls the way they talk. What notion proposed in the nineteenth-century supports Colin's argument?

localization of function (pg.5)

What physiological concept proposed that different sensory experiences excite different parts of the brain?

localization of function. (pg. 5-6)

Early physiologists like Johannes Muller and Paul Broca conducted physiological research that led to the idea that people experience vision when one part of the brain is active and hearing when another part is active. This research led to the concept of _____, which refers to the idea that _____.

localization of function; specific parts of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experience and behavior.

In order to recite a poem Molly learned in grade school, she must retrieve it from her _____ memory and put it to use in her _____ memory.

long-term; working (pg. 314)

In science, skepticism encourages one to:

look for alternative explanations that could disprove claims. (pg. 32)

If a sound's amplitude were increasing and its frequency decreasing, the sound would be experienced as becoming _____ pitched.

louder and lower (pg. 213)

Conduction deafness is due to _______ while sensorineural deafness is due to _____.

middle ear rigidity; inner ear or auditory nerve damage (pg. 217)

Certain specialties within psychology, such as sensory psychology, perceptual psychology, and the psychology of motivation, do not correspond to the different levels of analysis discussed in the textbook because they:

might use any or all of psychology's levels of analysis to understand the specific topics they study. (pg. 18)

Natural selection has endowed humans with mechanisms of attention that can meet two competing needs. One of these needs is to:

monitor stimuli relevant to the current task and shift one's attention if danger or potential benefits justify such a shift. (pg. 317)

Gutman and Rock required participants to attend to one color, red or green, when presented with a rapid sequence of slides containing overlapping forms. Some forms were familiar and others were nonsensical. When participants were tested for their ability to recognize which forms had been shown, they recognized:

more forms in the attended color and performed marginally on those presented in the unattended color, regardless of whether the form was nonsensical or familiar. (pg. 319)

The major advantage of a field study over a laboratory study is that the field study is:

more likely to produce unbiased data (pg. 38)

Emotions are important because they:

motivate us and help us communicate. (pg. 178-179)

The cingulate cortex and the insular cortex, which are found in the limbic system, are responsible for:

motivating individuals to escape from painful stimuli. (pg. 209-210)

A marathon runner is eagerly looking forward to having a drink of water. Thirst is the runner's:

motivational state. (pg. 152)

If Denise is waiting in line for a hot dog and she feels hungry, then her feeling of hunger is a(n) _____, and the hot dog is a(n) _____.

motivational state; incentive (pg. 152).

If Albert is sleepy and starts to get ready for bed, then his feeling of sleepiness is a(n) _____, and him going to sleep is a(n) _____.

motivational state; incentive. (pg. 152)

Which data-collection method would researchers be using if they closely observed the behavior of sport fans at the baseball game?

naturalistic observation (pg. 39)

By directly observing the action of the basilar membrane, Georg von Bekesy discovered that traveling waves for high-frequency sounds peak:

near the proximal end (the end closer to the oval window). (pg. 218)

Which is NOT one of the three components of reward?

needing (pg. 156)

In a double-blind experiment:

neither the experimenter nor participants know to which group they are assigned. (pg. 52)

Unlike thirst or hunger, some human drives, such as the drive for achievement or the drive for socialization cannot be explained in terms of the body's tissue needs. Psychologists refer to these drives that serve other purposes as _____ drives.

nonregulatory (pg.153)

The _____ has connections to large areas of the limbic system and cerebral cortex, and is a crucial center for the behavioral effects of rewards in humans and other mammals.

nucleus accumbens (pg. 157)

Pfungst revealed the real basis for Clever Hans's performance by identifying the circumstances under which Hans could and could not respond correctly to questions. Pick the concept that MOST directly illustrated this approach.

observation under controlled conditions.

Observer-expectancy effects can influence the:

observer's perceptions of the participant's behavior. (pg. 50-51)

Facilitated communication, in which autistic children were supposedly able to answer questions, express emotions, and describe events in their lives, provides a classic illustration of _____ effects.

observer-expectancy (pg. 49-50)

A psychologist believes that males will have a more positive attitude towards violence than females. The psychologist tends to nod slightly at male interviewees when they express approval of specific violent behaviors, but not at female interviewees who do the same. The results of the study reflect a(n) _____ effect.

observer-expectancy (pg. 50-51)

As Pfungst showed, Clever Hans's miraculous performance was actually the result of:

observer-expectancy effects (pg 32, 36, 38, 47)

Alex wants to run a psychological study using humans as participants and is concerned about following the ethical guidelines. Which statement should he NOT take into consideration?

obtaining informed consent from subjects after they participate in a study (pg. 54)

Which part of the olfactory system contains the sensitive ends of olfactory sensory neurons?

olfactory epithelium (pg. 199)

People with the condition known as asymbolia for pain:

perceive painful stimuli, but do not feel a normal desire to escape the pain. (pg. 210)

Warren was watching a television talk show in which a guest began using profanity. The producers of the show removed the initial sounds from the profane words and replaced them with a beeping sound. The fact that Warren was unable to detect that any sounds were missing and felt that he had clearly heard the profane words each time they were uttered is best explained in terms of:

phonemic restoration (pg. 221)

Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between:

physical stimuli and the sensory experiences they produce. (pg. 195)

What sequence best describes the process of sensation?

physical stimulus, physiological response, sensory experience (pg. 192)

Sensation can be described as a chain of events in which a physical stimulus provokes a(n):

physiological response that leads to an elementary psychological experience. (pg. 192)

Samples of participants who are not representative of the larger population are known as _____ samples.

popular (pg. 46)

Psychological tests cover a wide range, including reaction-time tests, intelligence tests, personality profiles, and animal mazes. All psychological tests:

present a stimulus to participants whose response is then recorded. (pg. 39)

Comparisons of the amount of time and the time of day that different species spend sleeping support the _____ theory of sleep.

preservation and protection (pg. 170)

Jackie believes that horses sleep at night because they don't have very good eyesight, would have a hard time finding food, and would be vulnerable to predators. Jackie's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ theory of sleep.

preservation and protection (pg. 170)

If Ryker hears the word car, he might immediately think of tires, headlights, a steering wheel, and other elements of a car. This kind of observation is the basis for the:

principle of association by contiguity (pg. 349)

The release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens:

promotes long-term potential of neural connections in that area. (pg. 158)

Sensory adaptation is mediated by:

receptor cells in some cases, and the central nervous system in other cases. (pg. 195)

The belief that all behaviors are a result of involuntary reactions to stimuli in our environment is:

reflexology (pg. 3-5, 8)

According to the brain maintenance theory of REM sleep, the reason REM sleep occurs is to:

regularly exercise groups of neurons in the brain. (pg. 172)

The concept of homeostasis is useful for explaining _____ drives.

regulatory but not nonregulatory (pg. 153)

Psychologists distinguish between _____ drives, like thirst and hunger, and _____ drives, like sociality or the need for acceptance and approval.

regulatory; nonregulatory (pg. 153)

If a test measuring intelligence is administered multiple times to the same individuals and yields largely different scores every time, what might be lacking?

reliability (pg. 47)

Abu asks Ariel what she got for her birthday last year. In this case, Abu's question is a(n) _____ cue.

retrieval (pg. 315)

Current research indicates that the _____ is especially important for the conscious experience of negative emotions and that the _____ is especially important for the conscious experience of positive emotions.

right prefrontal cortex; left prefrontal cortex. (pg. 157 & 186)

The information-processing model of the mind proposes that memory consists of three main components, called:

sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory (pg. 312)

A _____, which is commonly used to visualize results of a(n) _____ study, allows researchers to show each participant's scores on two variables as a single point on the graph.

scatter plot; correlational. (pg. 42-43)

The cocktail-party phenomenon is an example of:

selective listening (pg. 318)

Knowing that automobile emissions contribute to air pollution is an example of _____ memory, which is a subclass of _____ memory.

semantic; explicit (pg. 332)

Which type of deafness does a person with a cochlear implant have?

sensorineural deafness (pg. 217)

After the rock concert, Ian was out in the parking lot. He and his friends were talking, but were having a hard time hearing each other even though there was no other noise. What could this be attributed to?

sensory adaptation (pg. 195)

The sea feels too cold when Adia first gets in, but then starts to feel comfortably cool after she's been in the water for a little while. This is an illustration of:

sensory adaptation (pg. 195)

According to the information-processing model of the mind, the correct sequence through which new information from the environment is stored into more permanent memory is:

sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. (pg. 312)

A separate sensory-memory store is believed to exist for each:

sensory system (pg. 313)

Models of attention include a gate, which allows information from one processing compartment into another. In terms of the information-processing model of the mind, that gate controls the movement of information from _____ memory into _____ memory.

sensory; short-term (pg. 318)

The general pattern of sleep over the course of a normal night consists of a:

series of several cycles in each of which sleep gradually deepens and then rapidly lightens. (pg. 168)

What elements go into a test of statistical significance?

size of observed effect; number of subjects or observations; variability of data within each group. (pg. 44-45)

Working memory has a _____ capacity and, without rehearsal, a _____ duration.

small; brief (pg. 313)

When a researcher is using inferential statistics to compare the scores of two different groups, the results will be LEAST statistically significant if (1) the difference between the means is _____, (2) the number of individual subjects or observations within each group is _____, and (3) the variability within each group is _____.

small; large; small (pg. 44-45)

If Jeremiah is constantly lying about how much fun he is having in his comments on social media and his mom says it is because his friends do the same thing. What level of analysis is she using?

social (pg. 10-11)

A psychologist attempts to understand the conditions in which people are more likely to go along with a decision of the group even when they know the group is wrong. Understanding the influence that other people have on an individual's behavior is most consistent with a _____ level of analysis.

social (pg. 15-16)

Pat is conducting a laboratory study on obedience. Pat is interested in how the proximity of authority figures contributes to the level of obedience. Pat's field is most likely _____ psychology.

social (pg. 15-16)

As a defense eyewitness in a case involving a driver who hit a couple walking at night, Lev was asked by the prosecutor what the couple was wearing. He said he could not remember and the prosecutor replied that a normal person would remember that detail. The prosecutor's introduction of _____ could lead Lev to construct false memories of this event.

social pressure (pg. 354)

During which stage of sleep does REM sleep occur?

stage 1 (pg. 168)

If someone is attached to an EEG (electroencephalogram) and their brain is showing fairly regular waves with small bursts of activity in between them, what sleep stage are they most likely in?

stage 2 (pg. 167)

During which stage does a sleeper produce an unsynchronized EEG similar to that of an awake, alert person?

stage 2 (pg. 168)

The greater the average difference between each score and the mean, the greater the:

standard deviation (pg. 42)

A basketball coach wants to know the variability between each individual player's height and the team's average height. Which statistic would give this information?

standard deviation. (pg. 42)

The term endorphin:

stands for endogenous morphine-like substance. (pg. 211)

Stanford University researchers conducted a study to test the hypothesis that daytime naps negatively affect nighttime sleep. They found that subjects who avoided naps fell asleep faster than subjects who took naps. Results were _____, meaning that there was less than a 5 % probability that the data was purely a result of random variability.

statistically significant. (pg. 44)

When psychologists say the probability that results could be caused by chance is small, they mean that there is a good chance the study is:

statistically significant. (pg.44)

A correlation coefficient expresses the _____ of a statistical relationship between two variables.

strength and direction (pg. 42)

Russell gets hit by a car on his way home from school. At first he feels fine, but after a while he discovers his leg is broken. What would explain the fact that he didn't feel his broken leg?

stress- induced analgesia (pg. 212)

Genevieve was on a hike and was attacked by a coyote. She said she felt no pain or fright. What could this be attributed to?

stress-induced analgesia (pg. 212)

According to Baddeley, _____ keeps information in the phonological loop.

sub-vocal repetition

Claudia asks participants to rate two samples of apple juice. One sample is a store brand apple juice and the other sample is a brand name apple juice. If participants favored a particular brand and were notified of the samples' contents, the experiment would be influenced by _____ effects.

subject-expectancy. (pg. 50)

Which statement is FALSE regarding the advantages of a laboratory study?

subjects tend to behave normally. (pg. 38)

Which is NOT one of the pairs of opposites identified in Plutchik's research on emotions?

surprise versus excitement (pg. 178)

Timo Mäntylä found that recall of 500 nouns was highest on a surprise memory test (over 90 percent) when, at the time of testing, participants were given a set of:

three related words per noun that the participants themselves had generated at the time of encoding. (pg. 349)

Corey goes to the doctor because his right ear hurts. After an exam, the doctor tells Corey that his eardrum is ruptured. What part of Corey's ear ruptured?

tympanic membrane (pg. 215)

The ossicles increase the pressure exerted by the sound waves on the inner ear by funneling the pressure from the:

tympanic membrane to the much smaller oval window. (pg. 215)

The ossicles include everything EXCEPT the:

tympanic membrane. (pg. 215)

Consider the results of Frederick Bartlett's research on culture-specific schemas. If a researcher asked participants of one culture to listen to a folktale from another culture and retell it from memory a few days later, the researcher should expect they would remember some of the details and:

unconsciously replace the details they forgot with details that are culturally more familiar to them. (pg. 351)

The standard deviation is a measure of:

variability. (pg. 42)

All the areas below are areas of the brain that are involved in the experience of pain EXCEPT, the:

visual cortex. (pg. 209)

Iconic memory is another name for _____ memory and has been found to last _____.

visual sensory; less than 1 second (pg. 320)

While Nia is studying Spanish, she pictures a pen with a plume (feather) on top of it to remember pluma, the Spanish word for pen. Nia is using _____ in attempts to build her Spanish vocabulary.

visualization (pg. 343)

The learning component of reward is closely related to the _____ component.

wanting (pg. 157)

An increase in what, illustrates the relationship between regulatory drives and the maintenance of homeostasis?

water intake after vigorous exercise (pg. 152)

Two groups of participants briefly saw the silhouette of a tree. The silhouette shown to group A contained the outline of a duck, and the one shown to group B did not. All participants were then asked to draw a nature scene. The results indicated that participants who:

were shown the tree with the "hidden" duck did not consciously notice the duck but were more likely than the others to draw ducks or duck-related objects (pg. 321)

A researcher has two groups of participants, one that has been taught a memory aid and one that has not. Both groups are asked to learn a list of 20 nouns in two minutes, and are given a recall test. What is the independent variable?

whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid. (pg. 34)

A psychologist is testing the effectiveness of a weight loss program. One group receives a diet and a specific counseling program. Another group receives the same diet and speaks to the counselors regularly but does not receive the specific counseling program. Participants are weighed weekly for 6 months. What is the independent variable?

whether or not the participants receive the counseling program. (pg. 34)

Andrea Halpern gave participants a hierarchically arranged chart containing 54 song titles to be remembered. One group received a fake hierarchy, with the song titles arranged randomly. The other group received a meaningful hierarchy, with the song titles in logical order. Halpern found that participants:

with the meaningful hierarchy recalled more titles than those given the randomly hierarchy. (pg. 342)

Dr. Reese conducts an experiment to examine the effects of different antidepressants on individuals with depression. She has each individual take drug A for 3 months, drug B for 3 months, and no antidepressant for 3 months. She measures the participants' feelings of sadness daily and calculates their average for each 3-month period. Dr. Reese's experiment is a _____ experiment.

within-subject (pg. 34)