Migration

Russia

Interregional migration important in developing former Soviet Union Eager to develop far north Reduced use of forced migration Reluctant to move north

Europe

Interregional migration in Western Europe Highest per capita means highest migration Differences in job opportunities

Time Contract Workers-Asia

1800s Recruited for fixed period to work in mines and plantations When contracts expired many would settle permanently

Peaks of European Migration

1st peak- 1840s and 50s Came from northern and Western Europe Desperate economic factors pushed migrants 2nd peak- 1880s Northern and Western Europe Industrial revolution Population growing rapidly Hard to find farmland 3rd peak- 1900s Came from new places Industrial revolution

USA Immigration Patterns

3 eras of migration Initial settlement of colonies Mid 1800s to 1900s 1970s to present Rapid population growth limited prospects for economic achievement at home

Global Migration Patterns

Asia, Latin America, Africa have net out migration North America, Europe, Oceania have net in Largest flows are to Europe from Asia, to North America from Asia and Latin America Highest percentage of immigrants come from Middle East

Changing Center of Population

Average location of everyone in the country Demonstrates march of people west and south

Early settlement on interior

Began after 1790 Transportation improvements like canals helped to open up interior Pulled to California for gold

Rural to Urban

Began in 1800s 3/4 live in urban areas Seek economic advancement

Destination of Immigrants in US

California, New York, Florida, Texas Coastal states used to be main entry points Nearly all arrive by vehicle or airplane today Undocumented immigrants are in California, Texas, Florida, New York, Arizona, Illinois, Georgia, New Jersey

Cultural Factors

Compelling push factors Forced international migration occurs from slavery and political instability Political instability increases with cultural diversity Political conditions like democracy can also be a pull factor

Metro to Nonmetro

Counterurbanization Boundaries are not defined Lifestyle reasons Do not earn living from agriculture Stopped in US

Emigrants from Haiti

Emigrated for economic advancement Government finally allowed in

Brazil

Encouraged interregional migration Moved capital from Rio to Brasilia Wanted inland to be more developed

Intervening Obstacles

Environmental or cultural feature hindering migration In the past intervening obstacles were environmental Today obstacles created by local diversity in government and politics

Legacy of European Migration

Era of massive migration to US ended at the start of WW1 US was Europe's safety valve Migration to US drained off some population growth Safety valve no longer needed Diffusion of culture Politics, language, economics, art, music, literature Seeds of conflict-political domination

Colonial Immigration from England and Africa

Europe and Africa Most Africans forced to migrate as skates Most Europeans were voluntary

Emigration from Vietnam

Fled after war Some people were not allowed to enter Transferred to other places

Guest Workers-Europe

Guest workers protected by minimum wage and labor union Take low status low skill jobs Earn far more than at home Most come from North Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Asia Poor social conditions Arrangement regarded as temporary Disliked and plans to improve living conditions are opposed

Pull factor

Induces people to move into a new location

Push factor

Induces people to move out of their present location

Migration Transition

International migration occurs in stage 2 Internal migration occurs in stage 3-4 Movement not migration in stage 1

Recent Growth of South

Late 20th century Net migration into southern states Environmental reasons-sunbelt

Immigration from Asia

Leading source of immigrants until 1970-1980s China, Philippines, India, Vietnam

Gender of Migrants

Males more likely to migrate than females Held true until 1990s Increased female immigration to US shows Mexican culture shift

Immigration from Latin America

Mexico passed Germany as country who has sent most migrants to the US ever Closing of the frontier means no more space for immigrants

Settlement of Great Plains

Migrate westward slowly after 1880 Expansion of railroads encouraged westward settlement

Urban to Suburban

More developed countries Pulled by lifestyle

Characteristics of Migrants

Most long distance migrants are male Most long distance migrants are adults without families

Distance of Migration

Most migrants relocate a short distance within the same country Long distance migration to other countries goes to economic centers

Reasons for migrating

Most migrate for economic reasons Cultural and environmental factors also induce migration but not as frequently

Economic Factors

Most move for economic reasons People emigrating from places with few jobs and immigrating to places jobs are more available Area with natural resources attracts workers USA and Canada destinations for economic migrants Attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change

Indonesia

Paid for migration from java Only some participated

Refugees

People forced to migrate and cannot return for fear of persecution Largest groups of international refugees are Palestinians and afghans Largest groups of internal refugees are in Sudan and Colombia

Internal Migration

Permanent movement within the same country Interregional migration is movement from one region of a country to another Intraregional migration is movement within one region Historical interregional migration was rural to urban Intraregional migration is urban to suburban

Emigrants from Cuba

Political refugees Largest number in Florida Fidel Castro pushed out 20,000 Cubans per year allowed

Environmental Factors

Pulled toward physically attractive regions Pushed from hazardous regions Attractive environments include mountains, seasides, and warm climates People with allergies no longer migrate to Arizona because of mulberry tree, olive tree, Bermuda grass Migrants pushed because of water (either too much or too little)

US Quota Laws

Quota Act in 1921 Maximum limits on number of people who could immigrate from each country in one year Ensure most immigrants continue to be Europeans Eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemisphere quotas Congress sets preferences now Quotas do not apply to refugees

Attitudes toward immigrants

Regarded with suspicion Tempered dislike because helped settle frontier Laws to restrict immigrants

India

Require permit to migrate Designer to protect ethnic identity

Nineteenth Century Immigration from Europe

US offered greatest opportunity for economic success Flow of European migrants varies year to year Germany sent largest number Italy, UK, Ireland, Russia

Undocumented Immigration into USA

Undocumented immigrants No one knows how many Half enter as students and tourists and remain after they are supposed to leave Half slip across border Not difficult to cross border Divided on whether undocumented migration hurts or helps

International Migration

Voluntary migration implies migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement Forced migration means migrant has been compelled to move for cultural factors

E. G. Ravenstein

Wrote nineteenth century outline of 11 migration laws Reasons why migrants move Distance they typically move Characteristics of migrants

Family Status of Migrants

Young adults seeking work Increasing children immigrants coming with mothers