Miguelicious Swag
Qin
1st unified imperial Chinese dynasty
Janissaries
30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.
Phillip II
336 BC, was an ancient Greek king of Macedon from 359 BC until his assassination in 336. He was the father of Alexander the Great.
Bishop Bossuet
A prominent French churchman, a renowned orator, and the principle theorist of the doctrine of absolutism. He argued that all power comes from God. The king inherited his position and his authority from God. Royal power was absolute, and people must obey their sovereign as the representative of God. Monarchs were responsible only to God.
Chavin
A pre-Incan South American civilization developed in Peru; famous for their style of architecture and drainage systems to protect from floods.
driver
A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation.
Bhagavad Gita
A book in popular Hinduism that was a response to Buddhism and made reaching moksha way easier.
gentrification
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area
New Economic Policy
A program initiated by Vladimir Lenin to stimulate the economic recovery of the Soviet Union in the early 1920s. The NEP utilized a limited revival of capitalism in light industry and agriculture.
Chartism
A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons
Vietnam War
A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
Tanzimat Reforms
A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.
urbanization
A shift in population toward cities--corresponds to the rise of industrialization and was also a consequence of industrialization.
Suez Canal
A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea
Janissary
A slave soldier of the Ottoman Army
Hanseatic League
An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.
Perestroika
An economic policy initiated by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid 1980s. Meaning "restructuring", it called for less government regulation and greater efficiency in manufacturing and agriculture.
Keynesian Economics
An economic theory based on the ideas of twentieth-century British economist John Maynard Keynes. According to Keynesian economics, governments can spend their economies out of depression by using deficit-spending to encourage employment and stimulate economic growth.
durbar
An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, apparently in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire.
Zheng He
An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.
OPEC
An international oil cartel originally formed in 1960. Represents the majority of all oil produced in the world. Attempts to limit production to raise prices. It's long name is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
United Nations
An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.
League of Nations
An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; suggested in Wilson's Fourteen Points.
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
African National Congress
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.
OPEC
An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum.
United Nations
An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security; it replaced the League of Nations.
European Community
An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.
A New Map of Europe
Austria-Hungary was dissolved and the Habsburg monarchy eliminated. Austria and Hungary became separate states. In addition, territories from Austria-Hungary were given to the newly created states of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The Serbs dominated Yugoslavia. Finland and the three Baltic states- Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania-emerged from the tsarist empire.
Italian city-state urban centers
Cities prospered in northern Italy while the rest of Europe was still rural. By the late 1300s, Florence, Venice, and Milan all had populations of about 100,000.
Constantinople
City founded as the second capital of the Roman Empire; later became the capital of the Byzantine Empire
Hiroshima
City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
Stalingrad
City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd.
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.
Mecca
City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.
Carthage
City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.
Alexandria
City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.
Timbuktu
City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.
Great Zimbabwe
City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.
Persian Wars
Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus.
Civil Service Exam
Confucian exam given in China to aspiring bureaucrats to test them on Confucian beliefs and goverment understanding.
3000s BCE
Date: Beginning of Bronze Age and river valley civilizations (Hint: _000s BCE)
4th century CE
Date: Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade Routes
10000 BCE
Date: Beginnings of Agriculture
32 CE
Date: Beginnings of Christianity
1885
Date: Berlin Conference - Division of Africa (Hint: 1__5)
1899
Date: Boer War - British in control of South Africa (Hint: 1__9)
1949
Date: Chinese Communist Revolution
1911
Date: Chinese Revolution against traditional Chinese Imperial system. (Hint: 1__1)
1521
Date: Cortez conquered the Aztecs
1488
Date: Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope
220 CE
Date: End of Han Dynasty
1433 CE
Date: End of Zheng He's Voyages/Rise of Ottomans
476 CE
Date: Fall of Rome
1095 CE
Date: First Crusade
5th century BCE
Date: Greek Golden Age - Philosophers
1979
Date: Iranian Revolution
1300 BCE
Date: Iron Age (Hint: 1_00 BCE)
1935
Date: Italian invasion of Ethiopia (Hint: 1__5)
1931
Date: Japanese invasion of Manchuria (Hint: 1__1)
527 CE
Date: Justinian rule of Byzantine Empire
1950
Date: Korean War starts
1258 CE
Date: Mongols sack Baghdad
6th century BCE
Date: Origin of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism
1453 CE
Date: Ottomans capture Constantinople
1533
Date: Pizarro Toppled the Inca
221 BCE
Date: Qin Unified China
333 CE
Date: Roman Capital moved to Constantinople
1905
Date: Russo-Japanese War (Hint: 1__5)
1502
Date: Slaves begin moving to Americas
1898
Date: Spanish-American War - US acquires Philippines,Cuba, Guam, and Puerto Rico (Hint: 1__8)
1989
Date: Tiananmen Square protest in China; Fall of Berlin Wall in Germany
1325 CE
Date: Travels of Ibn Battuta begin
1954
Date: Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien
1956
Date: de-Stalinization in Russia; Egyptian nationalization of Suez Canal (Hint: 1__6)
1991
Date: fall of USSR; 1st Gulf war near Iraq
1994
Date: genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa
Eatsern Europe During de-Stalinization
De-Stalinization raised hopes for more freedom in Eastern Europe. A wave of strikes and protests swept across East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Hungary. The protests in Hungary quickly escalated into a major crisis when Hungary's liberal Communist leader, Imre Nagy, promised free elections and called for the removal of the Soviet troops. Khrushchev responded by ordering the Red Army to invade Hungary. After intense fighting, the Soviets crushed the rebellion and executed Nagy. The United States did not assist Hungary because it lay within the Soviet sphere of influence.
Peloponnesian War
Conflict between Athens and Sparta
English Civil War
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
Korean War
Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.
Persian Wars
Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in the 400s BCE. Essentially Perisa--biggest empire in the world at the time--invaded Greece twice with an overwhelming force and lost both times. It contributed heavily to the rise of Athens as a mini-empire and the "golden age" of Athenian culture.
Consequences of the Commercial revolution
Decline of early commercial centers, rise of capitalism, rise of the bourgeoisie.
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe during a time after the Congress of Vienna when conservative monarchs were trying to maintain their power. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.
population
Demographically, a dramatic increase in _______ during the 1600s and 1700s in Northern Europe contributed to the rise of industry there.
Abbasid Caliphate
Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258.
Creoles
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
The French Wars of Religion: The Huguenots
Despite royal opposition, Calvinists gained a strong foothold in France (1/10 of the population; 2/5-1/2 of the nobility). Had a special appeal to nobles wishing to express their dissent to the Valois kings
The Storming of the Bastille
Determined to reassert royal authority, Louis XVI ordered his mercenary army to march toward Paris and Versailles. There were already mobs protesting the high price of bread, and as tensions rose, the mob stormed the prison and fortress of the Bastille, freeing prisoners and seizing gunpowder and weapons. It marked an important symbolic act against royal despotism, and pushed Paris to the forefront of the ongoing revolution.
North Atlantic Pact, 1949
Established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to coordinate the defense of its members. Implemented Truman's policy of containment. Forced to move its headquarters from Pris to Brussels when Charles de Gaulle withdrew the French forces from the "American-controlled" NATO.
Pax Mongolica
Era of relative peace and stability created by the Mongol Empire
The Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885
Established rules for dividing Africa amongst the European powers. A European state could no longer declare a region of Africa its colony. It first had to exercise effective control over its territory. Declared Congo to be the "Congo Free State" under the personal control of Leopold II of Belgium. Established rules governing the race for African colonies.
Enclaves
Ethnic ________ were territories or communities with a distinct ethnicity, often developing during the mass migration to big cities in the 19th century. Examples, "China Towns," "Little Italies" etc
Culture
Ethnic enclaves helped transplant the migrants' _______ into their new environments.
Key Demographic Trends
European birth rates rose in the 1950s but then began a sustained decline. As a result of decolonization, former colonial peoples migrated to Europe. Immigration from North Africa and the Middle East created significant Muslim populations in many Western European countries. Attracted by economic opportunities, southern Europeans migrated to northern Europe.
mercantilism
European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country
New Monarchs
European monarchs between 1450-1650 who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella
1880s
Europeans scramble for Africa colonies started in this decade
Roman Empire
Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.
Prince Henry The Navigator
Explorer of West Africa in the 15th century, making many new discoveries there about Africa.
Maya
Extensive Mesoamerican culture that made great advances in astronomy in areas such as their famous calendar
Iron metallurgy
Extraction of iron from its ores. allowed for cheaper stronger production of weapons and tools. More abundant than tin and copper
Cyrus
Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.
Genghis Khan
Founder of the Mongol Empire.
Osman
Founder of the Ottoman Empire.
Shi Huangdi
Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization.
Shi Huangdi
Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163
Herodotus
Greek Historian, considered the father of History. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands.
trireme
Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers.
Migration
Hunting-gathering bands did this in order to find food and shelter. It defines nomadic existence and explains the spread of humanity throughout the earth in prehistoric times.
The Steam Engine
James Watt patented the first steam engine in 1769. The steam engine rapidly replaced water power in British textile factories. Steam power played a key tole in boosting iron production.
Impressionism
Key characteristics- Capture a moment in time, a slice of life. Intrested in the fleeting effects of light on color. Depicted leisure activities of the Parisian bourgeoisie. Key artists- Claude Monet, Impression Sunrise, Gare St. Lazare; Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Le Bal au Moulin de la Galette, Luncheon of the Boating Party.
Zaibatsu
Large conglomerate corporations that exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.
Dhows
Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.
lowland rice
Large, flat fields that are flooded by irrigation One of Japan's largest exports
Inca
Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.
Justinian's Code
Laws of the byzantine empire based the twelve tables of Roman law, became a basis for laws in many European nations
Muhammad Ali
Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed.
Mao Zedong
Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945).
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.
Mohandas Gandhi
Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920.
Augustus
Leader of the Roman Empire who disguised it as a republic, and under who the Roman Empire came to be at its greatest extent.
Joseph Stalin
Leader of the Soviet Union directly after the Russian Revolution.
Cossaks
Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Luther's opinion of the role of Christian women
Luther believed that Christian women should strive to be models of obedience and Christian charity.
Thomas Malthus on population
Malthus argued that human population grows geometrically, while food supply expands arithmetically. He insisted that human population would inevitably outstrip food production, thus making famine and misery inevitable.
Monsoon
Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Organized voyages along the west coast of Africa, which gave the Portuguese thriving business in gold and slaves in these posts.
Mongols
People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.
Serfs
People who gave their land to a lord and offered their servitude in return for protection from the lord.
Sparta
Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts
Emperor Menelik
. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896).
Christian Humanism
A branch of humanism associated with northern Europe. Like their Italian counterparts, the Christian humanists closely studied classical texts. However, they also sought to give humanism specifically Christian content. Christian Humanists like Desiderius Erasmus were committed to religious piety and institutional reform
Corporation
A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts.
joint-stock company
A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.
Yuan Empire
He created this dynasty in China and Siberia. Khubilai Khan was head of the Mongol Empire and grandson of Genghis Khan.
Crimean War
19th century war between the Ottomans and Russia. France, Britain, and Italians helped the Ottomans to defeat Russia but it ultimately proved the growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire.
Tamerlane
He is very much like Ghengis Khan; a military leader who conquered the lands of Persia; his empire was decentralized with tribal leaders.
Gamal Abdel Nasser
He led the coup which toppled the monarchy of King Farouk and started a new period of modernization and socialist reform in Egypt
Evaluating Peter the Great
He provided a model of how an energetic and ruthless autocrat would change a nation. He successfully transformed Russia into a great power that would play an increasingly important role in European history. However, his policies increased disparities between the nobles and the peasants. Millions of exploited serfs formed an estranged class that didn't share in Russian society.
Matteo Ricci
Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.
Jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.
chinampas
Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.
Emilano Zapata
Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated.
Justinian's Code
Roman law that was modified by revising old and not needed laws. Named after the Byzantine Emperor Justinian.
Transportation
Scientific developments in ________ since 1900 have led to the elimination of the problem of geographic distance through innovations such as automobiles, jets, and subways.
Berlin Blockade
Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift
Leonid Brezhnev
Soviet leader who was after Khrushchev
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Fransisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.
Francisco Franco
Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death
Francisco Franco
Spanish general whose armies took control of Spain in 1939 and who ruled as a dictator until his death (1892-1975).
Ignatius Loyola
Spanish soldier. Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Hernando Cortes
Spanish. Conquered the Aztec empire in Mexico
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish. Conquered the Inca empire in Peru
Scientific Societies
Sponsored by governments and monarchs, scientists organized societies to promote research and spread scientific knowledge. Founded in 1660, the Royal society in England enjoyed international prestige. Other societies were founded in Florence, Paris, and Berlin. They helped create an international scientific community.
The Great Terror
Stalin was a totalitarian dictator who was more powerful than the most autocratic tsar. During the mid-1930s, Stalin launched a program of state-sponsored terror that began with show trials to eliminate Old Bolcheviks. The Great Terror expanded to include intellectuals, army officials, party members, and ordinary citizens. At least 8 million people were arrested. Millions of innocent people died in forced-labor camps called gulags.
First Five Year Plan
Stalin's economic plan to build heavy industry.
Great Leap Forward
Started by Mao Zedong, combined collective farms into People's Communes, failed because there was no incentive to work harder, ended after 2 years.
Pax Romana
State of prevailing peace within Roman Empire (27 BCE to 180 CE)
Balfour Declaration
Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.
Open Door Policy
Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.
Declaration of the Rights of Man
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
Renaissance individualism
Stressed the importance of personality, the development of unique talents, and pursuit of fame and glory. By displaying the full range of human abilities, a Renaissance person demonstrated "virtu"
Role of the Monarch in 1600s England
Stuart kings believed their authority came from God, and wanted a monarchy free from Parliamentary restraints
Charles I
Stuart. Also divine right of kings, also always in need of money, also opposed to puritan complaints about bishops. Signed the Petition of right. Presided during the long Parliament
James I of England
Stuart. He believed that royal authority came directly from God, and were God's representatives on Earth. He discussed this in his book "The True Law of Free Monarchies". His primary quarrel with parliament was with puritans who wanted to rid the church of "popish elements" including bishops. James was convinced this would overthrow the church and threaten the monarchy. He was also always in need of money from Parliament
consequence of the Crimean War
The Crimean War marked the first great power conflict since the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Napoleon III achieved his objective of breaking the alliance between Austria and Russia. By entering the war on the side of France and Britain, Piedmont-Sardinia hoped to gain support for Italian unification. Russia's humiliating defeat forced Alexander II to launch an ambitious program of reforms.
Peter the Great and Controlling the Boyars
The boyars were the old nobility who supported traditional Russian culture. He did more than order them to shave off their beards and wear western clothing. He also compelled them to construct costly town houses in St. Petersburg and required every noble to serve in the army or civil administration
Memphis
The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.
Reconquista
The centuries-long "reconquest" of Spain from the Muslims. The Reconquista ended in 1492 with the fall of the last Muslim stronghold, Granada.
Agricultural Revolution
The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between around 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution.
Indus
The civilization from this river's valley (3500 BC to 2500 BC) had two thriving cities which were Mohenjodaro and Harappa.
Druids
The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance.
The Collapse of the Soviet Union
The collapse of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe inspired ethnic groups within the Soviet Union. Gorbachev's policy of glasnost loosened controls, enabling ethnic protests to spread across the Soviet Union. In the last desperate effort to preserve the Soviet Union, Communist hard-liners attempted to overthrow Gorbachev with a military coup. The herd-liners assumed that a show of force would ensure obedience. They were wrong. Under Gorbachev's reforms, people had lost their fear of the party and were willing to defend their freedom. Led by Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Republic, the Russian people thwarted the coup.On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev announced his resignation as president of a country that by then had ceased to exist.
Antigonid Empire
The empire in Greece after the breakup of Alexander's empire.
Seleucid Empire
The empire in Syria, Persia, and Bactria after the breakup of Alexander's empire.
Ptolemaic Empire
The empire in the Egyptian area after the breakup of Alexander's empire.
Happiness, according to the philosophes
They had little interest in the medieval belief that people should accept misery in this world to find salvation in the hereafter; believed that happiness in this world was an inalienable human right.
British Raj
The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947.
British Raj
The name given to the period and territory of direct British colonial rule in South Asia between 1858 and 1947--from the time of the attempted Indian Revolt (Sepoy Mutany) to the Independence of India.
Containment
The name of a US foreign policy designed to contain or block the spread of Soviet policy. Inspired by George F. Kennan, containment was expressed in the Truman Doctrine and implemented in the Marshall Plan and the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance.
Roman Republic
The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. (p. 148)
Period of Warring States
The period in Chinese history (403-221 BCE) in which many different states emerged and were fighting for control of China.
pax romana
The period of stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas.
Neolithic
The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.
Paleolithic
The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.
Liberty, according to the philosophes
The philosophes lived in societies that placed restrictions on speech, religion, and trade. They wanted to remove these limitations on human liberty. They believed that intellectual freedom was a natural right. Without freedom of expression there could be no progress.
Toleration, according to the philosophes
The philosophes questioned institutional religious beliefs, arguing that they perpetuated superstition, intolerance, and bigotry. They advocated full religious tolerance.
cotton
The plant that produces fibers from which many textiles are woven. Native to India, it spread throughout Asia and then to the New World. It has been a major cash crop in various places, including early Islamic Iran, Yi Korea, Egypt, and the US
Imperialism
The policy of extending one country's rule over other lands by conquest or economic domination.
De-Stalinization
The policy of liberalization of the Stalinist system in the Soviet Union. As carried out by Nikita Khrushchev, de-Stalinization meant denouncing Joseph Stalin's cult of personality, producing more consumer goods, allowing greater cultural freedom, and pursuing peaceful coexistence with the West.
Glasnost
The policy of openness and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s.
Camillo di Cavour
The political mastermind behind all of Sardinia's unification plans, he succeeded in creating a Northern Italian nation state.
Meiji Restoration
The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.
Characteristics of Medieval Kings
They received most of their income form their own estates and from grants of money from their vassals. They marched to war followed by an army of vassals who owed military service in exchange for land. They relied upon nobles for advice and council. They shared power with the church and were subordinate to the Pope.
Characteristics of the New Monarchs
They retained their feudal income while also taxing towns, merchants, and peasants. They created professional armies that were paid by the royal treasury. They crated a more centralized administrative bureaucracy that relied upon educated and loyal middle-class officials. They negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church.
Role of the politiques in the French Wars of Religion
They were a small group of moderate Catholics and Huguenots who realized that the disorder and destruction had to be stopped or France would collapse. They supported a strong monarchy and official recognition of the Huguenots. Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) was a politique who came to power in 1589
Desertification
The process by which fertile land becomes desert,typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or agriculture.
Romanization
The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.
Demographic Transition
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
modernization
The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies.
Assimilation
The process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture.
The Hohenzollerns of Brandenburg Prussia
The ruler of Brandenburg was one of the seven princes who elected the HRE. The Hohenzollerns became the hereditary rulers of Brandenburg in 1417. In the early 17th century, they inherited territory that was geographically separated, had no natural boundaries, few resources, and a population of just 1.5 million people.
Humanism
The scholarly interest in the study of the classical texts, values, and styles of Greece and Rome. Humanism contributed to the promotion of a liberal arts education based on the study of classics, rhetoric, and history
African diaspora
The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas and elsewhere.
The Great Schism
The seperation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church (1054 CE)
Sui Dynasty
The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China
Italy
The spread of nationalism led to the creation of this European nation thanks to figures like Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Neolithic Revolution
The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution.
median-line principle
The system of drawing a political boundary midway between two states' coastlines when the territorial seas or EEZ are narrower than twice the standard or adopted limit.
Mita System
The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.
Jizya
The tax on people in the Umayyad Caliphate who did not convert to Islam.
Militarism
The tendency to regard military greatness as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military.
Brahman
The term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.
Prague Spring
The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968.
mulatto
The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.
constitutionalism
The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.
Activities of the Jesuits
They were educators of young boys and royal families. Participated in missionary work in the Americas and Asia. Fought Protestantism in Europe and overseas, converting back many people
Asoka
Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.
Darius I
Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.
monsoon
These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year.
Reforms of the National Assembly
They created a constitutional monarchy, divided France into 83 departments headed by elected officials, established the metric system of measurement, abolished internal tariffs, and abolished guilds. They did NOT abolish private property or give women the right to vote
Portuguese Trading Posts
They didn't attempt to conquer territories, but instead built fortified trading posts designed to control trade routs. Most important posts: Goa on the Indian coast, Malacca on the Malay peninsula, and Macao on the southern coast of China
Battle of Midway
U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in the pacific theater of World War II.
Cixi
Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager.
Mamluks
Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)
Consul
Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.
EEZ
Under the law of the sea, an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.
Population
____ increased as a result of the Agricultural Revolution because more people could be fed reliably.
Genetically Modified
_____ _____ Crops have been altered to grow and interact a certain way with new environments. These crops utilized during the Green Revolution.
Ehtnic
_____ conflicts were common within places after they win their independence, especially if they have diverse populations and differing national identities.
Pastoral
______ societies were characterized by the domestication of animals but they usually did not settle down and farm or build towns.
Pharaohs
_______ were the rulers of Egypt, believed by their people to be descended of the sun god.
Monumental
________ architecture is an art used by governments display political power.
Iron weapons
_________ were the strongest and most advanced weapon material of the ancient times, introduced by pastoral people.
Classical forms of Christian subjects
a characteristic of Renaissance art. They attempted to revive classical standards of beauty. Renaissance artists didn't abandon Christian themes, but combined them with classical forms.
Perspective
a characteristic of Renaissance art.The method of creating depth. Allowed artists to create paintings that "opened a window to the world". Became the way of presenting space for the next 500 years.
Absolutism
a form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.
Mycenaeans
a group of people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C.; leading city called Mycenae which could withstand any attack; nobles lived in splendor; these people invaded many surrounding kingdoms
Mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
Mongol Empire
an empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe.
Epic of Gilgamesh
an epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing.
Guild
associations like those of merchants or artisans, organized to maintain standards and to protect the interests of its members, and that sometimes constituted a local governing body.
Silk Road
connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.
Jenne-jeno
considered to be among the oldest urbanized centers in sub-Saharan Africa.
investiture
controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.
Tang Dynasty
dynasty often referred to as China's Golden age that reigned during 618 - 907 AD; China expands from Vietnam to Manchuria
Great Leap Forward
economic and social plan used in China from 1958 to 1961 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern industrial society.
Repartimiento system
required adult male Native Americans to devote a set number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises. PROBLEM- abused workers due to sense of urgency and exploitation
Egypt
society was ruled by a pharaoh considered the incarnation of the sun god who controled acces to the Nile; they had hieroglyphics, the 365-day calender, they were polythestic and worshipped the dead
Gunpowder
substance used for the domination of trade in the Indian Ocean by the British
Four Noble Truths
suffering is always present in life; desire is the cause of suffering; freedom from suffering can be achieved in nirvana; the Eightfold Path leads to nirvana
Berlin Airlift
supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin, which was located in the middle of Russian controlled East Germany.
Teotihuacan
the most significant Mesoamerican city.
urbanization
the movement of people to Urban areas in search of work.
physiological population density
the number of people per unit of area of arable land
385
the year the Roman Empire Split.
Empiricism
theory that all knowledge originates from experience. It emphasizes experimentation and observation in order to truly know things.
Glasnost
Policy initiated by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid 1980s. Glasnost resulted in a new openness of speech, reduced censorship, and greater criticism of Communist Party policies.
Songhay Empire
Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu.
1600
Date: Battle of Sekigahara - Beginning of Tokugawa
Confucius
His doctrine of duty and public service had a great influence on subsequent Chinese thought and served as a code of conduct for government officials. Although his real name was Kongzi (551-479 B.C.E.).
Byzantine Empire
Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.
Byzantine Empire
Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century until its downfall to the Ottomans in 1453. Famous for being a center of Orthodox Christianity and Greek-based culture.
New Imperialism
Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.
The Nazi Totalitarian State
Hitler transformed Germany into a totalitarian state. A series of laws banned all political parties except the Nazis. A special secret police called the Gestapo used sweeping powers to arrest anyone who opposed Nazi rule. The government supervised both labor and business. New laws banned stirkes and dissolved independent labor unions. A ministry of cultures supervised the media and shaped public opinion.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
League of Nations
Precursor the United Nations created after World War I.
Cortes
The Spanish conqueror of Mexico
Ethiopia
East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River.
Shang Dynasty
(1766-1122 BCE) The Chinese dynasty that rose to power due to bronze metalurgy, war chariots, and a vast network of walled towns whose recognized this dynasty as the superior.
Geneva
"City of Saints". Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to transform their city into a model Christian community in 1541. All aspects of life were regulated. "Frivolous" activities like playing cards, dancing, and the theater were suppressed, while a rigorous moral code was enforced.
Rousseau's idea on the General Will
"The Social Contract", Rousseau's treatise on politics and government, influenced political theory in Europe. Thomas Hobbes and John locke argued that individuals entered a social contract with their rulers. In contrast, Rousseau argued that individual entered a social contract with one another. This created a community or organized civil society. The sovereign power in a state does not lie in a ruler. Instead, it resides in the general will of the community as a whole. The general will or "public spirit" is defined as any action that is good and right for all. Rulers are servants of the community. If they fail to carry out the people's will, they should be removed. Rousseau's concept of the general will and the sovereignty of the people influenced leaders of both French and American revolutions.
Desiderius Erasmus
"Prince of the humanists". Most important figure in Northern Renaissance. Produced Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament. Best known for "Praise of Folly" where he criticized greedy and quarrelsome merchants, priests, scholars, and especially the pope. Devout catholic who wanted to reform the church. He continued to write in the Latin, though most northern humanists wrote in the vernacular
Olmecs
(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rainforests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples, carried on trade with other groups.priests/aristocrats were at the top of society, built a ceremonial center, wroshiped the jaguar and werejaguar, best remains are the stone carved heads at la venta, use of calendar, spread through trade, known for art, most important legacy was priestly leadership and devotion
White Australia Policy
A policy that intentionally restricted non-white immigration to Australia
Shinto
"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits
Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa.
Tanzimat
'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient.
devshirme
'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.
Theravada Buddhism
'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods
Phases of the thirty years war
(1) Bohemian(1618-1625): began as a religious civil war in Bohemia between Catholics and protestants. Won by Catholic king Ferdinand II (2) Danish(1625-1629) imperial armies crushed the Protestant forces (3) Swedish (1630-1635) (4) French Phase(1635-1648) switched sides based on Balance of power and not religion.
Goals of Louis XIV
(1) Wanted France to expand its "natural frontiers" along the Rhine and to Switzerland. (2) Wanted to make France a global power by inheriting the Spanish Habsburg possessions in the New World and in Europe.
Battle of Hastings
(1066 CE) The Norman invasion of England; this was the largest battle.
Battle of Manzikert
(1071 CE) Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.
Aztecs
(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
Delhi Sultanate
(1206-1526 CE) The successors of Mahmud of Ghazni mounted more campaigns, but directed their goals to creating this empire.
Yuan Dynasty
(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.
Ibn Battuta
(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.
Ivan the Terrible
(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia.
Coucil of Trent
(1545-1563 CE) Council of the Catholic Reformation that reemphasized and justified the Roman Catholic beliefs. In response to the Protestant Reformation.
Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.
Qing Dynasty
(1644-1911 CE), the last imperial dynasty of China which was overthrown by revolutionaries; was ruled by the Manchu people: began to isolate themselves from Western culture,
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to his new city of St. Petersburg.
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Otto von Bismarck
(1815-1898) German prime minister who intentionally provoked three wars to provide the people with a sense of nationalism.
Crimean War
(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.
Great Purge
(1934), Stalin cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, his net soon widened to target army heroes, industrial managers, writers and citizens, they were charged with a wide range of crimes, from plots to failure to not meeting production quotas.
Han Dynasty
(202 BCE-220 CE) This dynasty continued the centralization of the Qin Dynasty, but focused on Confucianism and education instead of Legalim.
Qin Dynasty
(221-207 BCE) The first centralized dynasty of China that used Legalism as its base of belief.
Sargon of Akkad
(2370-2315 BCE) He is the creator of empire in Mesopotamia.
Gupta Empire
(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.
Mauryan Empire
(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.
Harsha
(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.
Council of Nicaea
(325 CE) A council called by Constantine to agree upon correct Christian doctrine and settle some disputes of the time.
Aristotle
(384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world.
Plato
(430-347 BCE) Was a disciple of Socrates whose cornerstone of thought was his theory of Forms, in which there was another world of perfection.
Peloponnesian War
(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.
Socrates
(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.
Confucius
(551-479 BCE) A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.
Sui Dynasty
(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal which helped transport the rice in the south to the north.
Tang Dynasty
(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.
Umayyad Caliphate
(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.
Battle of Tours
(732 CE) European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.
Abbasid Caliphate
(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of.
Charlemagne
(768-814 CE) Crowned king in 800 CE by the pope; can be compared to Harsha; brought back unified rule to Europe only during his life; used the missi dominici to check up on imperial officials.
Song Dynasty
(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings
Song Dynasty
(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.
Gupta Dynasty
(ad 320-500)ruled indias golden age in science, art, and literature
Ashoka
(r.268-232 BCE) The Mauryan emperor who can be compared to Constantine and who promoted Buddhism throught his empire.
Mehmed the Conqueror
(r.1451-1481), captured Constantinople in 1453, which later became Istanbul, the Islamic capital; Ruled with an absolute monarchy and centralized his power; Expanded into Serbia, Greece, and Albania (attacked Italy).
Suleyman the Magnificent
(r.1520-1566 CE) He promoted Ottoman expanison, conquered Baghdad in 1543, and subjected Vienna to siege in 1529.
Qin Shihuangdi
(r.221-210 BCE) The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.
Conservative Authoritarianism
-Committed to the existing social order -Opposed to popular participation in government -Revived in eastern Europe, Spain, and Portugal
English Agriculture
1. Agricultural innovators- Charles Townshend advocated continuous crop rotation; Tull invented a seed drill that allowed for sowing crops in a straight row; Bakewell pioneered selective breeding of livestock 2. The enclosure movement- English landowners consolidated previously scattered pasture lands into compact fields enclosed be fences and hedges. The new enclosed farmlands enabled landowners to rapidly implement agricultural innovations. This encouraged the development of market oriented agricultural production. The enclosure movement forced many poor rural people to move cities and work in factories.
Working Class
19th century Industrial societies developed the idea that there were only really two social classes: property-owning middle class and then the _____ _____. Before industrialization, poorer people had more varied ideas about social ranks.
Romanticism and Nationalism
1. As romantic writers studied the past, they helped make people aware of their common heritage. The resurgence of national feeling sparked nationalist movements across Europe. The fist stirring was felt in Greece. 2. Greek Independence- The Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire began in 1821. While the revolutions in Spain and Italy failed because of great power intervention, the Greek revolt succeeded because of the support of Britain, France, and Russia. These nations all wanted to expand their influence in the Balkans. They also influenced by public support for Greece because of its historic importance as the birthplace of Western civilization.
Russia in the age of mass politics
1. Autocracy and repression- The assassination of Tsar Alexander II ended Russia's brief period of reform. Both Alexander III and Nicholas II were committed to the traditional policies of autocracy, orthdoxy, and Russificatioin. Both tsars encouraged anti-Semitic attacks on Jews. Russia was the last European state to eliminate legal discrimination against Jews. 2. Political movements-Russia's program of rapid industrialization spawned a wide range of political movements. The Constitutional Democrats or Kadets wanted a constitutional monarchy. The Social Democrats worked for economic and political revolution. The Mensheviks favored gradual socialistic reform. Led by Vladimir Lenin, The Bolsheviks advocated a communist revolution spearheaded by a small elite of professional revolutionaries. 3. The Revolution of 1905-Russian losses in the Russo-Japanese War exposed the weakness of the autocratic regime and led to increased unrest. On January 22, 1905, Cossacks opened fire on a peaceful crowd of workers outside the Winter Palace in St.Petersburg. The "Bloody Sunday" massacre provoked a wave of strikes and demands for change. Nicholas II reluctantly approved the election of a Russian parliament or Duma. Nicholas refused to work with the Duma, insisting that it become an advisory rather than a legislative body.
Neoclassical Art
1. Basic characteristics- Supplanted Rococo during the 1780s. Key figures were depicted as classical heroes. Work portrayed classical virtues of self-sacrifice and devotion to the state. Compositions emphasized the Greek ideals of restraint, simplicity, and symmetry. 2. Leading artists and works- Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii; Jean-Antoine Houdon, Volatire Seated; Thomas Jefferson, Monticello.
Rococo
1. Basic characteristics- reached its peak of popularity during the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774). Artist depicted lighthearted and often frivolous scenes of "nobles at play". Paintings features light-colored pastels. Architecture featured highly decorated interior ceilings. 2. Leading artist and works- Antoine Watteau, pilgrimage to Cythera; Francois Boucher, Cupid a Captive; Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing.
Child Rearing in the 18th century
1. Because of the high mortality rate among infants, parents were reluctant to become emotionally attached to their children. 2. Rousseau encouraged parents to provide a warm and nurturing environment for their children. 3. Upper-middle-class parents began to place a greater emphasis on child rearing.
Calling the Estates General
1. By the spring of 1789, the French government faced the imminent threat of bankruptcy. 2. The refusal of the Assembly of Notables to support Louis XVI's program of tax reform forced the king to call a meeting of the Estates General.
Consequences of the new imperialism
1. Damaged and sometimes destroyed native cultures 2. Created a global economy 3. Intensified European rivalries
Witchcraft Persecutions
1. During the 16th and 17th centuries, between 100,000 and 200,000 people were officially tried for witchcraft. 2. Between 40,000 and 60,000 people were executed for witchcraft, 3. Elderly, widowed women were most likely to be accused of witchcraft.
Joseph II
1. Enlightened Reforms- abolished serfdom and feudal dues; abolished the system of force labor known as the robot; proclaimed religious toleration for all Christians and Jews; reduced the influence of the church; reformed the judicial system; abolished torture and ended the death penalty. 2.Protest and reaction- the nobles bitterly opposed Joseph's program of reforms. Following his death, the new emperor, Leopold II, placated the nobles by repealing many of the reforms.
Catherine the Great
1. Enlightened reforms- corresponded with Voltaire and invited Diderot to visit her court; supported Russia's first private printing press; restricted the practice of torture; allowed limited religious toleration to Jews; convened a legislative commission to draft a new enlightened law code 2. Pugachev's Rebellion- Cossack solider led a serf uprising. Marked the end of Catherine's program of enlightened reforms. To prevent future uprisings, Catherine gave the nobles additional powers and privileges to keep control of their serfs. 3.Territorial expansions- Catherine ignored the philosophes' arguments against war. During her reign, Russia gained territory at the expense of the Ottoman Empire and Poland. Catherine;s armies defeated the Ottomans and gained control over the Crimean Peninsula and most of the northern shore of the Black Sea. Catherine, along with Prussia and Austria annexed Polish territory in a series of partitions that took place in 1772, 1793, and 1795. These resulted in Poland disappearing as a independent nation.
Aristocratic Resistance in the Old Regime
1. French nobles were exempt from paying taxes 2. The nobles successfully resisted all attempts to reform the tax system.
The Inventions of the Textile Industry
1. In 1733, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, enabling a single weaver to work twice as fast. 2. In the 1760s, James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny, a spinning machine that made it possible for a single weaver to work six to eight threads at a time. 3. In 1769, Richard Arkwright invented a water frame that used water power from fast moving streams to drive spinning machines. 4. In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented a spinning machine called the mule that combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce thread that was stronger, finer, and more uniform than earlier spinning machines. 5. In 1785, Edmund Cartwright invented a power loom that used water power to dramatically speed up weaving. 6. In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, making it possible to efficiently remove seeds from cotton fiber. 7. As a result of these continuous technological improvements, the output of cotton fiber from British textile factories rose for 40 million yards in 1785 to more than 2 billion yards in 1850.
Persistent Problems after Italian Unification
1. In March 1861, an Italian parliament formally proclaimed the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as king. Tragically, Cavour died just two months later. 2. The newly unified kingdom of Italy faced a number of persistent problems- Unification was still not complete. Venetia remained under Austria control and the papacy led by Pius IX remained hostile to the new Italian state. Northern Italy was urban, sophisticated, and increasingly industrailized. Southern Italy remained rural, backwards, and poor. The new government was burdened by heavy debt.
Traditional Agricultural Production
1. In the early 1700s, peasants living in village communities farmed much of the land in the western Europe. 2. Peasant farmers used an open-field system that included using a two- or three-field systems of crop rotation
Forces of the future (after 1815)
1. Industrialization- Began in Britain in the late 18th century. strengthened the size and significance of business leaders, merchants, and the middle class. created a new class of urban workers. 2. Liberalism- Believed in natural rights that governments must protect. Supported civil liberties including freedom from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment and guarantees for freedom of speech, the press, assembly,and religion. Admired the British system of consititutional monarchy. Favored representative government. Opposed full democracy. Advocated economic individualism and opposed government intervention in the economy. Expressed little concern for the plight of urban workers. 3. Nationalism- Believed that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a nationality. Insisted that a person's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state.
Cubism
1. Key Characteristics- Presented multiple views on the same object. Fragmented forms into flat, jagged shapes. Portrayed flat, two-dimensional space without linear perspective. 2. Key artists- Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Guernica; Georges Braque, violin and Candlestick.
20th Century literature
1. Key Characteristics- Questions accepted values and practices. Expresses discontent and alienation from middle-class conformity and materialism. Focuses on the complexity and irrationality of the human mind. Employs the stream-of-consciousness technique to explore the human psyche. 2. Key authors- James Joyce, Ulysses; Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past; William Faulkner, The Sound and the Fury; T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land
Existentialism
1. Key Ideas- Reason and science are incapable of providing insight into the human situation. God, reason, and progress are myths; humans live in a hostile world, alone and isolated. This condition of loneliness is a challenge and a call to action. Men and women give meaning to their lives through their choices. A person is therefor the sum of his or her actions and choices. 2. Key Thinkers- Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness; Albert Camus, The Stranger.
Realism
1. Key characteristics- Disenchanted with romanticism; focused on the daily concerns of real people such as workers and peasants. Criticized the cruelty of industrial life and the greed and insensitivity of the wealthy. 2. Leading authors- Charles Dickens, Hard Times; Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary; Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House; Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and Punishment. 3. Leading artists- Gustave Courbet, The Stonebreakers; Honore Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage; Edouard Manet, Olympia.
Government Debt in the Old Regime
1. Louis XIV's excessive spending left a massive public debt that consumed half of the nation's tax revenues. 2. The cost of fighting the Seven Years' War and financing the American War for Independence worsened the fiscal crisis.
Royal Weakness in the Old Regime
1. Louis XV was a weak and indecisive ruler. 2. Louis XVI and his Austrian wife Marie Antoinette were particularly unpopular and frivolous. 3. The high court of Paris- the Parlement- assumed the right to approve of disapprove the king's decrees, thus further eroding royal power.
Statistical Measures of British Prosperity, 1850
1. Manufactured one-half of the world's cotton 2. Mined two-thirds of the world's coal 3. Mined up to one-half of the world's iron 4. Controlled one-third of the world's international trade
Political Characteristics of the 18th century
1. Monarchy remained the most prevalent form of government. 2. Divine-right monarchy evolved into enlightened despotism in eastern Europe. 3.Aristocrats regained much influence. Powerful nobles and wealthy merchants influenced and sometimes dominated inept monarchs.
Marriage and the Family before 1750
1. Most young married coupled lived in nuclear families. Large multigenerational households were not the norm. 2. Most couples postponed marriage until the were in their mid- to late twenties in order to acquire land or learn trade. 3. A combination of parental authority and strict laws exercised tight control over marriage.
Woman's Rights
1. Olympia de Gouges- French playwright, political activist, and early feminist. Wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, 1789. Demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. 2. Mary Wollstonecraft- English author and early feminist. Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792. Argued that women are not naturally inferior to men. They only appear to be inferior because of a lack of education. 3. John Stuart Mill-English reformer, essayist, and influential Utilitarian. Wrote The subjection of Women, 1869. Opposed the social and legal inequalities imposed on women. Argued that inequalities were a relic from the past and "a hindrance to human development." 4. Henrik Ibsen- Norwegian playwright and social critic. Wrote A Doll's House, 1879. Criticized conventional marriage roles.
Kansas and Nebraska Acts
1. Organizes Kansas and Nebraska territories, giving them government and preparing them for statehood 2. They'll be decided by popular sovereignty, which repeals the Missouri Compromise 36˚ 30' line.
Peasant Distress in the Old Regime
1. Peasants comprised over four-fifths of France's 26 million people. 2. Peasants lost half their income in taxes. They paid feudal dues to nobles, tithes to the church, and royal taxes to the king's agents. In addition, they paid a land tax called the tallie and performed forced labor called the corvee. 3. Grain shortage led to sharp increases in the price of bread, which was a major cause of discontent.
Cavour and the practice of realpolitik
1. Realpolitik- Early Italian nationalist such as Mazzini had been inspired by romantic ideals of nationalism. Cavour was a realist guided by the dictates of political power. He believed that shrewd diplomacy and well-chosen alliances were more useful than grand proclamations and romantic rebellions. Cavour's successful combination of power politics and secret diplomacy is called Realpolitik, "the politics of reality." 2. Strengthen Piedmont- Cavour launched an economic program that included building railroads and expanding commerce. Cavour modernized Piedmont's army. 3. The Franco-Piedmont alliance- Cavour understood that Austria was the greatest obstacle for Italian unity. Cavour formed an alliance with Napoleon III to drive Austria out of northern Italy.
Innovations in the Low Countries
1. Reasons for Low Country leadership in farming- The Low Countries were the most populated region in Europe. Dutch farmers were this forced to seek the maximum yields from their lands. Also, the Low Countries contained growing urban populations the created demand for farm products. 2. New innovations included enclosed fields, continuous crop rotation, planting a variety of crops, and the use of drainage to reclaim marches.
Reasons for the growth of European Witch hunts
1. Religious reformers stressed the great powers of the Devil. The Devil's diabolical activities reinforced the widespread belief in witchcraft. 2. Women were believed to we weak and thus susceptible to the Devil's temptation. 3. Religious wars and economic uncertainty caused great social and econoimic stress. Older, widowed women usually lacked power and thus became convenient scapegoats.
Italy in 1850
1. Repeated failures- the Carbonari had failed to incite a successful revolution. Giuseppe Mazzini and the Young Italy Movement failed to rally support for a republic. 2. Continued obstacles- Austria continued to control Lombardy and Venetia while also dominating other small Italian states. A reactionary Bourbon regime continued to control the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Pope Pius IX opposed the cause of Italian nationalism. 3. Piedmont leadership- Italian nationalists looked to the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia for leadership. it was the only Italian state ruled by a Italian dynasty. In 1852, Piedmont's King Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di Cavour his prime minister.
Territorial Settlements after Napoleon
1. Russia acquired more Polish territory. 2. Sweden retained Norway. 3. Prussia acquired two-fifths of Saxony and territory in the Rhineland along the border of France. 4. Austria acquired the northern Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia as compensation for its loss of Belgium. 5. Britain gained valuable territories for its overseas empire, including Malta, the Cape of Good Hope, Trinidad, and Tobago.
Germany in the age of mass politics
1. Social welfare programs- During the 1880s, Germany became the first European country to develop a state social welfare program. Otto von Bismarck's social welfare legislation included programs for health insurance, accident insurance, and a system of old-age and disability pensions. Bismarck wanted to prove that the state was a benevolent institution and not an oppressor. He hoped that his social welfare programs would secure the loyalty of workers to the new German empire. 2. William II- William I died in 1888 at the age of 90. His grandson William II, became the new German kaiser. Arrogant and impulsive, William II was determined to rule his own. William II forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. During the next 14 years, he expanded Bismarck's social reforms. At the same time, Germany's economic and military power continued to grow.
The Three Estates
1. The 1st estate: the clergy- The Catholic Churhc held about 20% of the land. The French clergy paid no direct taxes. Instead, they gave the government a "free gift" of about 2% of their income. 2. The 2nd estate: the nobility- Nobles comprised 2-4% of the population, and owned about 25% of the land. 3. The 3rd estate: everyone else- The third estates comprised 95% of the population. It included a diverse group of peasant farmers, urban workers, middle-class shopkeepers, wealthy merchants, and successful lawyers. Those in this group resented aristocratic privileges.
The Diplomatic Revolution
1. The Austrian chancellor, Count Kaunitz, vowed to recover Silesia. 2. Kaunitz successfully formed a coalition that included France, Austria and Russia. One consequence of this new alliance was the marriage of Marie Antoinette, daughter of Maria Theresa, to the future Louis XVI of France. 3.England then formed an alliance with Prussia to implement its policy of maintaining the balance of power on the continent.
War with France, 1870
1. The Causes- France feared the sudden emergence of a strong and aggressive Prussia. France had opposed German unity for centuries. Bismark exploited a minor dispute between France and Prussia over the search for a new Spanish monarch. By skillfully editing the Ems Dispatch, Bismark inflamed relations between France and Prussia. Napoleon III declared war on Prussia on July 19, 1870. 2. The War- The Prussian successfully invaded France and forced Napoleon to surrender on September 2, 1870. On January 18, 1871, King William I was proclaimed German emperor at the palace of Versailles. 3. The Consequences- Bismark imposed a harsh settlement. He forced France to pay a huge indemnity and cede Alsace and most of Lorraine to German empire. The loss of rich deposits of coal and iron was a severe blow to France's economy. The loss of these provinces was a even bigger blow to the French national pride. The unification of Germany created a new European balance of power. As the German empire rapidly industrialized, it became the strongest state on the continent of Europe and a formidable rival to Great Britain.
Revolt and Repression
1. The Congress of Vienna disappointed liberals and nationalists across Europe. Discontentment led to revolts that tested Metternich and the Concert of Europe. 2. Uprising in Spain and Italy- The repressive policies of the restored Spanish Bourbon King Ferdinand VII provoked demands for a more representative government. Acting with the consent of the other great powers, the French forces intervened, enabling Ferdinand to regain absolute power. Repressive monarchs in Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont also sparked rebellions. Metternich responded by sending in Austrian forced who defeated the rebels. 3. Repression in Germany- Young Germans continued to hope for liberal reforms and a united Germany. Disillusioned by the Congress of Vienna, they formed student associations to discuss their concerns. Alarmed by these student activities, Metternich persuades the major German states to issue the Carlsbad Decrees. The decrees dissolved the student associations, censored books and newspapers, and used secret police to harass dissidents. 4. The Decembrist Revolt in Russia- When Tsar Alexander I died in December 1825, a group of army officers rebelled, calling for constitutional reform. Alexander's successor, Nicholas I ruthlessly suppressed the Decembrists. Under Nicholas I's oppressive regime, Russia became Europe's most power reactionary stronghold.
Evaluation of the Congress of Vienna
1. The Congress of Vienna enacted a settlement that was acceptable to both victors and to France. 2. It created a balance of power that lasted until the unification of Germany in 1871. 3. It underestimated the forces of liberalism and nationalism unleashed by the French Revolution.
The Fall of Napoleon
1. The Continental System- In 1806, Napoleon closed all European ports to British ships and goods. Napoleon hoped that his Continental System would create a depression in Great Britain while promoting French prosperity. 2. Guerrilla Warfare in Spain- In 1808, Napoleon deposed Spain's Bourbon rulers and installed his brother Joseph. This ill-advised action outraged the Spanish people. Bands of Spanish fighters known as guerrillas repeatedly ambushed then fled into hiding. During the next five years, France lost almost 300,000 men. These losses contributed to Napoleon's ultimate defeat. 3. The Invasion of Russia- The Continental System prevented Russia from exporting grain to Great Britain. When Tsar Alexander I refused to stop this vital trade, Napoleon prepared to invade Russia. Napoleon's Grand Army reached Moscow. However, Alexander refused to surrender, thus forcing Napoleon to retreat. A combination of bitterly cold weather, disease, and merciless Russian attacks decimated Napoleon's army.
Economic Integration
1. The European Coal and Steel Community-Jean Monnet, a French economic planner, convinced French Premier Robert Schuman that economic cooperation would be the key to future prosperity between France and West Germany. The Schuman Plan, as the project became known, led to the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). 2. The European Economic Community (Common Market)- the ECSC proved to be a success. As a result, in 1957 its six members signed the Treaty of Rome creating the European Economic Community (EEC), popularly known as the Common Market. The EEC eliminated trade barriers among its members, thus closely resembling a tariff union. The EEC rapidly emerged as the driving force behind economic integration in Western Europe.
Great power rivalries from 1740-1763
1. The Hohenzollerns of Prussia and the Habsburgs of Austria vied for power in central Europe. 2. The British and the French vied for trade in North America, the West Indies, and India
Great Britain in the age of mass politics
1. The Irish Question-Following the Act of Union in 1801, Ireland was united with Great Britain and governed by the British Parliament. Led by Charles Parnell, Irish nationalist sought to achieve home rule granting Ireland its own parliament. Prime Minister William Gladstone supported Irish home rule. However, a coalition of Conservative and anti-home-rule Liberals defeated his home rule rule split the Liberal Party, enabling the Conservatives to take power. Parliament finally passed an Irish home-rule bill in 1914. However, the British government suspended the bill for the duration of World War I. 2. Peaceful reforms- The Franchise in 1884 extended voting rights to rural male laborers. By 1914, 80% of Britain's male population was enfranchised. Parliament laid the foundation for the British welfare state by establishing a system of health and unemployment insurance.
France in the age of mass politics
1. The Paris commune, 1871- The Franco-Prussia War left France defeated and humiliated. France's Third Republic began with the bitter task of ceding the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. The people of Paris rejected both the treaty and the new conservative government. Radicals called Communards formed a revolutionary municipal council of "Commune." Government troops besieged Paris for two months. The army finally overwhelmed the Communards and mercilessly crushed all opposition. The bloody suppression of the Paris Commune left a legacy of class hatred the poisoned French politics. 2. The Dreyfus Affair- Captain Alfred Dreyfus, the first Jewish officer in the French general staff, was convicted of selling military secrets to the Germans and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's island off the northern coast of South America. Although Dreyfus was innocent, a coalition of Catholics, monarchists, anti-Semites, and military officers thwarted attempts to clear his name. Emile Zola, the famed realist novelist, wrote and article called "J'Accuse" ("I Accuse"), charging that military judges had knowingly let the guilty party go, while Dreyfus remained imprisoned. Dreyfus was ultimately completely exonerated in 1906. The Dreyfus Affair had a number of consequences. It created a nationwide furor the deepened political divisions and revealed widespread anti-Semitism. The Dreyfus Affair also played a key role in Theodor Herzl's decision to write The Jewish State, calling for a national homeland for the Jewish people.
Factors Promoting Population Growth
1. The agricultural revolution produced a more abundant food supply. 2. The potato became a key food staple during the 18th century. 3. Advances in transportation reduced the impact of local crop failures. 4. 18th century wars were fought by professional armies wit specific geographic and economic objectives. As a result, 18th century wars were less destructive.
Alexander's Reforms
1. The emancipation of the serfs, 1861- Alexander II issued an Emancipation Edict freeing the serfs. Although they were free, the peasants still did not own lands. 2. The creation of zemstvos- In 1864, Alexander introduced a system of local and regional self-government through elected assemblies called zemstvos. Although zemstvos did provide some opportunity for public discussion, they did not lead to the creation of a national assembly.
England under Walpole
1. The first two Hanoverian monarchs spoke little English and exercised little real power. 2. A ruling aristocracy of landed gentry and wealthy merchants dominated Parliament. 3. Walpole emerged as England's first prime minister. Walpole led the Whig party in Parliament and was the government's leading minister.
International Relations of the 18th century
1. The great powers of Europe included Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Spain, Holland, Poland, Sweden, and the Ottoman Empire were no longer considered great powers. 2. The great powers fought limited wars: professional armies fought war based on maneuver and strategy rather than bloody mass combat, rulers fought wars for specific territorial and economical objectives, and there were no religious wars among the great powers.
Marriage and Family after 1750
1. The growth of the cottage industry increased income and helped young couples become financially independent. 2. As income rose, arranged marriages declined. 3. Increased mobility reduced parental and village controls. 4. Young peasants women increasingly left home to work as domestic servants.
The concept of enlightened despotism
1. The philosophes urged Europe's absolute rulers to use their powers for the good of the people. 2.Enlightened despots would combine ignorance and superstition by illiminating irrational customs, promoting religious toleration, reforming legal codes, and supporting education. 3. Catherine the Great of Russia, Frederick the Great of Prussia, and Joseph II of Austria were Europe's best-known enlightened despots.
Key Characteristics of Romanticism
1. The primacy of emotion- The Enlightenment stressed reason as a way to understand nature. Romantics rejects reason, and inserted stressed emotion, intuition, and subjective feelings. 2. A different past- Neoclassical artists looked to Greece and Rome for models of order and clarity. Romantics looked to the medieval period for models of chivalrous heroes, miraculous events, and unsolved mysteries. 3. A new view of nature- Enlightened thinkers relied on the scientific method to study and understand nature. They viewed nature as a well-ordered machine. Romantics preferred to contemplate the beauty of nature. They were inspired by ragging rivers, great storms, and majestic mountains veiled in mist.
Traditional forces (before 1815)
1. Traditional institutions of power- Monarchy, Aristocracy, Church, and Patriarchal family. 2. Conservatism- Believed that national, historic and religious traditions are the essential foundations of any society. Maintained that all changes should be gradual. Appealed to those who were frightened by the social disorder, violence, and terror fomented by the French Revolution.
Key Trends of Mass politics
1. Universal male suffrage-Between 1871 and 1914, most European countries extended the franchise to working-class men. Universal male suffrage led to the creation of mass political parties. 2. Trade Unions and socialist parties- Trade unions gained rights and played an increasingly important role in Great Britain, France, and Germany. Workers supported socialist parties in many European countries. 3. Welfare state- Demands for reform by socialist parties and labor unions persuaded European governments to begin enacting legislation to help the lower classes. These programs laid the foundation for the welfare state.
Key Romantic Artists
1. Writers- William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, lyrical ballads; Friedrich von Schiller, Ode to Joy; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust; Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe; Victor Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame; Grimm, Grimm's Fairy Tales 2. Artists- Caspar David Friedrich, Wanderer Above the Mist; Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People; John Constable, The Hay Wain; J.M.W. Turner, Hannibal Crossing the Alps; Francisco Goya, The Third of May 1808 3. Composers- Beethoven, Nine Symphonies; Richard Wagner, The Ring of Nibelung
The German situation in 1860
1. obstacles to unification- German remained politically divided into a number of small states that jealously guarded their independence. The German Confederation remained a loose grouping of 39 states dominated by Austria. French foreign policy continued to support German rivalries while opposing Germany unity. 2. Prussia's growing strength- Prussia's population increased from 11 million in 1815 to more than 18 million in 1850. Led by Prussia, the Zollverein promoted German economic grow while demonstrating the advantaged of unity.
Factors limiting population growth
1. periodic crop failure cause widespread famine. 2. epidemic diseases such as bubonic plague decimated Europe's population. 3. frequent wars destroyed crops and spread contagious diseases.
Increased Life Expectancy of the 18th century
1. the life spans of Europeans increased from 25 to 35 years. 2. New foods such as the potato combined with better farming techniques improved the diet of the poor. 4. improved sanitation and the beginning of the science of immunology reduced death rates. Jenner performed the first smallpox vaccination in 1796.
Frederick the Great
1.Enlightened Reforms- called himself the "first servant of the state"; supported scientific agriculture; prepared a unified national code of law; abolished the use of torture except for treason and murder;encouraged Huguenots from France and Jew from Poland to immigrate to Prussia. 2.The Junkers and the Serfs- a firm believer in social order, Frederick strengthened the Junkers privileges and allowed them full control over their serfs.
Growing Prosperity in 1715-1740
1.Great Britain emerged as Europe's leading commercial nation. 2. The upper classes benefited the most from the rising tide of commercial prosperity. 3. The labor of African slaves and eastern Europe serfs supported key commodities; slaves in sugar plantations, and serfs in grain fields.
First Crusade
1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.
Medieval Japan
1185 - 1608 a period of Japanese history when aristocratic Japanese warlords controlled land and economy.
Niccolo Machiavelli *
1400-1500s. Founder of modern political science. Lived through the Habsburg-Valois wars. Wrote "The Prince" to advise Italian leaders on the ruthless statecraft needed to unite divided Italy
Nicolaus Copernicus
1473-1543. A polish clergyman and astronomer who wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies", which directly challenged the geocentric view of the universe. He presented a heliocentric view, where the sun was the center of the universe and the earth revolved around the sun.
Henry VII
1485-1509, First Tudor king of England after gaining throne by force - Battle of Bosworth Field from Richard III. Brought England out of War of Roses, restored order and established strong monarchy. Many ministers from the middle classes (thereby further undermining nobility) & suspended livery and maintenance, encouraged trade, balanced budget, established Star Chamber for law & order. Frugality freed him of dependence on Parliament - power of which declined. Diplomacy - used marriage in Foreign Affairs with Scotland & Hapsburgs. National feeling consolidated around Tudors.
Mayans
1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.
The Act of Supremacy
1534. Declared the King the head of the Church and clergy in England. Henry remained a devout Catholic and the Six Articles reaffirmed Catholic teachings.
Sir Francis Bacon
1561- 1626. Advocated an inductive method of scientific observation, which starts with the direct observation of phenomena that leads to a hypothesis tested in additional experiments. He argued that this would lead to the formation of universal principals and scientific laws
Galileo Galilei
1564-1642. An Italian scientist who used controlled experiments to formulate laws of motion and inertia that were expressed in mathematical formulas. He was the first to use a telescope for astronomical observation. His discoveries provided irrefutable support for the heliocentric view that the earth was a planet circling the sun. Pope Urban III accused Galileo with meddling with dangerous subjects. He was summoned to Rome for trial and on threat of torture, retracted his support for the Copernican theory.
Johannes Kepler
1571-1630. Copernicus's theories were based on logic, not observation. Brahe carefully recorded the movements of each known planet. His assistant Kepler studied Brahe's data and concluded that (1) The planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits (2) Planets move more rapidly as their orbits approach the sun (3) The time a planet takes to orbit the sun varies proportionately with its distance from the sun.
Battle of Lepanto
1571. A combined Spanish-Venetian fleet defeated the Turkish navy at Lepanto off the coast of Greece. The victory enhanced Philip II's prestige as the champion of Catholicism
The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
1572. Growing strength of the Huguenots alarmed the French king Charles IX and his powerful mother Catherine de' Medici. With Catherine's support, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots gathering in Paris to celebrate the wedding of Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre, and the violence quickly spread to the provinces. 20,000 Huguenots were killed. It ignited a bloody civil war between Catholics and Protestants that continued for 15 years.
Rene Descartes
1596- 1650. He advocated a deductive method of reasoning. He began by doubting all notions based on authority or custom. Instead, he started with a self-evident axiom and used logical reasoning to deduce various inferences. He attempted to prove the existence of God.
Baron de Montesquieu
1689-1755. A French nobleman and attorney who wanted to limit the abuses of royal absolutism. "The Spirit of the Laws" represented an attempt to create a "social science" by applying the methods of the natural sciences to the study of government.
Voltaire
1694-1778. Best known and most influential philosophe. Voltaire was a prolific writer who popularized Newton's scientific discoveries, criticized France's rigid government, and denounced religious bigotry. He directed most of his criticism at the intolerance of organized Christianity, both Protestant and Catholic. Voltaire championed religious tolerance.
Battle of Chaldiran
16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis).
The War of Austrian Succession
1740-1748 1. The Austrian-Prussian rivalry- The Pragmatic Sanction guaranteed Maria Theresa's right to inherit the Habsburg throne and territories. Frederick the Great ignored the Pragmatic Sanction and seized Silesia. Supported by France, Frederick's army successfully captured Silesia. 2. The Anglo-French rivalry- In Europe, the French supported Prussia and the English supported Austria. In Canada, American colonists captured the French fortress of Louisbourg. In India, the French seized Madras from the British. 3. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle- Frederick retained control of Silesia, thus confirming Prussia's status as a great power and chief rival of Austria in German affairs. The English restored Louisbourg to France, and the French gave Madras back to England.
The Seven Years' War
1756-1763 1. The colonial war- In Canada, the British defeated the French and gained control of Qubec. In the West Indies, the British gained control of major French sugar islands. In India, the British gained control over French trading posts. 2. The war on the Continent- The anti-Prussian alliance achieved a series of victories the threatened to crush Prussia. Prussia was saved from defeat when Russia's new tsar, Peter III, who admired Frederick the Great, dropped out of the war.
The Treaty of Paris
1763. The British acquired French Canada and the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. France retained the Caribbean sugar islands and a few commercial installations in India. Prussia retained possession of Silesia.
Prince Metternich
1773-1859. Austrian foreign minister and host for the Congress of Vienna. Committed to the principles of conservatism. Viewed liberalism and nationalism as threats to European stability and the survival of the Austrian Empire.
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
Treaty of Nanjing
1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws; this treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws; one of these were Hong Kong.
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.
Legalism
A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.
Yellow Turban
A 184 C.E. peasant revolt against emperor Ling of Han. Led by Daoists who proclaimed that a new era would be3ing with the fall of the Han. Although this specific revolt was suppressed, it triggered a continuous string of additional outbreaks.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.
Bourbon
A European Royal family that is most known for its rule of France from the 16th through the 18th centuries.
Martin Luther
A German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. He led the Protestant Reformation.
diaspora
A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, were spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in by the Romans.
Stoicism
A Hellenistic and Roman philosophy which taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment and that a wise person would not rely on emotions.
Daimyo
A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai; warlord but not as powerful as a shogun.
Twelver Shiism
A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.
Teotihuacan
A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600.
Constitutional Monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
Solidarity
A Polish labor union founded in 1980 by Lech Walesa and Anna Walentynowicz. Solidarity contested Communist Party programs and eventually ousted the party from the Polish government.
Society of Jesus
A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.
Bread and Circuses
A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.
Kulak
A Russian peasant farmer who owns land. Late imperial and early Soviet eras.
Safavids
A Shi'ite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persia (Iran and parts of Iraq) from the 16th-18th centuries that had a mixed culture of the Persians, Ottomans and Arabs.
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952).
Indulgence
A certificate granted by the Pope in return for a payment to the Catholic Church. It stated that the soul of the dead relative or friend of the purchaser would have his time in purgatory reduced by many years or cancelled altogether.
ideograms
A character or figure in a writing system in which the idea of a thing is represented rather than it's name (example: Chinese)
Polis
A city-state in ancient Greece.
Young Turks
A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It Against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. Members of this group were progressive, modernist and opposed to the status quo. The movement built a rich tradition of dissent that shaped the intellectual, political and artistic life of the late Ottoman period and trancended through the decline of the Ottoman Empire and into the new Turkish state.
Hebrew Bible
A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the early Hebrew people. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E.
Space Race
A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.
Persepolis
A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan
General Will
A concept in political philosophy by referring to the desire of interest of a people as a whole. As used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who championed the concept, the general will is identical to the rule of law
aqueduct
A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization.
Geneva Conference
A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam.
Malay
A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malaysian Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)
Jihad
A contoversial term in Islam that literally means "striving in the way of Allah"
Roman Senate
A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.
Zhou Dynasty
A decentralized Chinese dynasty in China because of the massive size, and whose emperor was the first to claim to be a link between heaven and earth. Iron metallurgy increased in this dynasty.
Athens
A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.
Appeasement
A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.
telegraph
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.
Taille
A direct tax on the French peasantry. The taille was one of the most important sources of income for the French monarchs until the French Revolution.
Gulf War
A dispute over control of the waterway between Iraq and Iran broke out into open fighting in 1980 and continued until 1988, when they accepted a UN cease-fire resolution.
Great Western Schism
A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)
Boddhisatva
A enlightened being who put off nirvana to come back and help others become enlightened.
Feminism
A female movement for gender equality.
electricity
A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.
Islamism
A fundamentalist Islamic revivalist movement generally characterized by moral conservatism and the literal interpretation of the Quran and the attempt to implement Islamic values in all aspects of life.
Constantinople
A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
gentry
A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats.
Mesoamerica
A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.
Autocracy
A government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. The Romanov dynasty in Russia is the best example of an autocracy
Encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.
encomienda
A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the native Americans.
manumission
A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.
Uigurs
A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)
The Philosophes
A group of thinkers and writers who espoused enlightened ideas. Taken together, they formed a grand "republic of letters". They were not abstract philosophers. Instead, they dedicated themselves to exposing social problems and proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws. Although many leaders of this group were French, they were a cosmopolitan group who could be found in the American colonies and across Europe.
Hope and Failure in German in 1848
A growing number of German nationalists hoped for a more liberal German state. In 1834, all the major German states except Austria formed the Zollverein, a free-trading union, to facilitate commerce. Riots broke out in Berlin in 1848. Frederick William IV responded by issuing a series of reforms, including a Prussia assembly to draft a new constitution. Meanwhile, another assembly met in Frankfurt to draft a new constitution for all Germany. The hopes of German reformers were soon crushed. Supported by the army, Frederick William dissolved the Prussian assembly. He then rejected the Frankfurt's assembly's plan for a constitutional monarchy.
Islamic Golden Age
A hypothetical period that describes the status of the Islamic world from the mid-8th to the mid-13th century CE (sack of Baghdad by Mongols). During this period, artists, engineers, scholars, poets, philosophers, geographers and traders in the Islamic world contributed to agriculture, the arts, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, sociology, and technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding inventions and innovations of their own.
Citizenship
A limited form of _______ was awarded to allies and new territories of the Roman Empire as a form of control, foreign policy, and recruitment.
Western Front
A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.
Ramesses II
A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a military standoff. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.
steam engine
A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.
Bantu
A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
A major Mesopotamian empire between 934-608 BCE. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. They were an iron-age resurgence of a previous bronze age empire.
Upanishads
A major book in Hinduism that is often in the form of dialogues that explored the Vedas and the religious issues that they raised.
Ming Dynasty
A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia
Haitian Revolution
A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Civilian Conservation Corps
A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.
Phoenicians
A maritime people who spread their alphabet to others including the Hebrews, Romans, and Greeks.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
A measurement of the total goods and services produced within a country.
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa.
Girondins
A moderate republican faction active in the French revolution from 1791 to 1793. The Girondin Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders
Solomon's Temple
A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues.
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.
Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Qin
A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first short-lived Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved his subjects.
Hittites
A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.
Zulu
A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818.
Mongols
A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.
Vedic Age
A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth.
Renaissance
A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600.
Mestizo
A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.
Mohandas Gandhi
A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.
scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
Enlightenment
A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.
The Enlightenment
A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.
Skepticism
A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.
liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes rule of law, representative democracy, rights of citizens, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Totalitarianism
A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.
Fascism
A political system that combines an authoritarian government with a corporate economy. Fascist governments glorify their leaders, appeal to nationalism, control the media, and repress idividual liberties
Fascism
A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism).
Fascism
A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical ultra-nationalist government. Favors nationalizing economic elites rather than promoting egalitarian socialist collectivization.
Liberal
A political view that advocates for rule of law, representative government, and egalitarianism.
Conservative
A political viewpoint disposed to preserve existing conditions, institutions, etc., or to restore traditional ones.
Henry of Navarre
A politique. Henry IV was the leader of the House of Bourbon and a Huguenot. Many Catholics still opposed Henry, and since a majority of the French were Catholics, he converted to Catholicism.
Pancho Villa
A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata.
Enlightenment
A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.
Sparta
A powerful Greek miliary polis that was often at war with Athens. Used slaves known as helots to provide agricultural labor.
the Provisional Government
A provisional government led by Alexander Kerensky replaced the tsar. Despite mounting losses, the provisional government continued the war against Germany. This fateful decision to pursue an unpopular war weakened the provisional government and played a key role in its demise.
Syndicalism
A radical political movement that advocated bringing industry and government under control of federations of labor unions. Syndicalists endorsed direct actions such as strikes and sabotage.
Jacobins
A radical republican party during the French Revolution. Led y Maximilien Robespierre, the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror. Other key leaders included Jean-Paul Marat, Georges-Jacques Danton, and the Comte de Mirabeau. The Marquis de Lafayette was not a Jacobin
papyrus
A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.
Hinduism
A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms
Daoism
A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.
Zoroastrianism
A religion originating in ancient Iran. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil
three-field system
A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.
legalism
A school of Chinese philosophy that come into prominence during the period of the Warring states and had great influence on the policies of the Qin dynasty. People following this took a pessimistic view of human nature and believed that social harmony could only be attained through strong government control and the imposition of strict laws, enforced absolutely.
Relativity
A scientific theory associated with Albert Einstein. Relativity holds that time and space do not exist separately. Instead, they are a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as much on the observer as on the entities being measured.
Carbonari
A secret revolutionary society working to unify Italy in the 1820s
Fronde
A series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652. The Fronde played a key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace
Rebellions of 1848
A series of rebellions throughout Europe in 1848; they were crushed by the conservative powers.
Persian Wars
A series of wars between the Greeks (mainly Athens) and the Persians in which the Greeks were usually victorious.
Napoleonic Wars
A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon Bonaparte) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times (1799-1812).
AIDS
A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.
city state
A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.
caravel
A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.
Apartheid
A social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites.
Welfare State
A social system in which the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security. Germany was the first European country to develop a state social welfare system.
sepoy
A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.
World Bank
A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
The Causes of the Crimean War
A squabble over jurisdiction within the holy places in Turkish-ruled Jerusalem brought France (the protector of the Catholics) and Russia (the protector of the Orthodox clergy) into diplomatic controversy with turkey in the middle. Tsar Nicholas I saw an opportunity to dominate Turkey and secure entrance into the Mediterranean through the Turkish Straits. Austria felt threatened by Russia's expansion into the Balkans. France and Britain opposed any change in the regional balance of power.
Songhay Empire
A state located in western Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, it was one of the largest Islamic empires in history.
chariots
A strong military unit of the ancient time, combining pastoralist technologies of horseback riding and wheels.
Bourgeoisie
A term for the middle class. A social class characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture. They derive social and economic power from employment, education, and wealth, as opposed to the inherited power of aristocratic family of titled land owners granted feudal privileges.
Authoritarian
A style of government characterized by submission to authority. It tends to opposed individualism and democracy. In its most extreme cases it is one in which political power is concentrated in a leader or leaders, who possess exclusive, unaccountable, and arbitrary power.
Jati
A sub-varna in the caste system that gave people of sense of community because they usually consisted of people working in the same occupation.
political geography
A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces emerge in the places that they do and with how the character of those spaces affects social, political, economic, and environmental understandings and practices.
tribute system
A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies.
tributary system
A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China.
Enlightened Despotism
A system of government supported by leading philosophes in which an absolute ruler uses his or her power for the good of the people. Enlightened monarchs supported religious tolerance, increased economic productivity, administrative reform, and scientific academies. Joseph II, Frederick the Great, and Catherine the Great were the best-known enlightened monarchs
cuneiform
A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.
Repartimiento
A system that the Spanish let colonists employ Indians in forced labor
fresco
A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.
Ren
An attitude of kindness and benevolence or a sense of humanity for Confucianism.
Roman Principate
A term used to characterize Roman government in the first three centuries C.E., based on the ambiguous title princeps ('first citizen') adopted by Augustus to conceal his military dictatorship.
Han
A term used to designate (1) the ethnic Chinese people who originated in the Yellow River Valley and spread throughout regions of China suitable for agriculture and (2) the dynasty of emperors who ruled from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.
Communism
A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
Socialism
A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.
Triangular Trade
A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent raw materials to Europe, and Europe sent guns and rum to Africa.
Pax Romana
A time in history when the Roman Empire was at peace and promoted safe trade.
Royal African Company
A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)
hadith
A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law.
Serfdom
A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.
Umayyads
Abbassids or Umayyads? Non-Arab people were more ostracized from society, even if they were Muslim. They were prohibited from holding positions of influence, they paid more taxes, not wanting peasant and urban masses to convert to Islam.
Mahabharata
A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. Mahayana Buddhism,Branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.
junk
A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.
Berlin Wall
A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West.
Proxy war
A war instigated by a major power that does not itself participate
Qanat
A water management system that originated in Perisa thousands of years ago. It provided water to people even in hilly, desert, hot, and arid areas (like Iran).
Second Industrial Revolution
A wave of late-nineteenth-century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. The period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States. Both the US and Britain soon rivaled Great Britain.
The intellectual uncertainties
A widespread feeling of disillusionment, uncertainty, and anxiety. New doubts about the ability of individuals to control their lives. An intellectual crisis that affected every field of thought.
Cuneiform
A writing system that used graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, and ideas as well as physical objects.
Abbasids
Abbasids or Umayyads? Were more open and integrating of non Arab peoples, and were more open to the non-Arab masses converting to Islam.
Classical British Economic Theory
Accepted the laissez-faire polices advocated in Adam's Smith's Wealth of Nations. Insisted that supply and demand would act as an "invisible hand" so that selfish individual acts would ultimately benefit the whole society. Opposed government regulations that interfered with the competitive free market. Believed government policies should be limited to enforcing contracts, protecting private property, and ensuring national defense.
Communism
According to Karl Marx, a classless and stateless society at its ultimate peak of historical development.
Zambos
According to Spanish and Portuguese colonizedrs, these are people of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class in colonial America.
World Trade Organization
Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).
Assimilation
Adopting the traits of another culture. Often happens over time when one immigrates into a new country.
Goals of Philip II of Spain
Advance Spanish power in Europe, champion Catholicism in Europe, and defeat the Ottoman Turks in the eastern Mediterranean
Revolution in France in 1848
Affluent bourgeoisie dominated France during the reign of Louis Philippe. A leading minister rejected demands for extending the franchise to the working class. Unable to withstand public pressure, Louis Philippe's government collapsed in February 1848. As tensions and unrest gripped Paris, liberals, socialists, and Bonapartists all vied for power. Following a bloody confrontation between workers and the capitalist-backed government, French workers overwhelmingly elected Louis Napoleon as president of the Second French Republic. The nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis promised to restore order at home and glory abroad.
Asante
African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain.
Britain
After Egypt became independent from the Ottomans, it still had to contend with the influence of European imperialists, particularly this nation.
The Treaty of Utrecht
After War of the Spanish Succession, created a new balance of power that preserved the peace for 30 years. Philip was allowed to keep the throne of Spain so long as Spain and France weren't united. France was allowed to keep Alsace. England got Spanish naval bases and slave trade, and French territories in Newfoundland. Austria got the Spanish Netherlands (now the Austrian Netherlands), and Naples, Milan, and Sardinia. The Duke of Savoy received the title of king and Sicily, which was later traded to Austria for Sardinia. The Elector of Brandenburg was recognized as the king of Prussia.
Philippines
After decades of nationalist resistance against the Spanish (and violent repression of activists) this Pacific Island nation proudly declared independence in 1898. But the Spanish had handed control over to the USA, who had no plans to recognize their independence.
Lutheranism vs Calvinism
Agreed on many fundamental points of theology. They disagreed on predestination and the relationship between the church and civil authorities. Luther thought the church was subordinate to the state, and Calvin thought the elect have the duty to Christianize the state.
Colombian Exchange: Old World to New World
Agricultural Products: coffee, cane sugar, wheat, and rice. Animals: cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Diseases: smallpox, measles, and diphtheria. Human Populations: European colonists and African slaves
Colombian Exchange: New World to Old World
Agricultural Products: potatoes, maize, tomatoes, peanuts, tobacco, vanilla, and chocolate. Animals: turkeys. Diseases: Syphilis
Muhammad Ali
Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849).
Tsarist Russia in the 1850s
Alexander II was an autocrat whose will was law. Russia's aristocracy continued to own almost all the land an be exempt from taxes. Russia had a very small middle class. 95% of the people we peasants, most of whom were serfs.
The Paris Peace Conference
Although nearly 30 countries were represented, Great Britain, France, and the United States made the major decisions. Germany and Austria-Hungary were not allowed to attend the conference. Russia, which had suffered the greatest loss of life, was in the midst of a civil war and was invited to attend the conference.
Four Noble Truths
All life invoves suffering; desire is the cause of suffering; elimination of desire brings an end to suffering; a disciplined life conducted life brings the elimination of desire.
New industrial powers in the second industrial revolution
Although Great Britain continued to be a major industrial power, it rate of growth slowed. Germany and the United States emerged as new and formidable industrial rivals. Germany's emergence as Europe's leading industrial power altered the European balance of power, posing a challenge to Great Britain's political and economic leadership.
Anti-Semitism
Although Jews comprised less than 1% of Germany's population, Hitler blamed them for Germany's problems. In 1933, the Nazis passed laws forbidding Jews to hold public office. Two years later, the Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship and required them to wear a yellow Star of David as identification. Nazi violence against Jews steadily mounted. On November 9 and 10, 1938, the Nazis organized a campaign of mob violence known as the Kristallnacht (crystal night)
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. Used especially in reference to the Western European possession of the Middle East after WWI.
Mandate System
Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.
Neocolonialism
Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).
compound bow
Also introduced to the Mesopotamian city states by pastoralists, this ranged weapon was stronger than any of its counter parts.
aztecs
Also known as Mexica, they created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.
Genghis Khan
Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history.
Mahayana Buddhism
Also known as popular Buddhism, is allows people more ways to reach enlightenment and boddhisatvas can help you reach enlightenment.
economic
Although the the US did not attempt to settle or colonize South America like other imperialistic nations had done, they did exert ________ influence that in an imperialistic way.
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.
Hammurabi
Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.
Pericles
An Athenian leader who transformed Athens into a community of scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects and who was a big promoter of democracy.
Buddha
An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of this word) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism.
Estates General
An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.
Westernization
An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.
Triple Entente
An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.
Iroquois Confederacy
An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England.
Hittites
An ancient Anatolian group whose empire at largest extent consisted of most of the Middle East. Some of the first two-wheeled chariots and iron.
Silk Road
An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.
Olaudah Equiano
An antislavery activist who wrote an account of his enslavement.
Nation-State
An area of homogenous people that share a common feeling of nationality
Goths
An array of Germanic peoples, pushed further westward by nomads from central Asia. They in turn migrated west into Rome, upsetting the rough balance of power that existed between Rome and these people.
socialists
An umbrella term for people of diverse perspectives but many of whom typically advocate equality, protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and state ownership of major industries. This ideology led to the founding of certain labor parties in the late 1800s.
Anabaptist Beliefs
Anabaptist, or re-baptizers, opposed infant baptism, insisting that only adult baptism conformed to scripture. They advocated for completed separation of church and state
Incas
Ancient civilization (1200-1500AD) that was located in the Andes in Peru
mita
Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations.
Ibn Khaldun
Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.
Faisal
Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933.
Macedonia
Area between the Greek and Slavic regions; conquered Greece and Mesopotamia under the leadership of Philip II and Alexander the Great
John Stuart Mill
Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.
Pericles
Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens.
The Cavaliers
Aristocrats, nobles, and church officials who remained loyal to the king during the English Civil War. They favored a strong monarchy and an Anglican Church governed by bishops appointed by the crown
Crusades
Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.
Population growth
As a result of falling death rates and improved agricultural and industrial production, Europe's population rose from 193 million in 1800 to 423 million in 1900. In 1900, Europeans comprised 24% of the world's population The figure toady is jut 12%.
The Versailles Palace
As an absolute monarch, Louis XVI determined foreign policy, commanded the army, and supported the arts. He was the "Sun King". Visible symbol of his power and greatness. Underscored France's cultural dominance.
family wage
As industrialization gradually became more intense in certain areas, men displaced women in factories and were paid more, partly because men were seen as requiring a _____ _____.
The Balkan Powder Keg
As the power of the Ottoman Empire receded, the Balkan Peninsula became a powder keg of competing interests. With the exception of the Greeks and Romanians, most of the Balkan population spoke the same Slavic language. Many Slavs embraced Pan-Slavism, a nationalist movement to untie all Slavic peoples. Bismarck recognized the potential danger of nationalist aspiriation in the Balkans. At the 1878 Congress of Berlin. he tried to reduce tensions by supporting Serbian independence and Austria-Hungary's right to "occupy and administer" Bosnia and Herzegovina. The newly independent nation of Serbia quickly became the leader of the Pan-Slavic movement. Serbian leaders hoped to unite the Slavs in the same way Piedmont had united the Italians and Prussia the Germans. Austria felt threatened by the growth of Slavic nationalism within its borders and across the Balkans. In 1908, the Austrians enraged the Serbs by annexing Bosnisa and Herzegovina. Serbian nationalism threatened Austria. At the same time, it offered Slavic Russia an opportunity to advance its interests in the Balkans. Russia and Austria-Hungary were thus on a collision course in the Balkans. As one Balkan crisis followed another, Europe tottered on the brink of war.
Italian Nationalism
Austria dominated northern Italy. Italian nationalist formed a secret society called the Carbonari. The Carbonari hoped to drive out the Austrian and unify Italy. Inspired by the events in France and Belgium, the Carbonari rebelled. However, Metternich promptly sent in Austrian troops to restore order. The Carbonari's failure left Giuseppe Mazzini as Italy's foremost nationalist leader.
Brezhnev Doctrine
Assertion that the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. The Brezhnev Doctrine justified the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968
European Reaction
At first, European liberal supported the French Revolution and applauded the fall of the Old Regime. The English statesman Edmund Burke offered a conservative critique of the French Revolution. Burke warned that mob rule would lead to anarchy and ultimately military dictatorship. To many moderate Europeans, the September massacres and the execution of Louis XVI vindicated Burke's dire predictions.
Socrates
Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior.
Austria Defeat and discontent
Austrian suffered humiliating and humiliating military defeats at the hands of the first France and Piedmont and then Prussia. The empire's biggest problem was the discontent of the many nationalities living under Habsburg rule. The Magyars were the largest and most restive national group.
Revolutions in the Austrian Empire in 1848
Austrian was a huge dynastic state in which a dominant German-speaking nation ruled a large number of subject nationalities and ethnic groups. Revolutionary fervor quickly spread from Paris to Vienna. As tensions mounted, Metternich resigned and fled to England. An Austrian constituent assembly abolished the robot, or forced labor, thus removing a major source of peasant discontent. Revolution quickly spread to Hungary where Louis Kossuth demanded self-government. Despite initial setbacks, the Austrian government regained control. Only Hungary remained deifiant. The new Austrian emperor Francis Joseph accepted the offer of Tsar Nicholas I to help defeat the Hungarians. A joint invasion of Russian and Austrian forced crushed Hungarian resistance.
Swahili
Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa.
Pearl Harbor
Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which eagered America to enter the war.
Kingdom of Kongo
Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
Began his career as an assistant to the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe. Formulated three laws of planetary motion. Proved that planetary orbits are elliptical rather than circular.
The Munich Conference, 1938
Ceded the Sudetenland to Hitler. Discredited the British policy of appeasement.
Shi'a
Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Mainly found in Iran and a small part of Iraq. It is the state religion of Iran. A member of this group is called a Shi'ite.
cultural
Because more people stayed in one place instead of having to keep moving, it helped build a stronger sense of _________ tradition.
Moksha
Becoming liberated for the cycle of reincarnation in Hinduism.
1880s
Before this decade, Europeans were mostly on the coasts of Africa as traders, explorers, and missionaries. After this decade Europeans began to conquer African territory and destroy African kingdoms.
Peter the Great and St. Petersburg
Began building it in 1703. Named after his patron saint, it would be "a great window for Russia to look out at Europe". It quickly became a symbol of Peter the Great's new and more powerful Russia
Reconquista
Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.
Old intellectual certainties
Belief in the power of reason to understand the universe and discover natural laws. Belief in the progress and the power of science and technology to improve living standards. Belief in liberty and the power of individual rights to promote a just society.
Sahel
Belt south of the Sahara where it transitions into savanna across central Africa. It means literally 'coastland' in Arabic.
Isabella of Spain vs Elizabeth I
Both shared the goal of ruling over a united country. Very different policies to achieve this. Isabella was a devout Catholic who decreed that there could only be one faith, and started the Inquisition, as well as kicking Jews and Muslims out of the state. This unified them religiously while harming the economy. Elizabeth didn't care about the religious beliefs, but about loyalty and that they would stop having civil wars about religion. Her reign marked the beginning of a culture golden age and a period of sustained economic growth and prosperity.
Indian Ocean
Between 1450-1750 in this body of water European empires (particularly the Portuguese and Dutch) had many interconnected trading posts and enclaves.
The West at Napoleon's Feet
Between 1805 and 1807, Napoleon defeated Austria, Prussia, and Russia in a series of brilliant military victories. Napoleon's victory at Austerlitz solidified his reputation as a military genius. By 1808, French rule extended his rule from the North Sea to Spain and included much of Italy. However, Lord Nelson's naval victory at Trafalgar thwarted Napoleon's goal of controlling the seas and mounting an invasion of Great Britain.
War with Denmark, 1864
Bismark led Prussia into was with Denmark to win two border provinces, Schleswig and Holstein. The victory combined with diplomacy enabled Bismark to begin the process of eliminating Austria from German affairs.
Characteristics of the Scientific Method
Both Bacon and Descartes's methods proved to be part of a systematic and logical way of seeking truth known as the scientific method. Three characteristics: (1) Belief int he existence of regular patterns in nature (2) Use of controlled experiments to systematically record facts and verify hypotheses (3) Search for mathematical formulas to describe natural phenomena
economic sanctions
Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies.
Cuban Missile Crisis
Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
The Charist movement
Britain's disenfranchised workers demanded more sweeping reforms. In 1838, working-class leaders drew up a People's Charter that demanded universal manhood suffrage, a secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and the abolition of property requirements for membership in the House of Commons. despite widespread public support, Parliament adamantly refused to consider the Chartists' proposals.
The reform bill of 1867
Britain's rapidly growing working class continued to demand electoral reform. Led by Benjamin Disraeli, the Conservative (formerly Tories), supported a new reform bill. The Reform Bill of 1867 extended the suffrage to most of Britain's urban workers, but not women.
Cecil Rhodes
British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)
British writer, philosopher and feminist who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Argued that women are not naturally inferior to men. Maintained that women deserve the same fundamental rights as men
Crystal Palace
Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.
St. Petersburg
Built by Peter the Great of Russia to attract europeans and to get warm water ports.
Forbidden City
Built in the Ming Dynasty, was a stunning monument in Bejing built for Yonglo. All commoners and foreigners were forbidden to enter without special permission.
Trading Post Empires
Built initially by the portuguese, these were used to control the trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties there.
Trade
By 1750 there were states on the rise (like European empires) and declining states (like the Ottomans and Mughals). This occurred because of change in global ____ patterns
industrial location theory
By Alfred Weber, an industry is located where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum.
caudillos
By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators.
Spanish America
By the end of the sixteenth century, Spain possessed an American empire 20X its own size. Indigenous people were converted to Christianity and became subjects of the Spanish king. King of Spain governed American empire though a Council of the Indies in Spain and through viceroys in Mexico City and Lima, Peru
Civil War in Russia
By the summer of 1918, several "White" armies attempted to overthrow the Bolsheviks. Led by Leon Trotsky, the Bolsheviks responded by forming a highly disciplined Red Army. The civil war between the Whites and Reds lasted from 1918 to 1920. The divided and poorly led Whites lost to the better-organized Red Army.
Li
Called for individuals to behave in conventionally appropriate fashion in Confucianism.
Ottoman Empire
Called the "Sick Man of Europe" due to their slow imperial decline and inability to adapt to the new political and economic developments of the nineteenth century.
Noble Eightfold Path
Calls for individuals to lead balanced and moderate lives, rejecting both the devotion to luxury and the regimes of extreme asceticism. (Buddhist Belief).
The Peace of Westphalia, 1628
Calvanism recognized as a religion and independence of Switzerland as a neutral buffer state. Each principality in Germany allowed to pick any religion
The Dutch Republic: Religion
Calvinism was the dominant religion. However, Catholics, Lutherans, Anabaptist, and Jews all enjoyed religious freedom This helped create a cosmopolitan society that promoted commerce
English Religion in the Seventeenth Century
Calvinists largest percentage of the English population. Puritans continued to demand changes in the Anglican church
Cultural Revolution
Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.
Thebes
Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)
Delhi
Capital of the Mugal empire in Northern India
Istanbul
Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.
Isfahan
Capital of the Safavid Empire.
Silk Road
Caravan routes connecting China and the Middle East across Central Asia and Iran.
The impact of World War I on intellectuals
Caused unprecedented death and destruction. overthrew established monarchies and social orders in Russia, Germany and Austria-Hungary. Led many people to question the optimistic belief in reason, progress and individual rights.
Floating Worlds
Centers of Tokugawa urban culture; called ukiyo; where entertainment and pleasure quarters housed teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths to offer escape from social responsibilities and the rigid rules of conduct that governed public behavior.
Timur
Central Asian leader of a Mongol tribe who attempted to re-establish the Mongol Empire in the late 1300's. His biggest rival though was the Islamized Golden Horde. He is the great great grandfather of Babur who later founds the Mughal Empire.
Delhi Sulatanate
Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders.
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
Alexander the Great
Chandragupta Maurya is believed to have modeled his conquest of India (forming the Mauryan Empire) off of the conquests of what other leader?
Carolingian Empire
Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century
Utopian Socialism
Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc, and Robert Owen were the most prominent Utopian Socialists. They advocated social and economic planning to create societies based on cooperation rather than competition. Although the Utopians founded a number of cooperative communities, their experiments all failed.
Petition of Right
Charles I signed this in exchange for money. It had two provisions: (1) Parliament imposes taxes, not the king, (2) no one imprisoned without the due process of the law
Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanction
Charles VI didn't have a male heir, and wanted to insure safe succession for his daughter, so he wrote the Pragmatic Sanction, which said that the Habsburg lands were indivisible and that Maria Theresa would inherit them. Other foreign powers forced a number of concessions before agreeing. He died believing he had guaranteed the peace and integrity of his realm.
The Question of Succession after Charles II
Charles's second wife and his brother, the Duke of York, were Roman Catholic. Since Charles had no legitimate children, his brother James was next in line for the throne
Beijing
China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China.
Mao Zedong
Chinese Communist leader from 1949 to 1976.
Daoism
Chinese School of Thought that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.
Ming
Chinese dynasty between 1368-1644. Economy flourished, Border Policy was good, but not well enough enforced, as they were taken over by the Manchu from the North in 1644.
Ming
Chinese dynasty that followed the overthrow of the Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty in China. Among other things, the emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. It was mostly a time of vibrant economic productivity. It is regarded as the last great Chinese dynasty (1368-1644). In 1644 they fall to Manchurian (Qing Dynasty) from the North who who rule China until the Nationalist revolution in 1911.
Treaty Ports
Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.
Confucianism
Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice
Sun Yat-sen
Chinese man who led the revolution against the Manchu Dynasty.
Sun Yat-Sen
Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.
Legalism
Chinese philosophy developed by Hanfeizi; taught that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws
Sun Yatsen
Chinese physician and political leader who aimed to transform China with patriotic, democratic, and economically progressive reforms.
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.
Junks
Chinese ships, particularly from the 1400s, are often called these. It was a sturdy Chinese ship design and the largest of its kind were treasures ships that could carry a thousand tons of cargo.
The Christian Democrats
Christian Democratic parties endorsed growth, European integration, national health insurance, aid to farmers, and political democracy.Key Christian Democrat leaders included Konrad Adenauer in West Germany., Alcide de Gasperi in Italy, and Robert Schuman in France. The Christian Democrats accepted Keynesian economic theory. According to Keyesian economic theory. According to Keynesian economics, governments should play a leading role in stimulating economic growth.
New sources of power in the second industrial revolution
Coal and steam gave way to electricity, oil, and gasoline. Electricity proved to be especially versatile. It lit homes and powered everything from industrial machinery to the new streetcars.
Chivalry
Code of honor and ethics taken by knights.
Operation Barbarossa
Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.
Vedas
Collections of hymns, songs, prayers, and rituals honoring the barious gods of the Aryans.
Asian Tigers
Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s.
Shogun
Commander of the Japanese army in ancient and feudal times. At times more similar to a duke and/or a military dictator.
Deng Xiaoping
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong in 1976.
Deng Xiaoping
Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.
Twelve Tables
Completed in 449 BCE, these civil laws developed by the Roman Republic to protect individual following demands by plebeians.
Absolute Monarchy
Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in Western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, and imposed state economic policies.
Enconmienda
Concession from Spanish letting a colonist take tribute from Indians in a certain area
Satrapy
Conquered territory in Media and later Perisa, ruled through client kings and governors rather than by direct rule.
Stagnation
Conservative leaders believed the Khrushchev's program of de-Stalinization posed a threat to the communist Party's dictatoral powers. Now led by Leonid Brezhnev, the communist Party clamped down outspoken dissidents. Brezhnev's hard-line policies led to a prolonged period of political repression and economic stagnation.
Causes of the Revolutions of 1848
Conservative leaders refused to respond to the problems and social tensions created by industrialization and urbanization. Working-class radicals and middle-class liberals were convinced that the repressive Metternich system had outlived its usefulness. Nationalist in Italy and Germany yearned for unification. At the same time, national minorities in the Austrian Empire demanded independence. Widespread crop failure, rising prices of food, and growing unemployment helped fuel demands for change.
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Considered an important forerunner of existentialism. Expressed contempt for the middle-class morality, saying that it led to a false and shallow existence. Argued that conventional notions of good and evil are only relevant for the ordinary person. Rejected reason and embraced the irrational. Believed that the "will-to-power" of a few "supermen" could successfully reorder the world.
Important Medici members
Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo the Magnificent (in chronological order)
The Dutch Republic: Economic Decline
Costly wars with England and France damaged it. As they declined, England and France rose as the dominant European powers.
monoculture
Cotton, rubber, palm oil, sugar, whale blubber, minerals etc. Industrialization led to an increased demand for foreign raw resources. This is a term for countries relying solely on the exportation of mainly one raw resource.
Audiencias
Courts appointed by the king who reviewed the administration of viceroys serving Spanish colonies in America.
The Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, 1939
Created a nonaggression agreement in which Hitler and Stalin promised to remain neutral if the other became involved in a war. Divided eastern Europe into German and Soviet zones.
The Treaty of Rome, 1957
Created the European Economic Community (EEC), generally known as the Common Market. Marked the beginning of European economic integration.
The Maastricht Treaty, 1991
Created the European Union (EU), the world's largest single economic market. Created a central bank for the European Union.
Cyrus II
Created the Persian Empire by defeating the Medes, Lydians, and Babylonians; was known for his allowance of existing governments to continue governing under his name
1571
Date: Battle of Lepanto
Cromwell's Foreign Policy
Cromwell brutally crushed a royalist uprising in Ireland. Protestant landholders replaced Catholics. Nearly half of Ireland's population perished from famine and plague. England passed the Navigation act of 1651 to prevent Dutch ships from trading with England, to give them better control over their colonies. They waged wars that weakened the Dutch.
Four-field rotation
Crop rotation methods are ancient but this Dutch method from the 1500s was popularized in Britain in the 1700s and led to a large increase in agricultural productivity. It typically involved rotating wheat, turnips, barley and clover, and allowed livestock to be bred year-round.
Fidel Castro
Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the regime of the dictator Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba
Fidel Castro
Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927).
1987
Date: 1st Palestinian Intifada
323 BCE
Date: Alexander the Great dies
Small Pox
Developments in science and medicine have made it possible for humans to wipe out entire diseases such as ___ ___.
Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
Sectarian
Devoted to a particular religious sect, particularly when referring to religious involvement in politics
Getulio Vargas
Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization.
Millet System
Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.
Divine Right of Kings
Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent
Role of the House of Commons in 1600s England
Dominated by gentry, merchants, and lawyers. Members determined to preserve traditional privileges such as freedom of open debate and immunity from arrest. Demanded a greater voice in political affairs
cultural imperialism
Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority.
Characteristics of Baroque Art
Dramatic use of light and dark called tenerism. Subject matter focused on dramatic moments. Portrayal of everyday people who are not idealized. Baroque buildings featuring grandiose scale and ornate decorations.
Tenerism
Dramatic use of light and dark in Baroque art.
Migration
Due to large-scale ______ during the 19th century, women were left to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men
Silver
Due to the changes in the growing Atlantic economy, by 1581 China was requiring that all land taxes were to be paid for with what form of currency?
Japan
During the 19th century, industrialization spread significantly to new places in Europe, the United States, to Russia, and also to this East Asian country.
Urbanization
During the 19th century, rural people left their villages and crowded into urban tenements. By 1914, the urban population reached 80% in Britain, 60% in Germany, and 45% in France.
The Primacy of Florence in the 1300s
During the fifteenth century or Ouattrocento, Florence became the acknowledged center of the Renaissance. The golden age of Florence was based on the wealth earned by its textile merchants and bankers.
Urbanization
During the nineteenth century, migrants were relocating towards cities. This process is called _______.
The Second French Revolution
During the summer of 1792, radicals called the sans-culottes toot control of the Paris Commune. The revolutionary Commune intimidated the Legislative Assembly into deposing Louis XVI and issuing a call for the election of a national convention. This new body would for a more democratic government. Violence again exploded in Paris as mobs of sans-culottes, certain that royalists would betray the revolution, executed thousands. These "September Massacres" marked the beginning of a second French Revolution dominated by radicals.
The Dutch Republic: Politics
Each of the 7 Dutch provinces was politically independent. Unlike the other continental nations, the Dutch weren't governed by an absolute ruler. Instead, power passed into the hands of wealthy merchants.
Vedas
Early Eastern sacred knowledge. by braham priests
Solon
Early Greek leader who brought democratic reforms such as his formation of the Council of Four Hundred
Vedas
Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down.
Working-class misery
Early factories exposed workers to dangerous machines and deadly diseases. the demand for cheap labor led the widespread employment of children and women. Workers had no health insurance and little job security.
Hebrews
Early group of people who lived in lands between Mesopotamia and Egypt. They developed the religion Judaism.
Utopian Socialists
Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation. Leading French utopian socialists such as Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc believed property should be communally owned.
Byzantine Empire
Eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the western part
neocolonialism
Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.
Guilds
Economic groups that functioned as jati by controling prices, output, workers, and competition for a specific product.
Mercantilism
Economic policy with a goal to build strong, self-sufficient economies. Colonies export raw materials and import finished goods from the mother country, causing a favorable balance of trade and increasing reserves of gold and silver. Pie model of economy (to get some, take some)
Manorialism
Economic system during the Middle Ages that revolved around self-sufficient farming estates where lords and peasants shared the land.
Kepler
German astronomer and mathematician of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, known as the founder of celestial mechanics
ethnic cleansing
Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. It was used for example by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia.
Akhenaten
Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk.
ma'at
Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.
Hieroglyphics
Egyptian writing that involved using pictures to represent words.
Suez Canal
Egyptians with funding from France and later Britain created this major transportation project completed in 1869.
Philosophes
Eighteenth century writers who stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system. Leading philosophes such as Voltaire fought irrational prejudice and believed that society should be open to people of talent. They weren't abstract philosophers. Instead, they dedicated themselves to exposing social problems and proposing reforms based upon implementing natural laws. Many were French, but they could be found all over.
Thomas Malthus
Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.
House of Burgesses
Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618.
Marxism
Emerged as the most famous socialist belief system during the 19th century. Saw all of history as the story of class struggle.
Empire of Philip II of Spain
Emperor Charles V abdicated his many thrones in 1556, leaving his territories in Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary to his brother Ferdinand. He gave his son a vast empire that included Spain, Milan, Naples, the Netherlands, and the overseas empire in the Americas
Richard Arkwright
English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the first Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.
Constantine
Emperor of the Roman Empire who moved the capital to Constantinople. He eventually converted to Christianity as well.
Mali
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade (see Mansa Musa)
Mali
Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade.
Qing Empire
Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times they also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last emperor of this dynasty was overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.
Song Dynasty
Empire in southern China (1127-1279) while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics.
Tang Empire
Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.
rebellions
Empires and states wanted centralization and more efficient tax systems. Because of this there were strains on peasant producers which sometimes led to ___.
Empress Dowager Cixi
Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.
The Congress of Vienna, 1815
Enacted a settlement that was acceptable to both victors and to France. Created a balance of power that lasted until the unification of Germany in 1871. Underestimated the forces of liberalism and nationalism. Used the principle of legitimacy to restore Bourbons to the French throne. United Belgium with the Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands. Created a loose confederation of 39 German states dominated by Austria.
The Defeat of Philip II: England
English felt threatened by aggressive actions in the Netherlands. Elizabeth openly assisted the Dutch and encouraged the English captains to raid Spanish ships. This outraged Philip, who assembled a huge Armada to hopefully dispose of Elizabeth and return England to Catholicism. Harassed by fast English ships, the slow armada never made it to England, and only a fraction of it returned to Spain
The peace of Utrecht, 1713
Ended Louis XIV's efforts to dominate Europe. Allowed Philip V to remain on the throne of Spain but stipulated that the crowns of Spain and France should never be worn by the same monarch. Granted the Spanish Netherlands to the Austrian Habsburgs along with Milan, Naples, and Sicily. Granted England a number of territories including Nowfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Gibralatar. Granted England the assiento, the right to supply African Slaves to Spanish America.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918
Ended Russia's participation in World War I. Negotiated by Lenin because he was unwilling to risk the Bolshevik gains by continuing a war that could no longer be won. Nullified following Germany's defeat by the Allies.
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.
Consequences of Portuguese Trading
Ended the Venetian and Muslim monopoly of trade with Asia. Center of European commerce shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic. New sea routs reduced the importance of the Baltic Sea thus leading to the decline of the Hanseatic League
The Peace of Augsburg, 1555
Ended the religious civil war between Roman Catholics and Lutheran in the German states. Gave each German prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran. Failed to provide recognition of Calvinists or other religious groups.
The Congress System
England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed a Quadruple Alliance committing them to preserve the conservative order. The great powers also agreed to hold periodic meetings to prevent crises from escalating into wider was. The effort to achieve consensus on foreign policy issues was known as the Concert of Europe. It marks the first significant experiment in collective security.
Foreign and Domestic threats
England, Spain, Holland and Sardinia joined Prussia and Austria to form the First Coalition. In the Spring of 1793, First Coalition armies converged on France. Internal Strife also threatened the National Convention. Girondists and royalist Catholics rebelled against the tyranny of radical Jacobins.
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
English Utilitarian and essayist best known for writing On Liberty and The Subjection of Women. Advocated woman's rights and endorsed universal suffrage.
Edmund Burke (1729-1797)
English conservative leader who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France. Denounced the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution. Favored gradual and orderly change.
Josiah Wedgwood
English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods.
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and scientist- invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.
Yellow River
English name for the Huang He River in the north of China where the first Chinese civilization emerged.
James Cook
English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).
Glorious Revolution
English overthrow of 1688-1689 in which James II was expelled and William and Mary were made king and queen. The significance is that Parliament made the monarchy powerless, gave themselves all the power, and wrote a bill of Rights. The whole thing was relatively peaceful.
John Locke (1632-1704)
English philosopher who wrote The Second Treatise of Government. Viewed humans as basically rational beings who learn from experience. Formulated the theory of natural rights, arguing the people are born with basic rights to "life, liberty, and property." Insisted that government are formed to protect natural rights. Stated that the governed have a right to rebel against rulers who violate natural rights.
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
English politcian and writer. Formalized the empirical method into a general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism.
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
English political philosopher who wrtoe Leviathan. Viewed human beings as naturally self-centered and prone to violence. Feared the dangers of anarchy more than the dangers of tyranny. Argued that monarch have absolute and unlimited political authority.
Issac Newton (1642-1727)
English scientist and mathematician who wrote the Principia. Viewed the universe as a vast machine governed by the universal laws of gravity and inertia. mechanistic view of the universe strongly influenced deism
The Iberian Peninsula the mid-fifteen century
Enjoyed a rich cultural diversity that included prominent Jewish and Muslim communities. The kingdoms of Castile and Aragon dominated Navarre and Portugal. The Muslims held only the small kingdom of Granada.
Jean-Jaques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Enlightened thinker best known for writing The Social Contract and Emile. Believed that since "law is the expression of the general will," the state is based on a social contract. Emphasized the education of the whole person for citizenship. Rejected excessive rationalism and stressed emotions, thus anticipating the romantic movement.
Semitic
Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the this language family is Arabic.
Benito Mussolini
Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.
Ram Mohan Roy
Father of modern India; he called for the construction of a society based on both modern Euorpean science and the Indian tradition of devotional Hindusim.
Manchus
Federation of Northeast Asian (from Manchuria) peoples who founded the Qing Empire.
The Golden Age of Spain
Ferdinand and Isabella built the foundation of Spanish absolutism. Spain reached its zenith during the reign of Philip II. Spanish power and prestige began to steadily decline during the seventeenth century
loess
Fine yellowish light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because of the tiny needle-like shape of its particles, it can be easily shaped and used for underground structures (but vulnerable to earthquake)
Bartolome de Las Casas
First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476
New forms of communication and transportation in the second industrial revolution
First demonstrated by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, the telephone quickly became an essential part of modern life. The invention of the internal combustion engine enabled mechanics to build gasoline-powered automobiles.
Umayyad Caliphate
First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E.
Ghana
First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. gold and salt trade.
Babur
First sultan of the Mughal Empire; took lots of land in India.
Habsburg-Valois Wars
Florence's golden age ended in 1492 with Lorenzo's unexpected death, leaving them without a strong leader. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy to conquer Naples, but Ferdinand contested their claim to the land. Involved all key city states. Diplomacy and war became the keys to survival.
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.
Stalin's last years
Following World War II, Joseph Stalin imposed new Five-Year Plans emphasizing extensive industrialization. Stalin insisted on absolute obedience. Dissent brought imprisonment, slave labor, or death.Stalin's reign of terror came to an abrupt end with his death in 1953. After a brief period of "collective leadership," Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the Soviet Union's unrivaled leader.
The Romanov Dynasty
Following the death of Ivan the Terrible in 1584, Russia experienced a period of weakness and disorder known as the Time of Troubles. Hoping to restore order, an assembly of nobles elected Michael Romanov to be the next czar. The Romanov Dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.
extraterritoriality
Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.
chiefdom
Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, they were based on gift giving and commercial links.
Seven Years War
Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Founded in Japan by Ieyasu whose family ruled Japan from 1600-1867. Court was based in Tokyo (then called Edo). With the policy of alternate attendance, they were able to keep the daimyo from gaining too much power (they spent money on good houses rather than armies). Shoguns closely controlled relations between Japan and the outside world. Agricultural production increased under them (bar graph time) leading to population increase. Samurai became learned in the arts, because peace was widespread. Merchants became more prominent. Neo-Confucianism was sponsored by the shoguns, but didn't catch on.
Shah Ismail
Founder of Safavid Empire in 1501, ruled until 1524; made Twelver Shiism the official religion of the empire and imposed it upon his Sunni subjects; his followers became known as qizilbash.
The formation of the Triple Entente
France immediately Russia financial investment and diplomatic friendship. The two nations signed a Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. Alarmed by Germany's growing naval power, Britain abandoned its policy of "splendid isolation." In 1904, Britain concluded a series of agreements with France collectively called the Entente Cordiale. With French support, the British concluded a similar agreement with Russia, thus forming the Triple Entente. Germany tested the Anglo-French entente by challenging France's to dominate Morocco. However, Germany's belligerent actions only served to draw France and Britain together. Two rival alliance now confronted each other. A dispute between any two power could easily escalate into a major war.
The Crimean War (1853-1856)
France, Britain, Turkey, and a contingent of 10,000 men from Piedmont-Sardinia captured the strongly defended Russian fortress at Sevanstopol. The new Russia tsar, Alexander II, sued for peace after the fall of Sevanstopol. The war claimed over 500,000lives, most caused by disease and inadequate medical care. The Crimean War was the first "modern" war, with press coverage.
gens de couleur
Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution.
Charles de Gaulle
French General who founded the French Fifth Republicn in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969
Michel de Montaigne
French Renaissance writer who developed the essay as a literary genre. Known for his skeptical attitude and willingness to look at all sides of an issue.
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. nationalism,Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe
The French Physiocrats
French economic reformers called physiocrats were the first to question mercantilist principles. Led by Francois Quesnay, the physiocrats argues that economic activities should be freed from artificial restrictions. Governments should follow a laissez-faire policy of noninterference with the economy.
Albert Camus (1913-1960) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
French existentialism philosophers and writers. Questioned the efficacy of reason and science to understand the human situation. Believed that God, reason, and progress are myths, and that humans lived in a hostile world, alone and isolated.
Voltaire (1694-1778)
French philosopher and author of essays and letter. Championed the enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty. Opposed superstition, intolerance, and ignorance. Criticized organized religion for perpetuating superstition and intolerance.
Voltaire
French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.
Carnot
French physicist who founded thermodynamics (1796-1832)
Girondins
French revolutionary group formed mainly by middle classes who opposed more radical
Intendants
French royal officials who supervised provincial governments in the name of the king. Intendants played a key role in establishing French absolutism.
Henry IV and the Duke of Sully
French tax system was inefficient and inequitable, as nobles were exempt form paying taxes. The Duke of Sully was not able to make the tax system more fair, but he did make it more efficient, and reduced the royal debt
Napoleonic Wars
French wars against England, Prussia, Russia, and Austria led by Napoleon
Communication
From 1900 to the present, science has lead to an influx of technological development. _________ between regions became easy through utilization of the telephone, television, radio, and internet.
czar
From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).
The Luddites
Frustrated English workers broke into early textile factories and smashed the machinery. These acts of despair could not stop the Industrial Revolution. Parliament quickly responded by passing laws making the destruction of machines a capital offense. Workers gradually came to realize that destroying machines would not improve their lives. Instead, they had to form labor unions to fight for higher wages and better working conditions.
JAmes II
Gained throne despite opposition from Whigs. Promptly adopted policies that antagonized both Whigs and Tories. Determined to return England to Catholicism, he appointed Catholics to influential positions. His second wife was a Catholic who gave birth to a son who became the next heir to the throne.
Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)
General Charles de Gaulle established the Fifth French Republic in 1958. He served as president until 1969. De Gaulle's key foreign policy decisions included granting Algeria full independence, withdrawing French military forces from NATO, developing France's own nuclear weapons, and opposing Great Britain's entry into the EEC.
Chiang Kai-Shek
General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.
Darius I
General in the Persian army who took power when Cambyses II died; he continued many of Cyrus' policies and was a more capable ruler than Cambyses
Schlieffen Plan
German General Staff's early 20th century overall strategic plan for victory in a possible future war where it might find itself fighting on two fronts: France to the west and Russia to the east.
The German Peasant's War
German peasants originally supported Luther because they thought that his message promised freedom from oppressive landlords and the clergy. Luther thought Christians ought to obey their rulers and that rebellion was always wrong, so he encouraged the nobles to crush the peasants.
Karl Marx
German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.
Max Planck
German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918.
Habsburgs
German princely family who ruled in alliance with the Holy Roman Empire and controlled most of Central Europe
The Schlieffen Plan
Germany faced the daunting task of simultaneously fighting France on its western border and Russia along a lengthy eastern front. In order to prevent a two-front war, General Alfred von Schlieffen drew up a master plan calling for an all-out attack against France. The Schlieffen Plan gambled that France could be knocked out of the was before Russia had a chance to fully mobilize. A lightning attack on France meant invading neutral Belgium. Germany's unprovoked attack on Belgium outraged Britain. On August 4, 1914, Britain declared war on Germany.
Problems with International Stability
Germany resented the Versailles Treaty's harsh terms, calling it a Diktat, or imposed settlement. The United States rejected the Versailles Treaty and followed a policy of isolationism. France was detrmined to enforce the Versailles Treaty and make Germany pay reparations for the damage it had caused. Communist Russia remained outside the international system.
Germany and the New Balance of Power
Germany's industrial capacity, population and military power all dramatically increased. In 1900, Germany produced more steel than Britain and France combined. Germany's population increased from 41 million in 1871 to 64 million in 1910. In contrast, France had just 40 million people in 1910.European leaders from Cardinal Richelieu to Prince Metternich had feared a united Germany. Their fears now became a reality. As Germany's power surged, its leaders demanded respect and a new "place in the sun."
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany's lost 13 percent of its land, including Alsace-Lorraine. Germany's territories in Africa and the pacific were given as mandates to Britain, France, and Japan. A mandate was territory that was administered on behalf of the League of Nations. Poland once again became an independent nation. The new Poland received a large strip of German land called the Polish Corridor. This strip cut off East Prussia from the rest of Germany and gave Poland access to the sea. Germany's army was limited to 100,000 men and forbidden to have artillery, aircraft, or submarines. The east bank of the Rhine River was to be demilitarized, and the Allies were to have the right to occupy the Rhineland for 15 years. Germany was declared guilty of starting the war and forced to pay huge payments called reparations. The Allied created a league of Nations to discuss and settle disputes without resorting to war. The final signing ceremony took place in Versailles.
Key Examples of Italian Baroque Art
Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Baldachino inside Saint Peter's. Michelangelo de Caravaggio, "The calling of Saint Matthew". Artemisia Gentileschi, "Judith Slaying Holofernes"
nuclear nonproliferation
Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968.
Kievan Russia
Government established at Kiev in Ukraine around 879 CE by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.
Totalitarianism
Government ruled by a single party and/or person that exerts unlimited control over its citizen's lives.
canals
Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.
Great Britain as the "Workshop of the World"
Great Britain continued to enjoy unprecedented prosperity. British shipyards led the world in the construction of iron ships. British bankers invested surplus capital in projects all over the globe.
Hellenistic Age
Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.
Aristotle
Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
Trireme
Greek ships built specifically for ramming enemy ships.
Physiocrats
Group of eighteenth-century French economists led by Francois Quesnay. The physiocrats criticized mercantilist regulations and called for free trade
Aryans
Group of people who immigrated from Persia or central Asia and settled with the Harrappans in India
Hittites
Groups like the _______ in Anatolia gained control over iron weapons and were able to subjugate their less powerful neighbors.
The rise of Bentio Mussolini
Growing numbers of Italians demanded action and waited impatiently for a strong leader. Mussolini used Italy's political power vacuum to seize power. As leader of the Fascist Party, he boldly promised to revive Italy's economy and rebuild armed forces. In 1922, Mussolini called upon his followers to march on Rome. Although the government could have stopped him with a show of force, King Victor Emmanuel III gave in and named Mussolini prime minister.
The Pragmatic Sanction, 1713
Guaranteed the succession of Habsburg emperor Charles VI's eldest daughter Maria Theresa, to the throne. Guaranteed the indivisibility of the Habsburg lands. Violated when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740.
horse collar
Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.
demographic transition model
Has 4 steps. Stage 1 is low growth (low stationary), Stage 2 is High Growth (early expanding), Stage 3 is Moderate Growth (late expanding), and Stage 4 is Low Growth (low stationary), and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population growth. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country.
The Defeat of Philip II: The Netherlands
He threatened traditional liberties by sending troops to help the Inquisition, provoking riots against Spanish authorities. His response was to send additional troops, led by the ruthless Duke of Alva. His brutal actions united the Netherlands against the Spanish, showing resistance by converting to Calvinism. Duke of Parma, adopted more skillful tactics, allowing them to keep the ten southern provinces,but they lost the seven northernmost and heavily Calvinist provinces. The 10 Catholic southern ones remained as the Spanish Netherlands
Henry VIII
He was a devout Catholic who detested Luther, but his political needs were more important than his loyalty to the Pope. When Catherine of Aragon failed to give him a son, he wanted a divorce, which the Pope would normally have granted had the HRE army's not been in Rome at the time. Act of Supremacy. Took land from monasteries and sold it to nobles and rich middle classes, who began to loyally support the Tudor dynasty
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in Eastern Europe.
hoplite
Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment. Famously defeated superior numbers of opponents by fighting as a unit.
The Rise of Richelieu
Henry IV was assassinated in 1610, leaving his nine-year-old son as the second Bourbon monarch. Louis appointed Cardinal Richelieu to be his Chief Minister. He was the real ruler of France until his death. He worked tirelessly and successfully to enhance royal power. Politique.
Dutch vs Spanish Factors Responsible for Economic Decline
High costs of war (Spain vs. Dutch and France; Dutch attacked by France and England, forcing them to flood their country. They also played a key role in the War of the Spanish succession, led by William III). Economic competition (Spanish colonial threat from France and England; Dutch faced economic competition from England). Small populations. (Spain's population shrank, reducing the demand for Spanish goods, while Dutch population grew, but was too small to maintain and defend a global commercial empire.)
Mesopotamia
Home of the earliest city states and empires
Caesar Augustus
Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. He established his rule after the death of Julius Caesar and he is considered the first Roman Emperor.
Renaissance debate about women
Humanist scholars debated women's character, nature, and role in society. Beginning of the Renaissance coincided with this.
The War of the Spanish Succession
In 1700, the balance of power was once again threatened when the childless king of Spain, Charles II, died. In his will, the dying king bequeathed the Spanish throne and its huge overseas empire to Louis's 17-year-old grandson, Philip of Anjou. The nations of Europe feared that Louis could now create a universal monarchy that would upset the balance of power. Led by England, they formed a grand alliance that included Holland, Austria, Brandenbug, and the Italian duchy of Savoy. It proved to be a costly struggle that weakened France, and the debt was one of the reasons that led to the French Revolution.
blankets
In 1763, British soldiers fighting native Americans in the Pontiac War, are famously accused of giving _______ infected with small pox to the natives. This has been suggested as an early example of germ warfare.
The French Revolution of 1830
In 1824, Charles X succeeded his brother, Louis XVIII. A dedicated reactionary, Charles X opposed republicanism, liberalism, and constitutionalism. Charles X's reactionary polices infuriated both his liberal and working-class opponents. Discontent with Charles X's arbitrary policies ignited three days of rioting in July 1830. Eugene Delacroix captured the spirit of the uprising in his famous painting, Liberty Leading the People, which portrayed a unified people dedicated to overthrowing tyranny. The unity proved to be brief. While the workers wanted a republic, the bourgeoisie wanted a constitutional monarchy. The bourgeoisie prevailed. With their support, Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans, became "king of the French". Louis Philippe prided himself on being a "citizen king" who supported France's business interests.
Hitler and the Versailles Treaty
In 1933, Hitler withdrew from the League for Nations. In 1935, Hitler openly began a program of rearmament. In march 1936, Hitler ordered the German army to march into the demilitarized zone of the Rhineland.
Napoleon III; establishment of the second empire
In 1848, French voters elected Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon I) the new president of the Second French Republic. Just four years later, Napoleon proclaimed France an empire with himself Emperor Napoleon III. A mast majority of the French people endorsed these proclamations.
Otto von Bismark, master of Realpolitik
In 1862, William I chose his prime minister, a Junker and staunch conservative named Bismark. A master of Realpolitik, Bismark set out to strenghtened Prussia. Bismark enlarged and reequipped the Prussian army so that he could advantage of opportunities for further territorial expansion.
The Dual Monarchy of Austria
In 1867, Austria agreed to satisfy the Magyars' demand for independence by creating a dual monarchy. Austria and Hungary became independent and equal states under a common Habsburg ruler. The two states still had a united army and common foreign policy. The new empire was know as Austrian-Hungary.
Meiji Restoration
In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.
Berlin Conference
In 1884, European powers met in Germany for this gathering. They created a plan for dividing up the remaining territory in Africa.
William II's Aggressive Policies
In 1890, Kaiser William II forced Bismark to resign. William II promptly set Germany on a new course by letting the treaty of friendship with Russia lapse. William II the challenged Britain's long-standing naval supremacy by embarking on an expensive program of naval expansion that poisoned relations between the two countries.
The Five-Year Plans
In 1928, Stalin launched the first of a series of five-year plans designed to transform the Soviet Union's economic and social structure. The Plan planned to end the New Economic Policy, create a socialist command economy in which the government makes all economic decisions, promotes the rapid development of heavy industry, and collectivize agriculture. Stalin's commitment to a program of massive, large-scale industrialism produced results. By 1940, the Soviet Union was a major industrial power, trailing only the United States and Germany. Stalin's campaign to collectivize agriculture was less successful. conservative Russian peasants opposed surrendering their land and joining a collective farm. Stalin denounced resisting peasant as kulaks and ordered party officials to "liquidate them as a class." kulaks and other peasants were executed, starved, and deported to forced-labor camps.
The Munich Conference
In 1938, Hitler successfully annexed Austria into Germany. Hitler's campaign of German expansion focused next on part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland, containing German-speaking people. Hitler, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, Mussolini, and French Premier Edouard Daladier held an emergency conference in Munich to negoticate Hitler's demand that Czechoslovakia give up the Sudetenland. Chamberlain believed he could preserve peace by appeasing Hitler. The Munich Conference quickly became a symbol of surrender.
Khrushchev's Secret Speech
In 1956, Khrushchev boldly attacked Stalin in a "secret speech" delivered at the 20th Communist Party Congress in Moscow. Khrushchev denounced Stalin's reign of terror and repudiated his "cult of personality."
sputnik
In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched a satellite into orbit around the earth. Sputnik quickly became a symbol of Soviet technological prowess. It also played a key role in contributing to the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States.
The Outbreak of World War II
In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union stunned the world by announcing a 10-year nonaggrassion pact. In addition, they secretly agreed to divide eastern Europe. On September 1, 1939, German forces attacked Poland. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Germany's blitzkrieg or "lightening war" combined fast-moving armor and air power to overwhelm Poland
Legalism
In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime.
Filial Piety
In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.
Czechoslovakia and the Brezhnew Doctrine
In Czezhoslovakia, a new communist leaders, Alexander Dubcek, initiated a program of democratic reforms saying he wanted to create "socialism with a human face." Alarmed by Dubcek's reforms, Brezhnev called on the other Warsaw Pact countries to invade Czechoslovakia and remove Dubcek from power. Brezhnev justified the invasion be claiming the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of other countries. This declaration became known as the Breazhnev Doctrine. The United States refrained from taking any action because Czechoslovakia lay within the Soviet sphere of influence.
"Nobility of the Robe"
In France. The nobles posed the greatest threat to the extension of royal power. The influence of this "Nobility of the Sword" was based upon inherited privileges and a tradition of military service. Henry IV and Sully began to raise revenue by selling government offices that conferred. These "Robe Nobles" were part of the increasingly prosperous bourgeoisie.
Girbachev;s reforms
In March 1985, members of the Politburo, the Communist party's top-decision-making group, selected Mikhail Gorgachev as the new leader of the Soviet Union. When Gorbachev took power, the Soviet Union was till the world's most feared dictatorship. But Gorbachev recognized that "something was wrong". Blaming poor living conditions on the countries rigid political system and stagnant economy, he launched an unprecedented program of reforms. Glasnost- Soviet leaders from Lenin to Brezhnew created a totalitarian state that controlled the mass media and restricted human rights. In 1986, Gorbachev introduced a new policy known as glasnost, or opennnes , which encouraged Soviet citizens to discuss ways to reform their society. Perestrokia- Glasnost gave Soviet citizens the right to complain publicly about their economic problems. In 1989, Gorbachev launched a program called perestorika, or economic restructuring, to revitalize the Soviet economy. Demokratizatsiya- Gorbachev understood that in order for the economy to thrive, the Communist Party would have to loosen its grip on the Soviet Union. In 1989, Gorbachev created a new policy called demokratizasiya, or democratization. The plan called for the election of a new legislature, the 2,250-member Congress of People's Deputies.
Mussolini and Ethiopia
In October 1935, Mussolini ordered a massive invasion of Ethiopia. The invasion represented a crucial test of the league of Nations' system of collective security. Although the League condemned Italy, it did nothing. The British and French hoped the appeasing Mussolini would maintain peace.
Women in the Renaissance
In The Courtier, Castiglione wrote that the perfect court lady should be well educated and charming. Women were not expected to seek fame as men did. Christine de Pizan wrote a history of famous women and is remembered as Europe's first feminist. Isabella d'Este was the most famous renaissance woman. Her life illustrated that being a patron of the arts was the most socially acceptable role for a well-educated Renaissance woman.
lama
In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher.
Central Powers
In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.
creoles
In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples.
bourgeoisie
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.
vassal
In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord, usually in exchange for the use of land.
serf
In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some of them worked as artisans and in factories; in Russia it was not abolished until 1861.
New Monarchy
In the 15th century, government in which power had been centralized under a king or queen, particularly France, England, and Spain.
Africa
In the 16th century, warfare between states/groups in _______ for the purposes of capturing new slaves to be taken to the Atlantic market increased dramatically.
Exclusion
In the 1880s the United States passed the The Chinese _______ Act, which banned Chinese immigration.
groups
In the DBQ essay, you need at least 2-3 of these, which allow you to answer the question by analyzing comparisons between documents.
Wealthy merchants in Italian city-states
In the absence of hereditary kings, wealthy merchants formed oligarchies that governed the independent city states. Wealthy merchant families dominated political, economic, and artistic life.
china
In the classical and postclassical era, people in this country invented the compass, the rudder, and gun powder, among other things.
Marxian Socialism
In the communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles asserted that " the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggles." Marx believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the process of thesis, antithesis and synthesis. The thesis is the dominant state of affairs. It inevitably gives rise to a conflict a conflicting or contradictory force called anthithesis. the resulting clash between the thesis and the antithesis produces a new state of affairs called the synthesis. Marx argued that 19th century society had split "into two classes directly facing each other: bourgeoisie and proletariat." As the owners of the means of production, the bourgeoisie were the thesis. the proletariat or workers were the antithesis. Marx contended that a class struggle between that bourgeoisie and proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the proletariat." The "dictatorship of the proletariat" would be a transitional phase leading "to the abolition of all classes and to a classless society" in which there would be no private ownership of the means of production. Marx and Engles argued that women were exploited by both man and capitalists.
Egypt
In the early 19th century, the Ottoman Empire lost this North African country which had been part of it's empire.
Britain
In the mid 1700s this place was the first to develop industrialized methods.
Dutch vs Spanish Greatness and Prosperity
In the sixteenth century, Spain conquered then developed a world empire. Sixteenth century Spanish period of greatness and prosperity. Seventeenth Dutch period, as they developed a commercial empire, becoming a center of international finance. Nonetheless, by 1713, both Spain and the Dutch Republic were second-rate powers that were eclipsed by France and England.
Java War
In this war (1825-1830), the people of the Island of Java rebelled against their Dutch colonizers. The Dutch won after suffering 8000 deaths and killing perhaps as many as 200,000 islanders.
1857
In what year did the Indians attempt a widespread but disorganized rebellion against the British, resulting in even more intense colonization of India more directly by the British Government?
Rama
Incarnation of Hindu god Vishnu made famous in the Ramayana
Gentry
Included wealthy landowners who dominated the House of Commons. English gentry were willing to pay taxes, with two consequences: (1) peasantry not overburdened with excessive taxes. (2) they and the House of Commons demanded a role in determining national expenditures, creating conflict with the Stuart kings.
Christopher Columbus
Incorrectly calculated the circumference of the globe, and gained Spanish support to travel west to Asia based on this. Believed he had reached islands off the coast of Asia, when he had actually reached the Caribbean.
Impact of the Commercial Revolution on English society
Increased size of the middle class, to a point that it was proportionately larger than that of any other country, with the exception of the Dutch republic. English entrepreneurs financed joint-stock companies that played a key role in promoting English colonies in North America
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights
Siddhartha Gautama
Indian prince who renounced his worldly possessions and founded Buddhism; Buddha
Sikhism
Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.
Nehru
Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964).
Opium Wars
Industrial countries sought new places to sell their goods. This is seen around the world. This military conflict in Between China and Britain illustrates this.
suffrage
Industrial societies such as in Britain, France, and the US produced a lot of criticism, so some governments were forced to respond with reforms such as free public education and expanded ________ for all men.
Motives of the new imperialism
Industrialists search for new sources of raw materials and new markets for their finished goods. Militarists and nationalists sought power and prestige. Social Darwinists believed that strong nations had a natural right to dominate weaker people. Missionaries believed the Europeans had a duty to undertake a "civilizing mission" to bring Christianity and the blessings of advanced technology to fortunate people.
Janissaries
Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.
David Ricardo on Wages
Influenced by Malthus's appraisal of the plight of the working class, David Ricardo formulated the "iron law of wages". According to Ricardo, labor is a commodity whose price is determined by the law of supply and demand. Ricardo contended that increasing working-class wages would prompt laborers to have more children. As the supply of workers increased, their wages would decline. The iron law of wages left no room for a better future for working-class families. It provided strong support for opposing labor unions and refusing to raise wages.
submarine telegraph cables
Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. In the late 1980s this technology was replaced with large submarine fiber optic cables that still today form the basis of most global communication.
Humanism
Intellectual movement initiated in Western Europe "putting man first", and considering humans to be of primary importance.
League of Nations
International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.
United Nations
International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
Safavid Empire
Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
Parthians
Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.
civil disobedience
Is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, especially by people who believe the law or the government to not be legitimate or moral.
Mahmud of Ghazni
Islamic leader who ruled parts of Iran and India between the years 997-1030. Islamic presence in India was quite new at the time. Unaccustomed to ruling a non-Muslim population, he destroyed various Hindu and Buddhist temples. His raids into India are often portrayed as being motivated by money.
Safavid Persia
Islamic society that ruled the area that is currently Iran during 1502-1736
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire.
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
The Edict of Nantes, 1598
Issued by Henry IV of France. Granted religious toleration to Huguenots and allowed them build separate, fortified cities. Marked the first formal recognition by a European monarchy that two religions could coexist in the same country. Revoked by Louis XIV in 1685.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
It declared that all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights and property". These rights were the rights to "liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression". It provided for freedom of religion, speech, and the press, freedom from oppression and the right to petition the government.
Consequences of the Thirty Years War
It greatly hurt the German population and economy and left it politically fragmented. France emerged as strongest power in Europe after dividing the Holy Roman Empire.
Consequences of the German Peasant's War
It strengthened the authority of the German nobility. Lutheranism became closely allied with the established political order controlled by the German nobility
Northern and Southern Italian Renaissance contact
Italian artists and students traveled to northern Europe and discovered the "new learning" and new styles of painting. Merchants from northern Europe visited Italy and discovered the Italian Renaissance
Marco Polo
Italian explorer who introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China, from his travels throughout there.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).
Fascist Party
Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943.
Postwar Italy
Italy had entered World War I in hopes of winning mandates in East Africa and Austrian territory along the Adriatic Sea, When the Treaty of Versailles rejected these claims, embittered Italian nationalist felt betrayed. Italy faced a severe economic crisis that included soaring inflation, rising unemployment, and a massive national debt. Italy's upper and middle classes feared that the economic crisis and growing labor unrest might lead to communist revolt, as had just happened in Russia.
William and Mary, and the Glorious Revolution
James's first wife had been a Protestant who raised their eldest daughter, Mary, as a Protestant. Mary was the wife of William of Orange, a powerful Dutch leader. Whigs and Tories invited William and Mary to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. Faced with united opposition, James II fled to France.
United States
Japan's Meiji restoration was influenced by the imperialist actions of this country, who arrived and essentially forced them to negotiate a trade agreement.
Rape of Nanjing
Japanese attack on Chinese capital from 1937-1938 when Japanese aggressorts slaughtered 100,000 civilians and raped thousands of women in order to gain control of China.
keiretsu
Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. shogunate started by Tokugawa Leyasu; 4 class system, warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants; Japan's ports were closed off; wanted to create their own culture; illegal to fight; merchants became rich because domestic trade flourished (because fighting was illegal); had new forms of art - kabuki and geishas
De-Stalinizatioin
Khrushchev's program of de-Stalinization involved shifting some resources towards producing more consumer goods, curbing power of the secret police, and granting more freedom to writers and intellectuals. De-Stalinization permitted Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn to publish One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich. This short but powerful novel described the horrors of life in a Stalinist concentration camp. Boris Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago illustrated the limits of de-Stalininzation. The novel celebrated the human spirit and challenged the principles of communism.
Belgium
King Leopold II of this country acquired the massive territory of the Congo as his own private possession, which became one of the most brutal episodes of African colonial history and has left violent legacy in places like Congo and Rwanda today.
King Leopold II
King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).
Louis XVI
King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
The Republic of Poland in the 1600s
King of Poland was elected by Polish nobles who severely restricted his power. Poland did have a central diet, but action required unanimous consent of each aristocratic member. Any member could "explode" the diet by objecting to a policy. Lack of centralization created a power vacuum that left it vulnerable to stronger and more aggressive nations
Charlemagne
King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.
Gothic Cathedrals
Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.
Encomienda
Labor system created by Spain which allowed Spanish settlers in the Americas to control the lands AND people of a certain territory, in turn the Spanish had to pay the natives and teach them Catholicism. The system was intended to help the natives from exploitation, but the system itself turned into a coercive labor system.
Haciendas
Large Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants
Indian Ocean
Large amounts of rade happened in this body of water between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants. Particularly in the postclassical period 9600-1450)
Mohenjo-Daro
Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.
Mongol Empire
Largest land empire in the history of the world, spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia.
The Mahdi
Last imam in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as an apocolyptic messiah at the end of time.
Khubilai Khan
Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294). Ruled the Mongol Empire from China and was the founder of the Yuan Empire in China after finishing off the Song Dynasty.
Atahualpa
Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)
Atlantic Slave Trade
Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. One part of a three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade.
Boer War
Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.
The Struggle for Legal and Political Rights
Law codes in most European countries gave women few legal rights. Divorce was legalized in Britain in 1857 and in France in 1884. However, Catholic countries such as Spain and Italy did not permit divorce. Although the woman's suffrage movement commanded wide aelminttention, it achieved few successes. In 1900, no country in Europe allowed women to vote.
Defeat in Italy in 1848
Led by Giuseppe Mazzini, the "Young Italy" movement sought to establish a liberal republic embracing all Italy. The Austrians once again proved to be too strong while the Italians once again proved to be too divided.
Hundred Days Reforms
Led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao . Established Imperial University of Beijing and an all new education system. They innitialted many new Chiefs for offices. They also made a government budget. It ended without much success by Cixi.
Key Changes in Women's Rights and Roles
Led by Simone de Beauvoir, European feminists called attention to social problems that women faced and also emphasized the need for women to control their own lives. Major feminist goals included the following: Expanded employment opprotunities, expanded child-dare facilities, improved access to birth control information, and liberalized divorce laws. During the postwar period, European women married earlier and had fewer children. Employment rates for married women dramatically increased.
Post-World War II Feminism
Led by Simone de Beauvoir, European feminists called attention to social problems the women faced. De Beauvoir also emphasized the need for women to control their won lives. European feminists worked for liberalization divorce laws, improved access to birth control information, and expanded child-caring facilities. During the postwar period, European women gave birth to fewer children.Employment rates for married wome dramatically increased.
The Ottoman Empire in the 1600s
Led by Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottomans threatened Vienna. In the middle of the century, ambitious rulers revitalized the Ottoman Empire.In 1683, the powerful Turkish army one again besieged Vienna. Austrian forces reinforced by Poles and German successfully repelled the Turks. This marked the beginning of a steady decline in Ottoman power.
Oliver Cromwell
Led the Roundheads to defeat the Cavaliers. A previously unknown country gentleman. Organized an army of zealous Protestants called the New Model Army. Cromwell and his supporters executed Charles I.
The Convention
Legislative body created by revolutionary leaders that abolished the monarchy & proclaimed France a republic; rallied French population by instituting levée en masse ("mass levy"); basically the French equivalent of the draft); frequently used the guillotine on enemies.
The Principle of Legitimacy
Legitimacy meant restoring ruling families that had been deposed by the French Revolution and Napoleon. As the younger brother of Louis XVI, Louis XVII returned as the legitimate Bourbon ruler of France. Bourbon rulers were also returned to their thrones in Spain and Naples. The Congress restored the House of Orange in Holland and the House of Savoy in Sardinia-Piedmont.
The treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Lenin realized that the survival of the Bolshevik regime depended upon ending the war with Germany. In March 1918, the Bolsheviks reluctantly signed to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Under the terms of this treaty, Russia lost a quarter of its European territory and a third of its population. Russia later repudiated the treaty, and it was declared null and void by the Allies.
Joseph Stalin versus Leon Trotsky
Lenin's death in 1924 create a power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky. As a charismatic leader since 1905, Trotsky was second only to Lenin in fame. Trotsky believed that Russia should support communist revolutions around the world. In contrast, Stalin was a quite man who preferred to work behind the scenes. As general secretary of the Communist Party, Stalin placed his supporters in key positions. Stalin argued that communism should firs gain a firm hold in Russia before supporting a global revolution. Stalin proved to be cunning and ruthless. He successfully expelled Trotsky from the Communist Party. By 1927, Stalin stood alone as the Soviet Union's undisputed leader.
Austria and Prussia versus the French Revolution
Leopold II of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz declaring that the restoration of absolutism in France was of "common interest to all sovereigns of Europe". The Legislative Assembly declared war against Austria and Prussia, thus beginning the war of the first coalition. The war began badly for the poorly equipped French armies. By the summer of 1792, the Austrian and Prussian armies were advancing towards Paris. Faced with defeat, recruits rushed to Paris asking for help saving France from tyranny. The Austro-Prussian army was stopped, saving the revolution.
Frederick William I
Like the Great Elector, he was determined to build up the Prussian army. Under his rule, the army doubled to over 80,000 men, Europe's 3rd largest army despite its small size. Under the Hohenzollerns, military priorities and values dominated all aspects of Prussian life. Led by the Junkers, the officer corps became the most prestigious class.
medieval
Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period between roughly 500 and 1400, signifying the period between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.
samurai
Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite in Feudal Japan as well as during the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Holy Roman Empire
Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.
Colbert and Mercantilism
Louis XVI named Colbert as controller general of finances. Attempted to strengthen France's economy by implementing strict mercantilism policies. He expanded manufacturing by abolishing domestic tariffs and imposing international tariffs. He encouraged people to emigrate to Canada to promote the fur trade. Able to raise royal revenues and promote economic growth. However, he was unable to make the tax system more equitable.
Balance of Power Problems during the reign of Louis XIV
Louis's powerful army and ambitious plans threatened to create a "universal monarchy" where all other nations would be subordinate to France. Alone, no European power was a match for France, but together they could exceed it (definition of BOP). Louis repeatedly sent troops into the Netherlands and attempted to extend his boundaries to the Rhine, a coalition formed by the Dutch Republic thwarted him.
Philip II
Macedonian king who sought to unite Greece under his banner until his murder
Julius Caesar
Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power
baroque
Major Western artistic style from 1500s to 1700s. Climactic, dramatic, dark vs. usage, shocking/ gruesome
neoclassical
Major Western artistic style from 1600s to 1800s. Symmetry, Greek/ Roman influence, patterns, simple in color
romanticism
Major Western artistic style of 1700s and 1800s.Against Neoclassicism, spontaneous, mysterious/ exotic, untamed/ powerful nature, embraces folklore and national traditions, glorification of heroes
realism
Major Western artistic style of the 19th century. Against Romanticism, precise imitation w/o alteration, personal experiences, peasants/ everyday people
impressionism
Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.
Reasons why the Weimar Republic failed
Many Germans refused to believe that their army had been defeated in battle. They believed instead that the German army had been betrayed by socialist and liberal politicans associated with then new Weimar Republic. The Versailles Treaty outraged German nationalist who resented the war-guilt clause and the loss of territory to Poland. Constant nationalist agitation undermined support for the Weimar Republic. conservative wanted a strong leader who would restore order and reduce power of the labor unions. Runaway inflation during the early 1920s destroyed middle-class savings, thus eroding confidence in the government. The Great Depression had a particularly devasting impact on Germany. Millions of workers lost faith in the Weimar Republic. Article 48 of the German constituion helped to undermine the republican government by allowing the president to rule by decree in cases of national emergency.
private property
Many liberals of the Enlightenment era believed, such as that citizens have _____ _____ rights and that people should generally be free to do what they want with their own possessions. Laws began to increasingly protect ____ ____. This contributed to the rise of Capitalism.
Indo-Europeans
Many people and languages of Europe, Iran, and northern India share a common linguistic traits due to being part of this ancient group.
Women in the Soviet Union
Marxists argued the both capitalism and middle-class husbands exploited women. The Bolsheviks proclaimed complete equality rights for women. soviet women were urged to work outside the home. Divorce and abortion were both easily available. Soviet women were encouraged to become professionals. By 1950, women comprised three-quarters of the doctors in the Soviet Union.
Women in the Reformation
Martin Luther believed that Christian women should strive to be models of obedience and Christian charity. The Protestant Reformation reduced access to convents, thus changing the role of 16th century women. Quakers reguarly allowed women to preach. Older, widowed women were often accused of practicing witchcraft.
Edward Bernstein and Evolutionary Socialism
Marx predicted that as the workers became more exploited they would unite to overthrow the bourgeoisie. Instead, as capitalism matured, working conditions improved. Led by Edward Bernstein, "evolutionary" socialists began to revise Marxian doctrine to adjust to the new economic realities. Bernstein rejected Marx's concept of class struggle and instead sought to achieve goals by a process of gradual reform.
The Geocentric View of the Universe
Medieval philosophers accepted that the Earth was a motionless body in the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies moved around it in perfectly circular paths. They believed that different physical laws applied to the earth and the heavens. Aristotle and Ptolemy supported the geocentric theory. The church taught that god had deliberately placed earth at the center of the heavens, making it a special place where life took place.
Medieval mind-set on religion and art.
Medieval thinkers believed that God had created the world to prepare humans for salvation or eternal damnation. Human beings were insignificant and their lives were of no importance. Artists did not win fame as individuals, but worked for the glory of God.
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.
Timur
Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire.
Sandinistas
Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. They lost national elections in 1990.
Rajputs
Members of a mainly Hindu warrior caste from northwest India. The Mughal emperors drew most of their Hindu officials from this caste, and Akbar I married a Rajput princess.
Sikhs
Members of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India.
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe.
The Tennis Court Oath
Members of the first and second estates assumed that each estate would get one vote, which would allow them to outvote the third estate. Led by Abbe Sieyes, the third estate rejected this method and demanded that all three estates meat together. When the king refused, the third estate declared itself the National Assembly of France. Locked out of their official meeting place, they met in an indoor tennis court and took an oath not to disband until they drafted a constitution. This marked the beginning of the French Revolution.
Olmec
Mesoamerican civilization in lower Mexico around 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE focused. Most remembered for their large stone heads.
Jose Morelos
Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.
Golden Horde
Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.
Separation of Powers
Montesquieu concluded that the ideal government separated power among executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This system of divided authority would protect the rights of the individuals by preventing one branch of the government from gaining unrestricted control over the entire society. His ideas had a significant influence on the writers of the American Constitution.
Ibn Battuta
Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.
Isabella d'Este
Most famous of Renaissance women. Art patron who had works by many famous artists. Her life showed that patron was the most socially acceptable role for women.
Akbar
Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.
Michel de Montaigne
Most influential writer of French Renaissance. Best known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. His writing features numerous vivid anecdotes, and a skeptical tone best illustrated by his famous question "What do I know?"
Louis XIV
Most powerful monarch in French history. Didn't share his power a parliament. He and the nation were the same. He increased the powers of the intendants, refused to appoint a chief minister, and regularly attended meetings of his four great councils. He continued the policy of reducing the political power of the French nobility. He excluded nobles from key positions.
Economic changes
Most working women were single. Few married women worked outside the home. By the mid-1850s, women and children comprised half of the labor force in the cotton industry. Women were paid about half of a man's wages for similar work. Opportunities for well-educated women were limited to teaching, nursing, and social work. after 1800, many working-class women worked as clerks, typists, and telephone operators.
Women in the 18th Century
Most young married Europeans couples lived in nuclear families. large multigenerational household were not the norm. Most couples postponed marriage until they were in their mid- to late 20s. Young pesant women increasingly left home to work as domestic servants.
Aurangzeb
Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.
Hijra
Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)
Abbasid Dynasty
Muslim dynasty after Ummayd, a dynasty that lasted about two centuries that had about 150 years of Persia conquer and was created by Mohammad's youngest uncle's sons
ulama
Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Mughal Empire
Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; a minority of Muslims ruled over a majority of Hindus.
Sunnis
Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries.
The Corporate Economy in Italy
Mussolini believed that capitalists and workers must be forced to cooperate for the good of the state. He organized 22 state corporations to run all parts of the Italian economy. Each corporation included employers, employees, and government arbitrators. The corporations outlawed strikes and set wages and prices.
The Fascist State
Mussolini quickly consolidated his power and organized a Fascist stare, Mussolini outlawed all political parties except the Fascist. Mussolini's propaganda encouraged Italians to accept his leadership without question.
The Lateran Accord
Mussolini successfully negotiated an end to the long dispute between the papacy and the Italian state. Pope Pius XII recognized the legitimacy of the Italian state. In return, Mussolini recognized Vatican city as an independent state ruled by the pope.
Thermidorian Reaction
Name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the directory
economic progress under Napoleon III
Napoleon III understood the importance of modern industrialization. His second economic policies included railroad mileage increasing by more than fivefold, moderate free-trade policies doubled exports, and industrial production doubled, enriching the middle class. Napoleon did not ignore the working class. He legalized trade unions and improved public housing.
Napoleon III's quest for glory
Napoleon believed that the Concert of Europe limited France's foreign policy. Napoleon was determined to follow a foreign policy calculated to undermine the Concert of Europe and win international glory for himself and France.
The Loss of Liberty
Napoleon censored the press and suppressed all political opposition. Despite the loss of individual liberties, France enjoyed security, stability, and prosperity. Supported by a grateful nation, Napoleon declared himself emperor on December 2, 1804.
Rebuilding Paris under Napoleon III
Napoleon named Baron Georges Haussmann to oversee a vast project to redesign Paris. Haussmann replaced narrow streets and congested working-class neighborhoods with wide avenues, impressive public monuments, and expansive parks. The rebuilding also transformed Paris into a symbol of France's prosperity and greatness and it made it much harder for rioters to blockade streets.
The First Consul
Napoleon quickly took command of the new government. As first consul, he held all the power and made all the decisions. Napoleon's popularity continued to rise as he restored order, stimulated prosperity, and defeated the Second Coalition. Grateful voters overwhelmingly endorsed Napoleon's rule. He successfully used the democratic process to destroy democracy. Secure in his power, Napoleon enacted polices designed to transform France into an efficient modern state.
The Concordat of 1801
Napoleon understood the importance of ending the strained relationship between the French government and the Catholic Church. The Concordat of 1801 granted the Catholic Church special status as the religion of "the majority of Frenchmen." The pope regained the right to confirm church dignitaries appointed by the French government, depose French bishops, and reopen religious seminaries. In return, the pope recognized the French government and accepted the loss of church properties confiscated during the Revolution.
Napoleon's Final Battles
Napoleon's enemies quickly took advantage of his weakness. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria formed a Grand Alliance the defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Nations in October 1813. The allied armies entered Paris in March 1814. Napoleon abdicated his throne and was exiled to the island of Elba. In March 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba, and formed a new army. Led by Great Britain and Prussia, the Grand Alliance defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon abdicated a second time and was shipped to St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic. He dies in 1821
The Napoleonic Code
Napoleon's legal expert consolidated hundreds of local law codes into a uniform legal code that is still the basis of French law. The new code guaranteed many achievements of the French Revolution, including equality before the law, freedom of religion, the abolition of privilege, and the protection of property rights.The code increased the authority of husbands within the family. Women and children were legally dependent on their husband or father.
The Reorganization of Germany
Napoleon's victories enabled him to dissolve the Holy Roman Empire. He consolidated previously independent German states into a French-dominated Confederation of the Rhine. Posing as a champion of the Revolution, Napoleon abolished feudalism and granted peasants freedom from manorial duties. Napoleon unwittingly sparked a wave of German nationalism the fueled resistance to his rule.
Guomindang
Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.
Pearl Harbor
Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II.
Labor
Neolithic farmers and pastoralists learned to rely on Animals for food, clothes, and _________.
railroads
Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century
Trans Atlantic Slave Trade
New Atlantic trade systems were made because of European empires in the Americas. This system was mainly from Africa to the Americas and mainly took people out of Africa.
Colombian Exchange: Consequences for Europe
New crops revolutionized European diet and helped feed a growing population. New Caribbean sugar plantations along with silver and gold mines in Peru brought an influx of wealth to Spain that helped trigger inflation. The wealth generated by New World colonies dramatically increased the power of western Europe
Production
New energy sources utilized from 1900 to the present, such as oil and nuclear power, increased the _______ of goods and services.
Key features of the Commercial Revolution
New entrepreneurs from opened opportunities as guilds ended, especially in banking (ex: Medici and Fuggers). New industries (printing press and books, shipbuilding, weapons with growing nation-states). New domestic putting-out system, where cloth, looms, and other equipment was provided to rural families to finish products to avoid guild regulations, increasing number of looms and manufactured goods. Joint-Stock companies (when many people invested in a company and got portions of the profit if it prospered when the venture was too big to undertake alone).
The Population Explosion in Britain
New farming methods produced more food. Medical advances such as Jenner;s discovery of a smallpox vaccine reduced death rates. The combined population of Great Britain and Ireland increased from 10 million in 1750 to 30 million in 1850.
stock markets
New financial instruments--especially ways for businesses to raise money--were developed in this period. This includes insurance, corporations, and ____ ____, exchanges where corporate shares could be sold.
Henry VII of England
New monarch. Created the Court of Star Chamber to try prominent nobles in secret with no rights of jury, appeal, or witness. Used justices of the peace to extend royal authority into the local shires. He encouraged the wool industry and expanded the English merchant marine.
Louis XI of France
New monarch. He further enlarged the royal army and encouraged economic growth by promoting now industries such as silk weaving.
Francis I of France
New monarch. He reached an agreement with Pope Leo X known as the Concordat of Bologne, which authorized the king to nominate bishops, abbots, and other high official of the Catholic Church in France. This agreement gave the French monarch administrative control over the church so long as Francis I recognized the right of the Papacy over universal council. This meant that French kings had no reason to support a revolt against Rome
Charles VII of France
New monarch. He successfully concluded the 100 years war, strengthened royal finances through such taxes such as the taille (on land) and the gabelle (on salt), which were the main sources of royal income for the next 3 centuries. He created the fist permanent royal army.
Causes of the Commercial Revolution
New ocean trade routes brought great wealth that supported increased investment and a wide array of new economic ventures. Dramatic growth of population, thanks to introduction of new foods, caused a steady rise in the overall demand for goods and services. The price revolution (steady inflation of prices) was caused by increased gold and silver. New nation centered economic system went from towns and guilds with very little innovation to increased commercial activity increased innovation and valued nation over towns and guilds
Zulu
New states emerged on the edge of expanding empires. As the British expanded their South African colony, the ____ Kingdom came into being, led by a man named Shaka.
The Newtonian Universe
Newton demonstrated that the universe is governed by laws that can be expressed in mathematical formulas. He viewed the universe as a vast machine, created by God but working according to universal laws that could be discovered, mastered, and utilized to improve human life. Supernatural and miraculous forces played no role in Newton's universe. His mechanistic concept of the universe dominated Western thought until the discoveries of Albert Einstein in the early twentieth century.
Newton
Newton published the "Principia" in in 1687. It combined Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Galileo's concept of inertia and falling bodies, and his own conception of gravitation into a single universal law of gravitation. His concise mathematical formula described all forms of celestial and terrestrial communication
Separate Spheres
Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics
Toltecs
Nomadic peoples from beyond the northern frontier of sedentary agriculture in Mesoamerica; established capital at Tula after migration into central Mesoamerican plateau; strongly militaristic ethic, including cult of human sacrifice.
Nongovernmental Organizations
Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999).
Manchus
Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.
Has Holbein the Younger
Northern Renaissance artist who balanced the precise realism of the Northern Renaissance with the Italian love of balance and perspective. Best known for his realistic portraits of Herny VIII and Thomas More
Jan van Eyck
Northern Renaissance artist. Most acclaimed Flemish artist of the 1600s. He was a pioneer in oil painting, and is best known for "Ghent Altarpiece" and "The Arnolfini Wedding"
Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art
Northern Renaissance artists were the first to use and perfect oil painting. These new paints enabled precise painting of everyday objects. The art was heavy with symbols, such as in "The Arnolfini Wedding", where the dog represents fidelity and the discarded shoes as a sign that a religious ceremony was taking place, as touching the ground with bare feet was thought to ensure fertility.
Muhammad Ali
Not a modern nationalist, but this leader of Egypt is seen as the father of modern Egypt and made modernizing reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres during the 19th century.
Old Imperialism and New Imperialism
Old imperialism- European powers had practiced a form of imperialism between the 16th and 17th centuries. During this period, Portugal, the Dutch Republic, and England built trading-post empires along the coasts of Africa, India, and Indonesia. The New World was a notable exception to this pattern. Spain established an enormous empire in Central and South America while England colonized the east coast of North America. New imperialism- Beginning in 1870, European nations exercised increasing economic and political control over Africa and Asia. No longer content to trade with other peoples, European nations now aimed to directly rule vast regions of the world. The imperialist powers seized control over some areas such as German East Africa and French Indo-China. In other areas, they established protectorates where the dependent country had its own government but was still subject to the authority of the imperial power. And finally, the great powers established spheres of influence over large parts of China.
The Outbreak of War
On June 28, 1914, a young Slav nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the heir to the Austria throne. The assassination set in motion a sequence of events that plunged Europe into war. In August 1914, millions of soldiers marched off to battle, convinced the war would be over in a few weeks.
Women's March to Versailles
On October 5, 1789, thousands of women marched to Versailles demanding cheap bread and insisting that the royal family move to Paris. The king quickly capitulated, and a few days later the National Assembly also moved to Paris
Environment
One of the 5 AP World themes is focused on human interaction with this. Also includes things such as large-scale demographics and disease, human migration, and patterns of settlement.
Armenia
One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.
Minoans
One of the early proto-Greek peoples from 2600 BCE to 1500 BCE. Inhabitants of the island of Crete. Their site of Knossos is pictured above.
Zoroastrianism
One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.
The Revival of Habsburg Power
One of the oldest dynasties in Europe. Beginning in the early 1400s, most HR emperors were Habsburgs. Their power suffered a series of setbacks following the devastation of the Thirty Years' War and the extinction of the Habsburg line in Spain, however they reaffirmed their power over Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Their empire embraced a large number of ethnic groups who were unified only by their Catholic faith and loyalty to the Habsburg dynasty
Quinto
One-fifth: amount the Spanish crown was to receive of all precious metals mined in the Americas.
dalai lama
Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet.
Anabaptist Leaders
Other Christians condemned Anabaptist leaders as radicals. Some historians mark Thomas Munzer as a Anabaptist leader because he advocated for the overthrow of political and social order.
Suleyman the Magnificent
Ottoman Sultan (1512-20) expansion in Asia and Europe, helped Ottomans become a naval power, challegned Christian vessles througout the Mediterranian. 16th Century. The "lawgiver" who was so culturally aware yet exacted murder on two of his sons and a grandson in order to prevent civil war. Ottoman.
The Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
Outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. Violated repeatedly during the 1930s.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
The English Bill of Rights, 1689
Parliament required William and Mary to accept a Bill of Rights. Contained 7 key provisions: (1) parliament had right of free debate (2) taxation required parliamentary consent (3) Laws could be made only with the consent of parliament (4) the Monarch couldn't be a Roman Catholic (5) parliament would hold frequent sessions (6) parliament could be dissolved only by its own consent (7) no one could be arrested and detained without legal consent
Julius Caesar
Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E.
Jacobins
Part of the left of the Legislative Assembly. They wanted to overthrow the monarchy and create a republic. Key leaders included Jean-Paul Marat, George-Jacques Danton, and Maximilien Robespierre. Marquis de Lafayette was NOT a Jacobin
Girdonists
Part of the left of the legislative assembly. They wanted to involve France in a war that would discredit the monarchy and extend France's revolutionary ideals across Europe.
Celts
Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west. Conquered by Romans and displaced by Germans and other groups, today they are found in some corners of the British Isles.
Isfahan
Persian capital from the 16th to 18th centuries found in central Iran
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.
Characteristics of Renaissance Art
Perspective, chiaroscuro, pyramid configuration, and classical forms of Christian subjects
Peter the Great and Modernizing Russia
Peter the Great recognized that Russia had fallen behind western Europe. Determined to learn from his rivals, he visited Holland and England, where he toured shipyards, examined new military equipment, and observed western customs. He vowed to turn Russia into a great power. He began by expanding Russia's army and constructing a new navy. He also improved Russian agriculture y introducing the potato, strengthened the economy by importing skilled workers, and liberated Russian women by allowing them to appear in public without their veils. He even made the nobles shave their traditional long beards
Romanticism
Philosophical and artistic movement in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth- century Europe that represented a reaction against the Neoclassical emphasis upon reason. Romantic artists, writers, and composers stressed emotion and the contemplation of nature
Existentialism
Philosophy that God, reason, and progress are all myths. Humans must accept responsibility for their actions. This responsibility causes an overwhelming sense of dread and anguish (nihilism). Existentialism reflects the sense of isolation and alienation in the twentieth century.
Humanism
Philosophy that emphasizes human reason and ethics; sometimes denies the existence of a god
Daoism
Philosophy that teaches that everything should be left to the natural order; rejects many of the Confucian ideas but coexisted with Confucianism in China
Botany Bay
Place that the British first colonized in Australia
New Economic Policy
Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.
Solidarity
Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.
Marxism
Political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles. They believed that history is the result of a class conflict that will end with the triumph of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie. The new classless society would abolish private property.
Helsinki Accords
Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland in 1975 by the Soviet Union and western European countries.
All-India Muslim League
Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded the partition of a Muslim Pakistan.
Guomindang
Political party in China from 1911 to 1949; enemy of the Communists. Often abbreviated at GMD.
Liberalism
Political philosophy that in the nineteenth century advocated representative government dominated by the propertied classes, minimal government interference in the economy, religious toleration, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech
Conservatism
Political philosophy that in the nineteenth century supported legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Conservatives favored gradual change in the established social order.
Jizya
Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Muslim empire
Pedro Cabal
Portuguese explorer who accidentally discovered Brazil while sailing to India
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer who reached India and returned with a cargo of pepper and cinnamon worth 60X the cost of the expedition.
Bartholomew Diaz
Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
postmodernism
Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.
Gupta Empire
Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture.
Foot Binding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.
Rousseau's (1712-1778) idea of Natural Education
Presented in the novel "Emile". Rousseau argued the a "natural education" should replace the rigid schooling typical of the time. He believed that 1) children are naturally good and entitled to an education that emphasizes freedom and happiness, 2) people develop through various staged and individuals vary with these stages; therefore, education must be individualized, and 3) children should be encouraged to draw their own conclusions from experience.
Resisted limiting Papal authority
Preserved the papacy as the center of catholic unity and ruled that no act of a council could be voted unless accepted by the Holy see.
Detente
President Nixion initiated a policy of detente to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union. The two superpowers agreed to limit nuclear arms and expand trade. The Helsinki Accords marked the high point of Cold War detente. The accords ratified the European territorial boundaries established after World War II and committed the signers to recognize and protect the basic human rights.
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.
The Fourteen Points
President Woodrow Wilson became the spokesman for a just and lasting peace. Wilson's fourteen points included open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, reduction of national armaments, return of Alsace-Lorraine to France, a free and independent Poland with access to the sea, national self-determination for oppressed minority groups, and the creation of a "general association of nations" to preserve the peace and security of its members. Wilson's idealistic proposals were undermined by secret treaties and by a desire to punish Germany.
Juan Peron
President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.
Minoan
Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. Exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks.
Kulaks
Prosperous landowning peasants in czarist Russia. Joseph Stalin accused the kulaks of being class enemies of the poorer peasants. Stalin executed them and expropriated their land to form collective farms
The Dutch Republic: Artistic Creativity
Protestant nation without an absolute ruler, meaning that there were no commissions from the Catholic Church or royal officials, and therefore the art was very different from the rest of Europe and not Baroque. Commissions from merchants replaced these, and they wanted portrait of themselves, their families, and their land. Focus on painting individual and group portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes of everyday life. Golden age of artistic achievement
Thirty Years War
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
John Calvin
Protestant reformer who wrote The Institutes of the Christian. Believed in the absolute omnipotence of God, the weakness of humanity, and the doctrine of predestination. Established Geneva as a model Christian community. Influenced followers who were known as Huguenots in France, Presbyeterians in Scotland, and Puritans in England and the New England colonies. Advocated that each local congregation have a ruling body composed of both ministers and laymen who carefully supervised the moral conduct of the faithful.
The Spread of Calvinism
Protestant reformers from France, England, and Scotland hailed Calvin's Geneva as perfect. John Knox brought Calvinism to Scotland in the 1550s, where it soon became the established religion. Calvinism spread to France (Huguenots). Calvinists also founded Puritan churches in England and later in New England
Junkers
Prussia's landowning nobility. The Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs
The Fall of the Directory
Public discontent mounted as the directory failed to deal with inflation, food shortages, and corruption. On November 9, 1799, an ambitious and talented young general named Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory and seized power.
Thomas Hobbes
Published "Leviathan" two years after the execution of Charles II. Influenced by horrors of the English Civil War. Human beings self-centered and prone to violence. Human beings are motivated to increase pleasure and power, and minimize pain. In a state of nature, people know neither peace or security. Without government, life would be intolerable and civilization impossible. Feared dangers of anarchy more than tyranny, and advocated absolute rulers.
John Locke
Published "Second Treatise on Government", which justified Glorious Revolution and inspired the Declaration of Independence. People products of training, education, and experience, and are naturally good. "Natural rights" of life, liberty, and property. People form governments to preserve their natural rights. Government as contract. If rulers betray their trust, the people have the right to overthrow them
John Keynes
Published a book that discussed the causes of recessions. He argued that the government should spend heavily during a recession even if it had to run a deficit in order to jump start the economy. Although FDR was reluctant he did buy into the idea.
Aristotle
Pupil of Plato who tutored Alexander the Great; argued for small units of government like the city-state
Cromwell's Domestic Policy
Puritans imposed a strict moral code that censored the press, prohibited sports, and closed theaters. Radical groups such as the Levellers, who advocated an egalitarian society with universal manhood suffrage, and the Quakers. who rejected religious hierarchies and allowed women to preach at their meetings, were opposed
The Roundheads
Puritans, townspeople, middle-class businessmen, and people from Presbyterian-dominated London during the English Civil War. They favored a Parliamentary monarchy and a Presbyterian church governed by elected "presbyters" or elders.
Hatshepsut
Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.
Champa Rice
Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.)
India
Rapid industrialization hurt the economies of places that were still agriculturally based. For example, textiles in _____ , a British colony.
South Africa
Rare metals are needed for industry such as seen with the increased mining activity in the British colony of ______ ______.
The Helsinki Accords, 1975
Ratified the European territorial boundaries established after World War II. Established "Helsinki watch committees" to monitor human rights in the 35 nations that signed the Helsinki Accords. Marked the high point of Cold War detente.
Sandinista
Rebel forces in Nicaragua who struggled against what they saw as US occupation of their nation and US backed puppet rulers in their nation's government. Particularly active in the 1970s and 1980s. The US frequently arranged groups to fight against these rebels, sometimes covertly as in the case of the Iran-Contra Affair.
The Locarno Pact, 1925
Recorded an agreement between France and Germany to respect mutual frontiers. Marked the beginning of a brief period of reduced tensions among the European powers.
The Council of Trent, 1543-1563
Reformed Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine. Preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity. Confirmed all seven existing sacraments. Reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship. Forbade clerical marriage.
The Treaty of Versailles, 1919
Refused to allow either defeated Germany or communist Russia to participate in peace conference negotiations. Forced Germany to sign a war-guilt clause that was used to justify imposing large war reparations payments. Changed the map of Europe by returning Alsace-Lorraine to France and dissolving Austria-Hungary into the separate states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. created the League of Nations to discuss and settle disputes without creating war. Left a legacy of bitterness between the victors and Germany.
Delhi Sultanate
Region of India controlled by Muslims 1206-1520
Manchuria
Region of Northeast Asia North of Korea.
Bengal
Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century. Today this region includes part of Eastern India and all of Bangladesh.
Gold Coast
Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward.
Gujarat
Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing.
Nature and natural laws, according to the philosophes
Regulated both the universe and human society, and could be discovered by human reason
Yongle
Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel
Khubilai Khan
Reigned in China after establishing the Yuan Dynasty; he actively promoted Buddhism; descendant of Chinggis Khan.
Causes of the Thirty Years War
Religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants. Political divisions between the strong monarchy of the Austrian Habsburgs and the small German cities. International powers intervened to help support their religion/balance of power
Holy Roman Empire
Religious divisions due to the Reformation and religious wars in 16th and 17th centuries split Germany among Catholic, Lutheran and Calvinist prince. Gave way to new empires
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
mass deportation
Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires.
Leon Battsta Alberti
Renaissance architect who made "The West Facade of Sant' Andrea". Broke with medieval Christian traditions by eliminating statures and other traditional features of Gothic architecture. Contained a Roman triumphal arch framed by Corinthian pilasters which supported a pediment inspired by classical temples. This style strongly influenced the design of future Renaissance and baroque churches
Raphael
Renaissance artist who painted "The School of Athens". Depicts a gathering of ancient philosophers in a three dimensional space. Toga clad figures of Plato and Aristotle dominate center of the painting. He included his contemporaries among the ancient philosophers, such as Leonardo da Vinci as Plato and himself in the far right looking at the viewer. Illustrates Renaissance ideals of order, unity, and symmetry.
Michelangelo
Renaissance artist who sculpted "David". "David"'s stiff right leg and relaxed left leg recalls statues from Greece and Rome. He is nude like many classical statues, but is defiant as he faces Goliath, not serene.
Universal Man
Renaissance humanists thought the ideal individual should excel in many fields.
Giovanni Pico della Miradola
Renaissance writer who wrote "Oration on the Dignity of Man" in which he celebrated the human potential for greatness
The Weimar Republic
Reparations- The new German republic faced staggering reparations payments. When the Weimar Republic proposed a three-year moratorium on making reparation payments, the French occupied the Ruhr Vally and seized goods as payment. Inflation- The Weimar Republic supported itself by printing vast amounts of paper money. By December 1923, one dollar was worth 4 trillion German marks. The 1923 inflation destroyed the savings and incomes of the German middle class. Feeling betrayed by their government, embittered Germans would later be susceptible to Nazi propaganda.
Impact of the Great Depression on Europe
Replaced the optimistic spirit of the late 1920s with a growing sense of doubt and fear. Created uncertainty and insecurity for millions of unemployed workers. Promoted increased government economic intervention. Created opportunities for dictators to exploit people's fears.
Elizabethan Settlement
Restored the Church of England, which allowed priests to marry and conduct sermons in English, while retaining Archbishops who wore elaborate robed and conducted sermons that remained formal and traditional.
Richelieu's International Affairs
Richelieu continued France's long-term policy of limiting Habsburg power. Richelieu supported the Protestant powers during the thirty years' war. His skillful diplomacy and well-timed interventions helped defeat the Habsburgs and make France the leading European power.
The Intendant System
Richelieu was determined to weaken the nobility. At that time, France was divided into 32 administrative districts. Richelieu replaced these noble with royal officials called intendants who implemented royal orders. The intendant system played an important role in strengthening royal power without lessening the economic or social privileges of the nobles
Constantine
Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a tolerated/favored religion.
Diocletian
Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors. Also brought armies back under imperial control, and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war erupted upon his retirement.
Diocletian
Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.
Stoicism
Roman philosophy which emphasizes accepting life dispassionately
Wine
Romans were very fond of this beverage and it was a major part of the Mediterranean economy and was assiminated by the places they conquered as they Romanized the Mediteranean region.
Rousseau and the Enlightenment
Rousseau was committed to defending individual freedom and changing the existing social order. However, Rousseau distrusted reason and science. He trusted emotions and spontaneous feeling more than cold logic. As a result, Rousseau foreshadowed the romantic reaction to the Enlightenment.
King Louis XIV of France
Ruled with an iron fist for 60 years, and always wanted war. Believed in Divine Right theory, in which God chose him to rule over the masses and that anyone who challenged him would be challenging God. Thought that an absolute monarchy was the best form of government, and that men couldn't be trusted to govern themselves.
Pericles
Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian democracy through imperial force
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.
Mansa Musa
Ruler of Mali (r.1312-1337 CE) who made a hajj to Mecca; on the way there, he spread enormous amounts of gold showing the wealth of Mali; on the way back, he brought back education and Islamic culture.
rituals
Rulers used religious ideas to legitimize their rule. In China emperors' public performance of Confucian _____ was an example of this.
Politiques
Rulers who put political necessity above religious beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.
Russian Isolation before Peter the Great
Russia was geographically isolated from the rest of Europe. Sweden prevented Russia from reaching the Baltic sea while the Ottoman Empire prevented Russia from reaching the Black Sea. Also culturally isolated from the rest of Europe. The ideas of the Renaissance and Reformation and all the discoveries of the Age of Exploration and the Scientific Revolution scarcely affected Russia.
Peter the Great and Exploiting the Serfs
Russia's peasants didn't enjoy the benefits of Peter the Great's reforms. Instead, they were conscripted into Russia's army and forced to build St. Petersburg. In central Europe, serfs were bound to the land. In contrast, Russian serfs could be sold apart from the land, enabling them to be forced to work in mines or factories.
Romanovs
Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.
Joseph Stalin
Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953).
Gulag
Russian prison camp for political prisoners
Leon Trotsky
Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin
Perestroika
Russian term for the political and economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system.
Abbas the Great
Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.
Akkad
Sargon of _____ began taking over Mesopotamian city-states in 2200BC to form the worlds first empire.
Factions in the French Legislative Assembly
Sat in separate sections of a meeting hall, the terms, left, right, and center are derived from this. Conservatives who supported the king made up the right. Moderates comprised a larger group in the center. Radicals who distrusted the king and wanted the revolution to continue sat on the left.
Humanists
Scholars who studied the classical texts and cultures of ancient Greece and Rome. They rejected scholasticism and advocated the study of Greek and Roman literature, rhetoric, and history. They thought this would give them better insight into human nature. They played a key role in promoting liberal arts education, developing vernacular languages, and renewing interest in Greek and Roman manuscripts
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Scientific socialist who coauthored the Communist Manifesto. Believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Contended that a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the proletariat," which would in turn be a transitional phase leading to a classless society.
James Watt
Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).
Adam Smith
Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Mycenae
Sea-faring proto-Greek kingdom whose abrupt demise triggered the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1200 BCE-800 BCE
Shang Dynasty
Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.
Phoenicians
Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, these merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce.
Hundred Years War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
Hundred Years' War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. England loses and losses half of its land but that land was in France. The negative impact- France became an absolute power. Positive impact- France formed a nation-state. Ended in 1453.
Causes of the Great Depression
Several long-term problems negatively affected the U.S economy- Companies overproduced consumer good, consumers did not have enough money or credit to purchase goods, and farmers overproduced agricultural products, driving down prices and incomes. The American stoke market crash caused enormous financial losses and triggered a global financial crisis. Worried American banker recalled loans to European banks, Austria's largest bank failed, starting a financial panic in central Europe. The financial crisis led to sharp declines in global trade and manufacturing. The United States raised protective tariffs, forcing other nations to retaliate. Governments cut budgets and reduced spending, helping to accelerate the downward economic spiral.
Shah Abbas I
Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)
Elizabeth I of England
She inherited the difficult religious problem of the changing royal religious policy (Protestant under Edward VI, Catholic under Mary). She was a politique who placed religious necessity above political beliefs. Elizabethan Settlement. Church of England was protestant in tone, but deliberately vague in dogma.
Ayatollah Khomeini
Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy.
Panama Canal
Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915.
Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.
The Peace of Augsburg
Signed in 1555 by Charles V. Between 1546 and 1555 a religious civil war between Catholics led by Charles V and Protestants led by German princes tore Germany apart. The peace ended the civil war by giving the Prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Roman Catholic or Lutheran (not Calvinist or other minorities).
Mycenae
Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy.
Harappa
Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation, and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials.
Prejudice
Socieites who received immigrants from other countires did not always embrace them, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial _____
Plato
Socrates' most well known pupil. Founded an academy in Athens.
transnational
Some businesses in this period became _________ in that their ownership and organization were not confined to a particular country, such as with the United Fruit Company.
settlers
Some colonies in the 19th century imperialism involved large numbers of ______ such as in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Algeria.
Bronze
Some people call the later part of the Neolithic Age the ______ Age because of the advancements in metalurgy and tools.
Mestizo
Someone with interracial ancestry, especially found in Latin America
Western Wall
Sometimes called the Wailing Wall, this Sacred Jewish site is what remains of the former Israelite temple prior to the 1st century CE war with Rome and subsequent Jewish diaspora.
Cambyses II
Son of Cyrus II; extended the Persian Empire into Egypt
Afrikaners
South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.
Simon Bolivar
South American revolutionary leader, who helped organize revolutions in many countries but was unsuccessful in fulfilling his dream of a unified South American nation.
Four Asian Tigers
South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931).
Spanish Political Decline
Spain suffered from a series of weak and inept rulers who pursued misguided and inept policies. Spanish rulers and aristocrats continued to lead extravagant lifestyles they could no longer afford. Spanish armies suffered a series of disastrous defeats
The Spanish Civil War
Spain was a deeply divided country. Between 1931 and 1936, a democratically elected government tried to cope with the Great depression. Led by Franciso Franco, army leaders supported the clergy and aristocracy favored a fascist-styles government. The Spanish Civil War began in 1916 when the Nationalist forced led by Franco rebelled against the Republic. The civil war escalated into an international was when Hitler and Mussolini sent men and materials to support the nationalists. The Russians countered by supporting the Republican, or Loyalist, side. During the war, a squadron of German planes bombed the village of Guernica. Pablo Picasso painted Guernica to protest this atrocity. Republic resistance finally collapsed in 1939. Franco then established an authoritarian regime that remained in power until his death in 1975. Spain was neutral in World War II.
Hacienda
Spanish colonists formed large, self-sufficient farming estates known as these.
Hernan Cortes
Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
Organization of the Anglican Church under the Stuarts
Stuarts favored established Episcopal organization, in which the king, Archbishop of Cantebury, and bishops determined docrine and practice. Puritains favored Presbytarian organization under which church members got a greater voice in running the church and expressing dissenting views.
Humanism
Studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities.
Ptolemy
Subordinate to Alexander who took over Egypt after his death
MIng Dynasty
Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.
The commercial Revolution in Britain
Successful Britain merchants had capital for investment. Great Britain had the most highly developed banking system in Europe.
scramble for Africa
Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.
The Romantic Movement
Swept across Europe during the first half of the 19th century. Influenced religion, art, music, and philosophy. Inspired a desire for freedom of thought, feeling, and action.
John Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Calvinism (1509-1564).
John Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibly of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
Robot
System of forced labor used in eastern Europe. Peasants usually owed three or four days a week of forced labor. The system was abolished in 1848.
khipu
System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. These knots are interesting because the Inca are notable for being a relatively sophisticated empire and civilization, but they had no written language (very unusual). Some have gone so far as to suggest that these knots were themselves a language, but this probably isn't true.
hieroglyphics
System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.
divination
Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky.
Little Ice Age
Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.
Third World
Term applied to a group of "developing" or "underdeveloped" countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
Hinduism
Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.
Mesopotamia
The "land between rivers" was home to some of the first empires in human history. It saw the invention of the wheel.
Grand Canal
The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.
Frederick William the Great Elector
The 1600s. The Hohenzollern block of land was huge. He began the process of forging the Hohenzollern territories into a strong power. He recognized that a well equipped army would protect his territories and allow him to play a role in European BOP politics. He demanded and received the loyalty of the Junkers, the German landowners, in exchange for giving them full power over their serfs.
Cuban Missile Crisis
The 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba.
Long March
The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek.
The Berlin Airlift
The Allies failed to agree on a peace treaty with Germany. In 1945, the Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones, one each for the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. The city of Berlin lay 110 miles inside the Soviet occupation zone. Like Germany, it was divided into four occupation zones. Fearing a resurgent Germany, the Soviet Union cut off Western land access to West Berlin. Thia action provoked the first Cold War test of will between the United States and the Soviet Union. President Truman ordered a massive airlift of food, fuel, and other supplies to the beleaguered citizens of West Berlin. The Berlin Airlift marked a crucial and successful test of containment. Following the Berlin Airlift, the United States, Great Britain, and France created the Federal Republic of Germany or West Germany. The Soviet Union responded by establishing the East German state, the German Democratic Republic.
Cold War Confrontations
The Berlin Wall- Between 1949 and 1961, more than 3 million Germans fled to West Germany by crossing into West Berlin. On August 13, 1961, the East Germans, with Khrushchev's support, began construction of a concrete wall along the border between East and West Berlin. The Berlin Wall stopped the flow of refugees while at the same time becoming a symbol of Communist oppression. The Cuban Missile Crisis- Khrushchev precipitated the Cuban Missile Crisis by constructing nuclear missiles in Cuba. After a tense confrontation with the United States, Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for a U.S. promise not to attack Fidel Castro. The Cuban Missile Crisis undermined Khrushchev's credibility and played a key role in his ouster from power in 1964.
New Industries in the Second Industrial revolution
The Bessemer process increased steel production while reducing costs. By 1900, steel had replaced iron in machinery, ships, railroad tracks, and building construction. Led by Germany, the chemical industry grew rapidly. New products including soaps, dyes, fetilizers, and explosives.
immigrants
The Chinese Exclusion Act and the White Australia Policy were both examples of the regulation of ________ based on ethnicity and were caused by growing racial and nationalist attitudes during the 19th century.
Qing
The Chinese government is ruled by this ethnically Manchurian dynasty during this period. They attempted to hold on to pre-industrial ways and resisted foreign involvement in their country (without success).
Axum
The Christian state in Africa that developed its own branch of Christianity, Coptic Christianity, because it was cut off from other Christians due to a large Muslim presence in Africa.
Hope for Peace
The Dawes Plan- At the end of 1923, a committee of experts led by American Charles Dawes devised a plan to reestablish a sound German currency and reduce reparation payments. The Dawes Plan provided a series of American loans to Germany. the infusion of American money revitalized the German economy, thus ending the inflationary spiral. The Locarno Pact- France, German, England,Italy, and Belgium signed the Locarno Pact guaranteeing the borders between Germany and France. It marked an important turning point in France-German relations and appeared to offer hope of a new era of peaceful relations between these two rivals The Kellogg-Briand Pact- In 1928, 62 countries including the United States signed a pact promising "to renounce was as an instrument of national policy." At the time, the Kellogg-Briand Pact appeared to have bolster collective security and promoted a renewed spirit of optimism.
The Dutch Republic: Economic Prosperity
The Dutch Republic was Europe's leading commercial power during most of the seventeenth century. Amsterdam remained Europe's financial center until the French Revolution. Shipbuilding played a key role in the Dutch economy. The dutch fleet was the largest in the world. As trade routs shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, the Dutch replaced the Italians as Europe's bankers with the Amsterdam Exchange Bank founded in 1609, and was very safe and reliable. The Dutch East Indies company replaced the Portuguese
Indonesia
The Dutch had a presence in in this place, which they called the East Indies from 1595. But during the 19th century their control of this set of islands expanded and became their biggest colony.
Importance of the Glorious Revolution
The English rejected the theory of the divine right of kings. It placed clear limits on the power of the English monarchy. England became a constitutional monarchy controlled by an aristocratic oligarchy
Theory of Progress
The European Enlightenment idea that stated that society was always progressing.
Scramble for Africa
The European's flurry of colonializations in Africa.
Bushido
The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.
Levee en Masse
The French policy of conscripting all males into the army. This created a new type of military force based upon the mass participation and a fully mobilized economy. Employed by Napoleon
Bismark's Network of Alliance
The French were humiliated by their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and embittered by their loss of Alsace-Lorraine. In an attempt to isolate France, Bismark formed a military alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879. Three years later, Italy joined these two countries, thus forming the Triple Alliance. In 1887, Bismark took yet another ally from France by signing a treaty with Russia.
Reasons why the democracies failed to act
The Great Depression forced the United States, Great Britain, and France to focus on domestic issues. The horrific loss of life in World War I created a deep desire for peace. American isolationists believed that U.S. involvement in World War I had been a mistake. They wanted to avoid becoming entangled in European affairs. The democracies repeatedly underestimated Hitler's thirst for power and conquest.
1830
The Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.
moksha
The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.
Eastern Europe in 1648
The Holy Roman Empire (HRE) the Republic of Poland, and the Ottoman Empire occupied the area from the French border to Russia. All three were declining due to lacking a strong central authority and efficient systems of government. Each contained diverse ethnic and language groups.
The Reform Bill of 1832
The House of Commons was less representative of the British people than at any time in its 500-year history. Many boroughs (electoral districts) were sparsely populated, and a few had no people at all. Meanwhile, new industrial cities such as Manchester had no representatives. After a decade of pressure from factory owners and merchants, parliament passed the Reform Bill of 1832. It created a number of new districts representing heavily urban areas. It also doubled the number of voters to include most middle-class men.
British East India Company
The Indian Rebellion of 1857 caused the British Government to take direct control over the Indian colony, which had previously been controlled by this organization.
Sati
The Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband.
caliphate
The Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
Zen
The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation.
Revolution in Belgium
The July Revolution in France helped spark discontent in Belgium. The Congress of Vienna united the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) with Holland to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands. Catholic Belgium and Protestant Holland had very little in common. In 1830, riots in Belgium quickly turned into a widespread demand for independence. Both Great Britain and France opposed intervention. In 1830, the great powers recognized Belgium as a neutral state.
Siam
The Kingdom of _____, known today as Thailand, remained relatively independent during through the nineteenth century because they served as a buffer between the colonies of Britain and France in Indochina.
Factors that encouraged European Overseas Exploration
The Renaissance gave Europeans a seonse of individualism and curiosity. The search for spices and profits. Desire to find new fields to grow cash crops. After crusades, desire to spread Christianity. New Technology available to explore.
The Leadership of the Medici
The Medici family dominated Florence's economic, political, and artistic life for much of the fifteenth century. They earned their wealth as bankers. They financed libraries, built churches, sponsored the Platonic Academy of Philosophy, and commissioned hundreds of artworks. The Florentine Renaissance reached its peak during the life of Lorenzo.
Minoans
The Mediterranean society that formed on the island of Crete and who were a big maritime society.
Jihad
The Muslim word for "struggle" especially when trying to follow the will of Allah.
Serbia
The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. Terrorists from here triggered WWI. After World War II it became the central province of Yugoslavia.
The Reformation Popes
The Renaissance popes such as Julius II focused on things like artwork and enhancing the power of their families. Starting with Pope Paul III (1534-1549) the popes became more interested in reinforcing standards and traditions.
Factors that encouraged European overseas exploration
The Renaissance spirit of individualism: renewed interest in ancient texts had also given them more scientific and geographical information; The Search for Spices and Profits: Crusades stimulated a growing demand for Indian and Chinese spices, which soon increased supply. Muslims controlled the East, and Spain and Portugal wanted direct access for profits; Desire to cultivate cash crops and establish sugar plantations; desire/duty to spread Christianity; the ability to use new technology
Charles II and the Restoration
The Restoration restored the monarchy, the Church of England, and the Parliament. Nonetheless, certain issues regarding the power of the king and certain religious issues had yet to be resolved.
Germanic
The Roman Empire fought ______________ people on their Northern boarder but never conquered them.borders.
Duma
The Russian Parliament created after the revolution of 1905.
Muscovy
The Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite princes convinced their Mongol Tatar overlords to let them collect all the tribute gold from the other Russian princes on behalf of the Mongols. This caused Moscow to become the power center of Russian society and eventually they rebelled against Mongol domination.The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.
Tsar
The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.
Stalemate
The Schlieffen Plan narrowly failed, making a quick victory impossible. Both sides constructed an elaborate system of trenches stretching more than 600 miles from the English channel to the Swiss border. Trench warfare produced a stalemate that lasted about four years and claimed unprecedented casualties.
1867
The Serbians gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in this year.
War with Austria, 1866
The Seven Weeks' War- In 1866, Bismark provoked Austria into declaring on Prussia. Prussia's revitalized army easily crushed the Austrian in a brief conflict. Austria agreed to the dissolution of the German Confederation. With Austria excluded from German affairs, Bismark organized a North German Confederation dominated by Prussia. As Prussia's ally, Italy annexed Venetia.
Containment
The Soviet Union dominated much of Eastern Europe in the aftermath of World War II. Winston Churchill warned that "an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Containment was a foreign policy designed to contain or block Soviet expansion. Containment was the primary U.U. foreign policy from the announcement of the Truman doctrine in 1947 to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
The Warsaw Pact
The Soviet Union responded to NATO by forming the Warsaw Pact. The alliance linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European countries: Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.
Peter the Great and Defeating Sweden
The Thirty Years War left Sweden in control of the Baltic's entire eastern shore. Peter ordered his army to end Sweden's dominance of the Baltic. The Great Northern War lasted from 1700 to 1721. After suffering initial defeats, Peter ultimately won the war, thus gaining control over warm water outlets on the Baltic Shore. This defeat led to Sweden's decline as a major power, as well as Russia becoming the dominant power on the Baltic Sea.
The End of World War I
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk enabled the Germans to transfer divisions from the east to help launch a great spring offensive. Reinforced by newly arrived American troops, the British and French halted the German offensive. Realizing that defeat was imminent, William II abdicated his throne, and Germany became a republic. Two days later on November 11, 1918, World War I came to an end.
Dominoe Theory
The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would.
Middle Class
The _____ ______ also called the bourgeoisie, became the most powerful social class within industrialized societies. They were the wealthy but non-aristocratic class of property owners and the biggest beneficiaries of industrial prosperity. Meanwhile the Marxists saw them as exploiters of the working class.
Reason, according to the philosophes
The absence of intolerance, bigotry, and superstition; meant informed thinking about social problems. Humans should rely solely on reason, not miracles, to improve society
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
mechanization
The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)
Hinduism
The architecture of this 12th century temple complex of Angkor Wat in Cambodia shows the influence of what religious culture?
Vaishyas
The artisan and merchant varna of the caste system.
Dharma
The basic doctrine shared by Buddhists of all sects.
Five Pillars
The basic tenets of Islam: Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day facing Mecca; fast during the month of Ramadan; pay alms for the relief of the weak and the poor; take a hajj to Mecca
Karma
The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.
Social Darwinism
The belief that the evolutionary process can apply to countries and individual classes in a community. Wealthy buisiness and industrial leaders used Social Darwinism to justify their success.
Deism
The belief that there is a God, but after the creation of the world became indifferent to it
Early labor Unions
The combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 prohibited British workers from organizing to improve their condition. Under pressure from labor and middle-class reformers, Parliament repealed the combination Acts in 1825. In 1875, British trade unions won legal status, including the right to strike.
War with Austria, 1859
The combined French and Piedmont armies defeated the Austrians, Meanwhile, Italian nationalists staged revolts across northern Italy. Sardinia annexed all of the northern Italy excerpt Venetia.
Pleibians
The common people during the Roman era.
Hadith
The compiled work of the life and teachings of Muhammad.
Korean War
The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
Reaffirmed Catholic Doctrines
The council of Trent reaffirmed church teachings, rejecting Luther's belief that salvation is achieved by faith. They also reaffirmed that scripture and catholic teachings should be given equal weight and that there were still seven sacraments and not Luther's suggested two
Reformed church abuses
The council of Trent stopped the selling of indulgences, forbade simony, made bishops live in the dioceses they served
Purpose of Baroque Art
The council of Trent wanted to re-energize Catholicism. Paid painters, sculptors, and architects to make dramatic works of art that involved worshipers.
Flu Pandemic of 1918
The deadliest natural disaster in human history. Killed between 50-100 million people following WWI.
The Fronde
The deaths of Richelieu and Luis XIII left the monarchy in the hands of the five-year-old Louis XIV and his chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin. Sensing royal weakness, the nobles led a series of rebellions called the Fronde to limit royal authority. Increasing violence led Louis to flee to Paris, humiliating him, and making him vow to control the nobility.
Tories and Whigs
The debate over Charles's succession divided parliament into the Whigs (deeply suspicious of Catholics and wanted to lawfully exclude James from the throne) and the Tories (felt a strong loyalty to the monarchy and supported James's right to the throne). They became the first English political parties
Gobi
The desert to the north of China
Progress, according to the philosophes
The discovery of laws of economics and government would improve society and make progress inevitable; first Europeans to believe in social progress
Sikhism
The doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam.
Shang
The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of this culture.
Continued Slavic discontent in Austria
The dual monarchy satistified the Magyars but to solve the empire's nationality. The Slavic regions called for but failed to receive a triple monarchy. Slavic discontent posed a significant threat to the future of Austria-Hungary and the peace of Europe.
Silla Dynasty
The dynasty in Korea that rallied to prevent Chinese domination in the seventh century CE.
Bolshevik
The early Communists that overthrew the Czar in the Russian Revolution.
Mercantilism
The economic theory that the world has a limited amount of wealth so the more wealth a nation has, the more powerful it is.
Indian Civil Service
The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians.
Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
The Great Exhibition, 1851
The exhibition was held to celebrate Britain's undisputed economic and technological dominance. Britain's hall of machinery featured the locomotive engines, hydraulic presses, and power looms that had powered the Industrial Revolution.
Socialism
The existing distribution of wealth is unjust. the "haves" possess more than they need, while the "have-nots" possess barely enough to survive. The resources and means of production should be owned by the community. The profits of human labor should be equitably distributed.
Colonization
The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people
Spanish Economic Decline
The expulsion of Jews and Muslims (Moriscos) deprived Spain of merchants and skilled workers. Flow of gold and silver from Peru at first enriched the economy, but later caused inflation, driving up the cost of goods, so exports declined. Costly wars with the Dutch Republic and France overextended Spain's resources. Spanish industry, commerce, agriculture, and population all declined
Urbanization
The factory system transformed many small towns into crowded cities. For example. between 1760 and 1850, the population of Manchester surged from 45,000 to 300,000. Between 1800 and 1850, the number of European cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants rose from 22 to 47. Workers lived in crowded slums that lacked sanitation. Entire families lived in a single dark room.
The Factory System
The factory was a place where large numbers of workers used machinery to manufacture goods. As the factory system spread, the putting-out system disappeared.
Fall of the Roman Empire
The fall of this empire was precipitated by Germanic attacks and toward the mid fifth century barbarian chieftains replaced roman emperors. Rome and Western Europe was overrun by the German tribes but they respected the Roman culture and learned from their roman sunjects. Some Roman government and cultural ideas survived and blended with Germanic culture.
Archeology
The field of study that tells us about wow humans lived in the Paleolithic Era.
Salvador Allende
The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.
Olmec
The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.
Christine de Pizan
The first feminist (during Renaissance). Writer, first women in European history to make a living as an author. Wrote about famous females to dispel myths about women
Textiles
The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.
Chavin
The first major urban civilization in South America (900-250 B.C.E.). Its capital was located high in the Andes Mountains of Peru. Chavin became politically and economically dominant in a densely populated region.
Mauryan Empire
The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.
indulgence
The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of these is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.
gunpowder
The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets.
Siddhartha
The founder of the religion Buddhism who believed that all life was suffering. Also known as the Buddha.
Varna
The four major social divisions in India's caste system: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class.
Julius Caesar
The general during the Roman Republic who took over after the civil war and established Rome as an empire.
The Incentive for the Textile Industry
The global demand for cotton cloth was enormous. Prompted by huge potential profits, British entrepreneurs financed new ways of spinning and weaving cotton.
Bourgeoisie Misrule
The government consisted of a two-house legislature and an executive body of five men known as the Directory. Dominated by rich bourgeoisie, the Directory proved to be corrupt and unpopular.
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.
Paris Peace Conference
The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.
Akbar
The greatest of the Mughald Emperors. Second half of 1500s. Descendant of Timur. Consolidated power over northern India. Religiously tolerant. Patron of arts, including large mural paintings.
Hittites
The group of people who toppled the Babylonian empire and were responsible for two technological innovations--the war chariots and refinement of iron metallurgy.
Byzantine Emperor
The head of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire.
Stone Age
The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age
"The angel in the house"
The ideal middle-class woman was an "angel in the house". Her most important role was to be the family's moral guardian. Middle-class women were expected to supervise the domestics, manage the household, and direct the children's education. Rising standards of living made it possible for men and women to marry at a younger age. At the same time, the rising cost of child-rearing caused a decline in the size of middle-class families.
The Truman Doctrine
The immediate goal of the Truman Doctrine was to block the expansion of Soviet influence into Greece and Turkey. On march 12, 1947, President Harry Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic aid for Greece and Turkey. Truman justified the aid by declaring that the United States would support "free people who a resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities of by outside pressure." This pledge became known as the Truman Doctrine.
Agricultural Revolution
The innovations in farm production that began in in eighteenth-century Holland and spread to England. These advances replaced open-field agriculture with a more scientific and mechanized system of agriculture.
Scientific Revolution
The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.
Menes
The king who unifed Egypt.
Mali
The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.
Ghana
The kingdom in West Africa that prospered because of trans-Saharan trade especially in gold; this kingdom was around at the time of Muslim control in North Africa.
Tamil Kingdoms
The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north.
Shudras
The landless peasants and serfs of the caste system.
Babylon
The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)
primate city
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
Montezuma II
The last Aztec emperor. Here he is on vacation at the beach, just days before being captured and killed by Cortés in 1520.
Influenza
The last global pandemic in history that killed millions was that of _______ in 1918.
Sasanid Empire
The last of pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. One of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe alongside the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire for a period of more than 400 years
The Balance of Power
The leaders at Vienna wanted to weaken France so this would no longer be able to wage wars of aggression an threaten the balance of power. At the same tome, the victories powers did not want to impose a punitive treaty that would humiliate and antagonize France. France was forced to return to its 1790 borders and to pay an indemnity of 700 million francs. However, France was allowed to keep most of its overseas possessions, its army, and an independent government. To keep France from renewing its drive for power, the Congress encircled France with strengthen powers- The Austrian Netherlands, 39 German states, Switzerland, and Sardinia.
Toussaint L'Overture
The main leader of the Haitian independence movement.
Middle-class prosperity
The middle class, or bourgeoisie, enjoyed unprecedented prosperity, political power, and leisure time. The haute bourgeoisie included wealthy bankers, merchants, and industrialists. The petite bourgeoisie included shopkeepers, skilled artisans, professional men, and clergy.
The "Scramble for Africa"
The most aggressive example of the new imperialism took place in Africa. The so-called "Scramble for Africa" became so frenetic and rapacious that Otto von Bismarck called for an international conference in Berlin. The 14 nations that attended the 1885 Berlin Conference established rules for dividing Africa. Led by Great Britain, France and Germany, the European powers successfully partitioned almost the entire continent of Africa. Only Liberia and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) remained independent.
Taiping Rebellion
The most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.
Akbar
The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration, which was not typical of ancient and post-classical India.
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Simon Bolivar
The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Bantu migration
The movement of the Bantu peoples southward throughout Africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000
Achaemenid Empire
The name of an ancient Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was composed of many smaller kingdoms. The realm was divided into twenty-three districts whose administration and taxation was managed by satraps, or subordinate local rulers.
Great Circuit
The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.
Atlantic System
The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)
dependency ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compares to the number of people active in the labor force.
Smallpox
The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.
Roman Republic
The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.
Zhou
The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.
Nubians
The people in Eastern Africa south of Egypt who were rivals of the ancient Egyptians and known for their flourishing kingdom between the 400s BC and the 400s CE. They speak their own language and were known by the Egyptians for their darker skin.
Poland and Solidairty
The people of Poland were the first to test Gorbachev's new policies. Led by Lech Walesa Polish workers formed a democratic trade union called Solidarity. Pope John Paul II provided crucial support for the Solidarity labor movement in Poland. In 1989, Polish voters overwhelmingly rejected the communist Party and elected Solidarity candidates. This marked the first time the people of a nation peacefully turned a Communist regime out of power.
Sumerians
The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.
Bantu
The people who spread throughout Africa spreading agriculture, language, and iron.
The End of the Romanov Rule
The poorly equipped Russian army was no match for the German war machine. By 1917, more than 7 million Russian soldiers had been killed wounded, killed, or taken prisoner. Nicholas II proved to be an inept ruler. As battlefield losses mounted and shortages of food worsened, Nicholas moved his headquarters to the front in a futile attempt to rally his troops. In early 1917, the food shortages in Petrograd (formerly St.Petersburg) led to spontaneous demonstrations and strikes. Nicholas ordered his troops to restore order, but the soldiers refused and instead supported the demonstrators and strikes. On March 12, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated, ending three centuries of Romanov rule.
Urban II
The pope that issued the crusades in 1095 CE
shamanism
The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)
Ancestor Veneration
The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China.
Giuseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts
The pragmatic Cavour and the romantic Garibaldi agreed that Italy should be freed from foreign control. While Cavour was uniting the north, he also secretly supported Garibaldi in the south. In May 1860, Garibaldi and his small force of Red Shirt successfully invaded and liberated the kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Garibaldi agreed to step aside and let Victor Emmanuel rule the areas he had conquered.
Brahmins
The priest varna of the caste system.
Legitimacy
The principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power. For example, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons in France.
Decolonization
The process by which colonies gained their independence to form the imperial European powers after WWI.
assimilation
The process by which different ethnic groups lose their distinctive cultural identity through contact with the dominant culture of a society, and gradually become absorbed and integrated into it.
witch-hunt
The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
The Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in 1600s
The reformation left the HRE divided among Catholics and Protestants. The Thirty Years' War left the HRE political divided into 300 separate states. The empire had an elected emperor who had no imperial army, revenues, or centralized authority. Led by the Habsburgs and the Hohenzollers, Austria and Prussia gradually emerged as the leading German States
Mesopotamia
The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; birthplace of the Sumerian and Babylonian Civilizations.land between the rivers.
Détente
The relaxation of tensions between the US and the USSR. Détente was introduced by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and President Richard Nixon. Examples include the Strategic Arms Limitation Talk (SALT), expanded trade with the Soviet Union, and Nixon's trips to China and Russia.
Deism
The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.
deforestation
The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.
Reconquista
The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.
Sepoy Mutiny
The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.
Sepoy Rebellion
The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs in India against the Brisith; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
Russian Revolution
The revolution against the Tsarist government which led to the abdication of Nicholas II and the creation of a provisional government in March 1917.
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
Key points of the Revolutions of 1848
The revolutions on 1848 failed because of internal divisions, a lack of popular support outside the cities, and the continued strength of conservative forces. Peaceful reforms enabled England to avoid violent revolts. Repressive policies stifled reform in Russia. The idealistic romantic spirit now yielded to a new age of political realism.
Nile River
The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.
Ghengis Khan
The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.
Industrial Revolution
The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications
Syncretism
The unification of opposing people, ideas, or practices
Macartney Mission
The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire in 1793.
Forbidden City
The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China.
Fourteen Points
The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
Kshatriyas
The warrior and aristocrat varna of the caste system.
Reasons why Hitler rose to power
The weakness of the Weimar Republic helped prepare the public for a bold leader who would restore German pride. Hitler concluded that he would no try to overthrow the Weimar Republic by revolutionary means. Instead he would use the electoral process to legally gain power. Hitler was a spellbinding speaker who denounced the Weimar Republic and the Versailles Treaty, He skillfully used modern propaganda techniques to convince the German people to follow his leadership. Hitler offered the German people an ideology the exploited their fears. The Nazi program included nationalist: German national honor would be avenged by regaining the lands taken by the Versailles Treaty; Master race: the Germans were a master race who needed land in eastern Europe and Russia; Anti-Semitism: Jews were an inferior race responsible for many of Germany's problems; Anticommunism: Marxists were responsible for formenting labor unrest.
Patricians
The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.
Sumer
The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia, which existed for over 3,000 years.
Sputnik
The world's first space satellite. This meant the Soviet Union had a missile powerful enough to reach the US.
Green Revolution
The worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation.
1991
The year of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
1453
The year that Constantinople was sacked by the Ottoman Turks and meant that Byzantium had collapsed.
central place theory
Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.
Queen Elizabeth I
This "virgin" queen ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English History. She supported the arts, increased the treasury, supported the exploration of the New World, built up the military, and established the Church of England as the main religion in England
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
This Act, passed by the National Assembly did the following: (1) Confiscated the lands owned by the RCC (2) Decreed that bishops and priests would be elected by the people and paid by the state (3) Required the clergy to take a loyalty oath to support the new government. Pope Pius VI condemned the act and over half the clergy refused to take the oath of allegiance. Alienated Catholics proved to be persistent opponents of the French Revolution
France
This European nation lost colonies in the Americas but expanded its presence in Indochina and Africa in the 19th century.
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.
Indian Ocean
This area possessed the biggest network of sea-based trade in the postclassical period prior to the rise of Atlantic-based trade.
Kepler
This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun.
Roman Republic
This establishment consisted of the Senate with two consuls who were elected by an assembly dominated by hereditary aristocrats known as patricians.
Industrialization
This gradually changed the way that things were produced, starting in the mid 18th century, but escalating greatly by the mid 19th century.
Russia
This kingdom expanded its territory thousands of miles Eastward during the 19th century and also sought to take advantage of a weakened Ottoman Empire.
Partition of India
This led to the movement of millions of people in South Asia after India got its independence from Britian.
Mao Zedong
This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
factory system
This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.
Pope Gregory I
This pope strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance and encouraged confession for the remission of sins which made people more dependent on the church for salvation.
Latin America
This region in the 19th century experienced a wave of independence movements following the American and French Revolutions.
Galileo Galilei
This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.
horseback riding
This skill allowed ancient people in Mesopotamia to move faster and have better armies, another trait introduced by pastoralists.
Scholasticism
This sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. Often associated with St. Thomas Aquinas.
Franco-Prussian War
This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).
Reign of Terror
This was the period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed.
Peter the Great
This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.
Deism
Though of God as a cosmic watchmaker who created the universe and then let it run according to immutable natural laws. Much of the educated elite in western Europe embraced deism. However, deism's reliance upon reason and its lack of emotion had little appeal for many people. A new religion movement known as pietism stressed faith, emotion, and "the religion of the heart".
Consequences of the Defeats of Philip II
Though still a formidable military power, Spain began a long period of political and economic decline. Now independent, the Dutch began a golden age of commercial prosperity and economic creativity. As Spain's influence declined, England's power increased.
Tax farming
To generate money for territorial expansion rulers used new methods to get money like Tribute systems and _____ _____. Under this system the government hires private individuals to go out and collect taxes for them.
Chinese Examination system
To maintain centralized control, rulers recruited and use bureaucratic elites and the development of military professionals. For example the Chinese used this system.
Chiang Kaishek
Took control of the Guomindang. Led troops on the Northern Expedition to end warlord era and unify China.
The Home Front
Total War- When it became clear that the war would not be over quickly, governments mobilized all human and industrial resources in order to wage total war. Governments tightly controlled the news and used propaganda to rally public morale and arouse hatred of the enemy. The role of women- As more and more men went to war, millions of women replaced them in factories, offices, and shops. World War I marked the first time that the employment of women was essential to a sustained war effort. In the decade prior to World War I, British women led by Emmeline Pankhurst wagged an aggressive campaign for woman's suffrage. During the war, Pankhurst called a halt to militant suffrage activities, urging women to contribute to the war effort. In 1918, Parliament granted the suffrage to women over the age of 30.
The Golden Triangle
Trade triangle between US, Britain, and Africa. Ships would take valued goods to Britain from America, get money, sail down to Africa, buy slaves, and take them back to America
Dutch West India Company
Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.
Hadith
Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).
Warsaw Pact
Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
Treaty of Nanking
Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.
steppes
Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.
False
True/False: You cannot get the point for using all documents in the DBQ if you do not cite which document the information came from.
1861
Tsar Alexander II (r.1855-1881) emancipated the serfs in this year. (Hint:18_1)
Ottomans
Turkish empire based in Anatolia. Arrived in the same wave of Turkish migrations as the Seljuks.
Safavid Empire
Turkish-ruled Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
movable type
Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century.
Eli Whitney
United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825).
Renaissance mind-set on the individual
Unlike feudal nobles, Italian merchants didn't inherit their social rank, but had to have talent and work towards it, so they took pride in their achievements and believed they were responsible for their success. Artists and writers wanted to e remembered as individuals, and fame became a reward for superior talent. Portrait painting and autobiographies illustrate this.
The Great Game
Used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire before WWI.
Vasco da Gama
Using the new trade route around the Cape of Good Hope, he brought spices back to Portugal and made a profit of several thousand dollars.
Balkans
Various peoples in this area of Eastern Europe rebelled against Ottoman rule, contributing to their imperial decline.
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
Henry VIII vs Martin Luther
Very different in theology and in the creation of their religions. However, they shared political attitudes. They both rejected papal authority, both followed policies that strengthened the nobility, and both believed that the church should be subordinate to the state.
Peloponnesian War
War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great.
Opium War
War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.
Hundred Years War
War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)
Russo-Japanese War
War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.
World War II
War fought from 1939 to 1945 between the Allies and the Axis, involving most countries in the world. The United States joined the Allies in 1941, helping them to victory.
Dirty War
War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military.
Opium Wars
Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.
Punic Wars
Wars between the Romans and Carthaginians that marked Rome as the preeminent power in the eastern as well as the western Mediterranean.
Toussaint Louverture
Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
Kingdom of Kongo
Was in the basin of the Congo river; conglomeration of several village alliances; it participated actively in trade networks; most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms; ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders.
France under Louis XV
Weak leader dominated by royal mistresses and court favorites. The nobles regained much of the power they had lost under Louis XVI. Although France was a powerful and potentially prosperous country, debts continued to mount.
cottage industry
Weaving, sewing, carving, and other small-scale industries that can be done in the home. The laborers, frequently women, are usually independent. Most manufacturing was done this way before the industrial revolution.
Ghana
West African state that supplied the majority of the world's gold from 500 CE-1400's
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
When Louis XIV's reign began, France's population contained about a million Huguenots. Louis's goal of "one king, one law, one faith". Supported by by the French Catholic clergy and his Jesuit advisers, he revoked the Edict of Nantes. This caused many Huguenots to flee, loosing many skilled workers for France.
Mita
When colonists were allowed to use Indians for forced labor in colonial South America, also known as the repartimiento system
circa
When noting dates the letter "c." before a date represents what? (example: Jesus was born c. 5 BCE). It means approximately.
Secular
When something such as a government or cultural product is not based on religion it is said to be this.
Spain and Portugal
While many new empires were on the rise during the nineteenth century, these the European kingdoms of _________ and _______ lost most of their colonies during this period.
Vladamir Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
While the Russian army was falling apart, the Germans helped Lenin return to Petrigrad. Lenin arrived at the Finland Station on April 3, 1917, and promptly urged his followers to overthrow the provisional government. Lenin's key ideas included denouncing gradual reform, arguing that capitalism could only be destroyed by class conflict, insisting that a communist revolution was possible in a nonindustrial country such as Russia, and arguing that Russia's relatively small working class could not develop revolutionary class consciousness; instead, leadership would have to come from a highly disciplined group of professional revolutionaries. Lenin's slogan of "peace, land, and bread" captured the popular imagination and enabled the Bolsheviks to win widespread popular support. Lenin sensed that it was time to act. On November 6, 1917, the Bolsheviks occupied most government buildings. The next Lenin proclaimed establishment of a new Bolshevik government.
The "Nation in Arms"
While the terror crushed domestic dissent, Robespierre turned to the danger posed by the First Coalition. In 1793, the Committee of Public Safety proclaimed a "levee en masse" decreeing compulsory military service for all men between the ages of 18 and 40. This created a national military based upon mass participation. This marked the first example of the complete mobilization of a country for war. Motivated by the Patriotism and led by a corps of talented young officers that included Napoleon Bonaparte, France's citizen-soldiers defeated the First Coalition's professional armies.
Tito
Yugoslav statesman who led the resistance to German occupation during World War II and established a communist state after the war
Umayyad Dynasty
Who: Governor of Syria, Muawiya, and his successors, Shi'ites, Sunnis, Kharijites, Uthman. What: Dynasty based on succession rather than election following the first period of caliphates. Continued advances in the kingdom, venturing as far as China and deep into Asia, claiming Afghanistan for a Muslim base. Fell apart due to tension in the kingdom between the Sunnis, Shi'ites, and Kharijites, the malawis (Muslim converts) and born Muslims, and the religion and state. When: 661-750 Where: Middle East, Damascus Why: Beginning of great strife in the Muslim community
Vladimir Lenin and the New Economic Policy
Widespread famine, a deteriorating economy, and increasing unrest all plagued Russia following the civil war. Lenin pragmatically realized that he need to make a tactical retreat. In March 1921, he launched the New Economic Policy. It called for a temporary compromise with capitalism. Small businesses were denationalized, and peasants were allowed to establish free markets in agricultural products . The Communist Party still maintained control of large industires such as oil and steel. The New Economic Policy successfully revived the Russian economy. By 1928, the country's farms and factories produced as much as they had before World War I.
Eva Peron
Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits.
The Long Parliament
William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, attempted to impose the English Prayer Book on the Scottish Presbyterian Church, and the Scottish resisted. Charles needed money to fight the Scots to prevent a religious crisis, so he called Parliament together. To undo what they saw as tyranny, Parliament executed Laud and made laws limiting royal power
iron curtain
Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West.
The Commonwealth and the Protectorate during the Interregnum under Cromwell
With Charles I executed, Cromwell now held power. The Commonwealth abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. Cromwell and a one-parliament exercised power. Cromwell took the title Lord Protector, establishing a one-man rule supported by the army
Irrigation
With the invention of this tecnique, lands were able to be farmed that previously could not have been
Comfort girls
Women forced into prostitution by the Japanese during WWII. The women came from countries in East and Southeast Asia as Japan's empire expanded.
The Rights of Women
Women gained increased rights to inherit property and to divorce. Women didn't gain the right to vote or hold political office. In Mary Wollstonecraft's book "A Vindication of the Rights of Women", it was argued that women weren't naturally inferior to men, and the appearance of this was merely a lack of education
Women in the French Revolution
Women led the march to Versailles to demnd cheap bread and to force the royal family to move to Paris.Women did not gain the right to vote or hold political office. Olympia de Gourge wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen. She demanded that French women be given the same rights as men. Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women. She argued that women are not naturally inferior to men. They only appeared to be inferior because of a lack of education. napoleon's Civil Cod reasserted the Old Regime's patriarchal system. The Code granted husband extensive control over their wives. Divorce and property rights taken away by the Napoleonic Code were not fully restored until 1881.
Women in the Enlightenment
Women played a leading role in hosting salons. Salons gave educated women a voice in cultural affairs. Madame Geoffrin was the most influential of the salon hostesses. Support for superstition and witchcraft declined as educated Europeans turned to rational explanations for natural events.
The Marshall Plan
World War II left Western Europe devastated and vulnerable to Soviet influence.The Marchall Plan was program of economic aid designed to promote the recovery of war-torn Europe while was also preventing the spread of Soviet influence. The Marshall Plan dramatically increased American political and economic influence in Western and Southern Europe.
Philosophes
Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.
Maximillien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins.
Maximilien Robespierre
Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution; his execution ended the Reign of Terror.
Oceania
a large group of islands in the south Pacific including Melanesia and Micronesia and Polynesia (and sometimes Australasia and the Malay Archipelago)
Vishnu
a major Hindu god called The Preserver.
Christianity
a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior
Bronze Age
a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze
politicization
a phenomenon that occurs when Congress and the president select leaders who share their political views
Marshall Plan
a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.
Yurt
a portable dwelling used by the nomadic people of Centa Asia, consisting of a tentlike structure of skin, felt or hand-woven textiles arranged over wooden poles.
Jainism
a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.
Protestant Reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church but resulted in the creation of new splinter churches who today are collectively known as Protestants
Crusades
a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
Revolutions of 1848
a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described by some historians as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, soon spread to the rest of Europe.
Rape of Nanjing
a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing. During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped[1] by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.
Tanakh
a term for the books of the Bible that make up the Hebrew canon.
Dar al-Islam
a term used by Muslims to refer to those countries where Muslims can practice their religion freely.
Great Wall
a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the 3rd century B.C. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km
English East India Company
an early joint-stock company; were granted on English royal charter with the intention of favoring trade privileges in India.
proxy wars
after WWII many powerful countries used smaller countries to fight one another in wars called _____ wars.
Khmer Empire
aggressive empire in Cambodia and Laos that collapsed in the 1400's when Thailand conquered Cambodia
Plebeians
all non-land-owning, free men in Ancient Rome
Roman roads
allowed for better military transportation and facilitated trade throughout their empire. Cities grew larger and more powerful. Appian Way, 53,000 miles make up all the Roman roads, User-contributed everyone could share supplies, 55,000miles of roads, communication, soldiers
Dar al islam
an Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule
Sanskrit
an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.
Mughal Empire
an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.
European Union
an association of European nations formed in 1993 for the purpose of achieving political and economic integration.
Tanzimat Reforms
began under Sultan Mahmud II. On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdülmecid issued an organic statute for the general government of the empire named the Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane (the imperial garden where it was first proclaimed). It guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour, and property introduction of the first Ottoman paper banknotes
Sunni Islam
believe that only the fourth successor (Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law) had the right to succeed the prophet - in Ottoman empire
Paleolithic Era
called the old stone age (from 10,000 to 2.5 million years ago); they were concerned with food supply; they used stone as well as bone tools; they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.
forward capital
capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.
Eunuchs
castrated males, originally in charge of protection of the ruler's concubines. Eventually had major roles in government, especially in China.
Artha-sastra
characterized inter-state relations in ancient India
Vedas
compilations of hymns, religious reflections, and Aryan conquests
Spanish-American War
conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.
Lorenzo Valla
demonstrated the power of Renaissance scholarship when he demonstrated that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery.
Hieroglyphics
designating or pertaining to a pictographic script, particularly that of the ancient Egyptians, in which many of the symbols are conventionalized, recognizable pictures of the things represented
Pastoralism
developed at various sites in the grasslands of Afro-Eurasia because these places supported large mobile herds and nomadic lifestyle but not farming or cities.
Wudi
emperor under the Han Dynasty that wanted to create a stronger central government by taking land from the lords, raising taxes and places the supply of grain under the government's control
Teotihuacan
first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".
Balkans
geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe. Greece and the region North of Greece.
Aryans
immigrants who arrived at the Ganges river valley by the year 1000 BC
Han Dynasty
imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy
Great Schism
in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.
Society of Jesus
in 1540 Pope Paul III authorized it and called it the Jesuits. They were very strict and was led by Ignatius. He also wrote "The Spiritual Exercises" which explained proper spiritual meditation, prayer, etc.
tribune
in Ancient Rome, a plebian officer elected by plebeians charged to protect their lives and properties, with a right of veto against legislative proposals of the Senate.
James Watt
invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him.
The Holy Roman Empire in 1600
it was divided into hundreds of small states. The peace of Augsburg gave each ruler to decide the religion of either Roman Catholic or Lutheran, but did not give recognition to Calvinism, though some principalities had still adopted it.
Indentured Servitude
labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities. Often used in the late 19th and early 20th century as a replacement of slave labor, but with fairly similar exploitative working conditions. Laborers were often transported thousands of miles and could not easily afford to return home.
Patricians
land-owning noblemen in Ancient Rome
Sokoto Caliphate
large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria.
Huns
large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe. They virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting.
Khomeini
leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution
Hegemony
leadership or predominant influence exercised by one nation over others, as in a confederation.
Phoenicians
located on eastern Mediterranean coast; invented the alphabet which used sounds rather than symbols like cuneiform
ziggurat
massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mudbricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.
Aryans
nomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and finally settled; vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system
Aswan High Dam
one of the world's largest dams on the Nile River in southern Egypt
Scientific Revolution
period in the 16th and 17th centuries where many thinkers rejected doctrines of the past dealing with the natural world in favor of new scientific ideas.
Socrates
philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method. condemed to death for corrupting young minds.
Daoism
philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
Westernization
policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture
Realpolitik
political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.
Iron Law of Wages
proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.
Reasserted traditional practices
reaffirmed catholic relics. Confirmed the Vulgate as the authoritative Catholic edition of the bible and decreed that Latin should be continued to be used in worship
Trans Saharan trade
route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading
Catherine the Great
ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
Faisal-Weizmann Agreement
signed on January 3, 1919, by Emir Feisal (son of the King of Hejaz) and Chaim Weizmann (later President of the World Zionist Organization) as part of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 settling disputes stemming from World War I. It was a short-lived agreement for Arab-Jewish cooperation on the development of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East.
democracy
system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. Demographic Transition,A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)
terrorism
targeting random people who are usually civilians with violence for a political purpose.
Neo-Confucianism
term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism
Muhammad
the Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)
Qin Dynasty
the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall
Red Guards
the Radical youth of the Cultural Revolution in China starting in 1966. Often wore red armbands and carried Mao's Little Red Book.
Tao-te Ching
the central text of Daoism.
umma
the community of believers in Islam, which transcends ethnic and political boundaries.
Samsara
the cycle of life in Hinduism
gerrymandering
the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent
Ethnic Cleansing
the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.
Scientific Revolution
the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned
Hebrews
the ethnic group claiming descent from Abraham and Isaac (especially from Isaac's son Jacob)
Commercial Revolution
the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Chavin
the first major South American civilization, which flourished in the highlands of what is now Peru from about 900 to 200 B.C.
Andes Mountains
the largest mountain range in the world; home of the Chavin and Inca civilizations.
Qing Dynasty
the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.
Zhou dynasty
the longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.
Reichstag
the parliament of Germany before 1945 (and the name of its building). Previously the general assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, and later the North German Confederation. After 1949 it was replaced with the current German parliament, the Bundestag.
ulama
the theologians and legal experts of Islam.
Abbasid Caliphate
third of the Islamic Caliphates of the Islamic Empire. The rulers who built their capital in Baghdad after overthrowing the Umayyad caliphs. In started in 750 CE. It flourished for two centuries, but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks. In the 13th century the Mongols displaced them.
Roman Law
this Roman contribution delt mostly with the rights of Roman citizens; one belief was that it should be fair and equal to all people
Assyrian Empire
this empire covered much of what is now mesopotamia, syria, palestine, egypt, and anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eigth centuries BCE
Warring States Period
time of warfare between regional lords following the decline of the Zhou dynasty in the 8th century B.C.E.
Portuguese Empire
took lead in European exploration (sponsored by Prince Henry); went East and found gold in Africa (the Cape of Good hope) and India for spice trade
Jacobins
very radical French revolutionary party responsible for Reign of Terror and execution of king
governments
war bonds are an example of ____ trying to mobilize their populations for war
Crimean War
war fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.
Congress of Vienna
was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815. Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Tokugawa Shogunate
was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.
Che Guevara
was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat, military theorist, and major figure of the Cuban Revolution. Since his death, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous counter-cultural symbol.
Teotihuacan
A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.
Xia
A legendary Chinese dynasty that was not believed to exist until relatively recently. Walled towns ruled by area-specific kings assembled armies, built cities, and worked bronze. Created pictograms which would evolve in to the first Chinese script.
pictograms
A pictorial symbol or sign representing an object or concept
Republic
A state that is not ruled by a hereditary leader (a monarchy) but by a person or persons appointed under the constitution
Great Zimbabwe
A stone-walled enclosure found in Southeast Africa. Have been associated with trade, farming, and mining.
Delian League
Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities
Stoicism
An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." They were also concerned with the conflict between free will and determinism. They were also non-dualists and naturalists.
Jainism
An ancient religion of India with a small following today of only about 10 million followers. Originated in the 800s BCE. They prescribes a path of non-violence towards all living beings. Its philosophy and practice rely mainly on self-effort to progress the soul up the spiritual ladder to divine consciousness. Any soul that has conquered its own inner enemies and achieved the state of supreme being is called jina (Conqueror or Victor).
Shang Dynasty
An early Chinese dynasty. Not a unified Chinese state. Instead rulers and their relatives gave orders through a network of cities. Earliest evidence of Chinese writing comes from this period.
Triumvirate
An unofficial coalition between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus was formed in 60 B.C.E.
Neo-Assyrians
Assyrian resurgence that initiated a series of conquests until a combined attack by Medes and Babylon defeated them
Carthage
City in North Africa that developed trading outposts in Italy; Rome toke control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars
Tang Revival
Continuing the imperial revival started by the Sui Dynasty this dynasty that followed restored the Chinese imperial impulse four centuries after the decline of the Han, extending control along the silk route. Trade flourished and China finally reached its western limits when its forces were defeated by the imperial armies of the Muslim Abbasid Empire at the Talas River--which stopped future expansion by both empires.
Mentuhotep I
Egyptian pharaoh who founded the Middle Kingdom by REUNITING Upper and Lower Egypt in 2134 BCE.
Theodosius
Emperor of the Roman Empire who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.
Babylonian Empire
Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites
Liu Bang
First emperor of the Han dynasty under which a new social and political hierarchy emerged. Scholars were on top, followed by farmers, artisans, and merchants. He chose his ministers from educated men with Confucian principals.
Persia
Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires
Jenne-Jeno
One of the first urbanized centers in western Africa. A walled community home to approximately 50,000 people at its height. Evidence suggests domestication of agriculture and trade with nearby regions.
Octavian
Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana.
Janapadas
Political units in India in the years 700-600 BC. They are the major realms or kingdoms of Vedic (Iron Age) India. They are the earliest kingdoms set up by the Indo-Aryans migrants to India.
Zhou Dynasty
Succeeded the Shang dynasty. Similar to the Shang And Xia dynastic periods in that China was fragmented politically. Yet, despite the lack of true centralization, this was one of the longest Chinese dynasties, lasting about 600 years. It left substantial written records, unlike the preceding dynasties.
Pax Romana
The "Roman Peace", that is, the state of comparative concord prevailing within the boundaries of the Roman Empire from the reign of Augustus (27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) to that of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 C.E.)
Fertile Crescent
The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers gave life to the first known agricultural villages in this area about 10,000 years ago and the first known cities about 5,000 years ago.
Oracle Bones
The earliest known Chinese writing is found on these from ritual activity of the Shang period.
cuneiform
The earliest known form of writing, which was used by the Sumerians. The name derives from the wedge shaped marks made with a stylus into soft clay. Used from the 3000s BCE to the 100s BCE.
Imperialism
The extension of political rule by one people over other, different peoples. First done by Sargon of Akkad to the Sumerian city states.
Mahayana Buddhism
The more mystical and larger of the two main Buddhist sects, this one originated in India in the 400s CE and gradually found its way north to the Silk road and into Central and East Asia.
Centuries - (not the time period)
The smallest units of the Roman army, each composed of some 100 foot soldiers and commanded by a centurion. A legion was made up of 60 of these. They also formed political divisions of Roman citizens.
Monophysites
The supporters of a doctrine in the early Christian Church that held that the incarnate Christ possessed a single, wholly divine nature. they opposed the orthodox view that Christ had a double nature, one divine and one human, and emphasized his divinity at the expense of his capacity to experience real human suffering.
Augustus
Title given the the Roman emperor Octavian which means "sacred" or "venerable"
Rigveda
a book composed by Brahman priests that contains verses and Sanskrit poetry
Hoplite
a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek City-states. They were primarily armed as spear-men.
Puranas
a collection of ancient stories that feature Hindu gods such as Vishnu and Shiva
Mandate of Heaven
a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source
Buddhism
a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.
Dharma
the fulfillment of social and religious duties in Hinduism
Mahabharata
the longest single poem in the world, about a war fought between two branches of the same family. One of India's greatest epics written between 1000 and 700 BC
Empress Wu
the only woman to rule China in her own name, expanded the empire and supported Buddhism during the Tang Dynasty.
Warring States Period
the period from 475 BC until the unification of China under the Qin dynasty, characterized by lack of centralized government in China. It followed the Zhou dynasty.
Punic Wars
the three wars waged by Rome against Carthage, 264-241, 218-201, and 149-146 b.c., resulting in the destruction of Carthage and the annexation of its territory by Rome.