Mike Meyers Network+ Chapter 13

What does CompTIA call shortcuts for IPv6 addressess?

Address Compression

A router hierarchy in which every router underneath a higher router always uses a subnet of that router's existing routes

Aggregation

Address FF02::1 is for who?

All nodes

Address FF02::2 is for who?

All routers

the last 64-bit interface identifier created by using the MAC address for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003

EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier, 64-bit)

Who sees multicast frames and who process the frame?

Everyone sees the frame but only the computer specifically set up to process the frame processes it.

A second IPv6 address that every system needs in order to get on the Internet.

Global Unicast Address AKA Global Address

32 bit IP address created in 1979

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

128 bit IP address. Improves security by making the Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) protocol support standard part of every IPv6 stack. also provides a more efficient routing scheme. Taking advantage of aggregation, routing tables have shrunk dramatically, enabling fast routing.

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

a 48-bit prefix from upstream router + 16-bit subnet from default gateway + 64-bit unique number = 128 bit IPv6 address.

IPv6 global unicast address

The Ethernet address 33-33-xx-xx-xx-xx is used on Ethernet frames that encapsulate _________________________________

IPv6 multicast packets

is designed to work within an IPv4 network by actually adding the IPv4 address to an IPv6 prefix to create a rather interesting but nonstandard address for the endpoints.

ISATAP (Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol)

the last 64 bits of a link-local address is called what?

Interface Identifier

The address that a computer running IPv6 gives itself after first booting. The first 64 bits of a link-local address are always FE80::/64

Link-local address

Complete IPv6 support from Kernal 2.6. IPv6 is active on most default installs.

Linux

is an open source implementation of Teredo for Linux and some other UNIX-based systesm.

Miredo

Is a set of reserved addresses designed to go only to certain systems

Multicast address

A DHCPv6 server passing out IPv6 addresses, subnet masks, and default gateways as well as optional items like DNS and TFTP server addresses.

Stateful

DHCPv6 server only passes out optional information.

Stateless

NAT-traversal IPv6 tunneling protocol. It's built into Mircosoft Windows and sees some adoption. It's addresses start with 2001:0000:/32. Most people prefer to skip Windows built-in support and instead get a third-party tool that supports 6to4 or 6in4.

Teredo

What can be dropped from any IPv6 group?

The leading zeroes; so 00CF becomes CF

Two new rules for IPv6 subnet masks.

1. The last 64 bits of an IPv6 address are generated by the NIC, leaving a maximum of 64 bits for the subnet. Therefore, no subnet is ever longer than /64. IANA passes out /48 subnets to big ISPs and end users who need large allotments. ISPs and others will borrow another 16 bits for subnetting and then pass out /64 subnets to end users.

What are the two ways a link-local interface identifier generated?

1. Windows clients since Windows Vista, OS X, Linux, and Windows Server generate a 64-bit random number. 2. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 use the MAC address to create a 64-bit number called EUI-64

Two critical parts of the Internet that is ready for IPv6 are:

1. all of the root DNS servers now support IPv6 resolution 2. almost all of the tier-one ISP routers properly forward IPv6 packets

Shrink this IPv6 address 2001:0:0:3210:800:200C:CF:1234

2001::3210:800:200C:CF:1234

An IPv4-to-IPv6 tunnel works like any other tunnel, encapsulating one tube of data into another. In this case, you are encapsulating your IPv6 traffic into an IPv4 tunnel to get to an IPv6-capable router.

4to6

(also called IPv6-in-IPv4) is one of the most popular IPv6 tunneling standards. It's one of only two IPv6 tunneling protocols that can go through a NAT (called a NAT traversal)

6in4

tunneling protocol that enables IPv6 traffic to use the IPv4 Internet without having to set up explicit tunnels. Generally used to connect two routers directly becuase it normaly requires a public IPv4 address.

6to4

A method of addressing groups of computers as though they were a single computer. Anycasting starts by giving a number of computers (or clusters of computers) the same IP address. Advanced routers then send incoming packs to the closest of the computers.

Anycast

enables two IPv6 networks to connect over an existing IPv4 infrastructure, such as the Internet

Overlay tunnel

An IPv6 router configuration that enables it to request an IPv6 address block from an upstream source, then to disseminate it to local users.

Prefix delegation

What are the groups of characters in a IPv6 address called?

Quartet or hextet. which is a hexadecimal number between 0000 and FFFF. A complete IPv6 address always has eight groups of four hexadecimal characters.

Address FF02::1:FFXX:XXXX

Solicited-Node Address

In Windows, go to a command prompt and type ipconfig. In Linux or OS X, go to a terminal and type ip addr.

The fastest way to verify if your system runs IPv6 is to check the IP status for your OS

Many tunnel brokers take advantage of one of two automatic configuration protocols called

Tunnel Setup Protocol (TSP) Tunnel Information and Control (TIC) protocol

create the actual tunnel and (usually) offer a customer-made endpoint client for you to use, although more advanced users can often make a manual connection

Tunnel broker

What type of address is a IPv6 link-local address?

Unicast address

Complete IPv6 support. IPv6 isn't installed by default but is easily installed via the Install/protocols menu

Windows Server 2003

Complete IPv6 support. IPv6 is active on default installs

Windows Vista 7/8/10, Windows Server 2008/2012, and Mac OS X all versions

Came with a rudimentary but fully functional IPv6 stack that had to be installed from the command prompt. SP1 added the ability to add the same IPv6 stack under the Install /Protocols menu.

Windows XP

a simple point-to-point connection between the two IPv6 networks

manual tunnel

Routers need to know where to send every packet they encounter. Most routers have a default path on which they send packets that aren't specifically defined to go on any other router. The tier-one routers that connect to the other tier-one routers can't have any default routes, this is called

no-default routers

Every DNS server on the Internet keeps the IP addresses of the root servers in a file called __________________________.

root hints