Milady Cima Chapter 6 - General Anatomy and Physiology

Two types of joints are

Movable and immovable

are the basic units of all living things

cells

Large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body.

deltoid

Broad muscle that covers the top of the skull and consists of the occipitalis and frontalis.

epicranius

a protective covering on body surfaces, such as skin, mucous membranes, the tissue inside the mouth, the lining of the heart, digestive and respiratory organs, and the glands.

epithelial tissue

Light spongy bone between the eye sockets; forms part of the nasal cavities.

ethmoid bone

system that eliminates waste from the body reducing build up of toxins

excretory system

the dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell; it plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism.

nucleus

also known as malar bones or cheekbones. Bones that form the prominence of the cheeks.

zygomatic bones

Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi muscle that draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically

Corrugator

Muscle surrounding the lower lip; lowers the lower lip and draws it to one side, as in expressing sarcasm.

Depressor labii inferioris

Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis muscles

Epicranial aponeurosis

Large, flat, triangular muscle covering the lower back. It helps extend the arm away from the body and rotate the shoulder.

Latissimus dorsi

Muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward.

Levator anguli oris

Thin muscle that controls the eyelid and can be easily damaged during makeup application.

Levator palpebrae superioris

Ring muscle of the eye socket; enables you to close your eyes.

Orbicularis oculi

Flat band of muscle around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips.

Orbicularis oris

Muscles of the chest that assist the swinging movements of the arm

Pectoralis major/minor

Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the angle of the mouth. These muscles pull the mouth upward and backward, as when you are laughing or smiling.

Zygomaticus major

Muscles on both sides of the face that extend from the zygomatic bone to the upper lips. These muscles pull the upper lip backward, upward, and outward, as when you are smiling

Zygomaticus minor

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, away from the midline of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, abductors separate the fingers.

abductors

Muscles that draw a body part, such as a finger, arm, or toe, inward toward the median axis of the body or of an extremity. In the hand, adductors draw the fingers together

adductors

The technical term for fat; it gives smoothness and contour to the body.

adipose tissue

the study of the human body structures that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized; it is the science of the structure of organisms or of their parts.

anatomy

The middle part of the muscle

belly

Muscle that produces the contour of the front and inner side of the upper arm; lifts the forearm and flexes the elbow.

bicep

groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 11 major systems.

body systems

Thin, flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips.

buccinator

also known as wrist. Flexible joint composed of a group of eight small, irregular bones (carpals) held together by ligaments.

carpus

the cell part that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter and leave the cell.

cell membrane

The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located in the neck region

cervical vertebrae

system that controls movement of blood throughout the body

circulatory system

also known as collarbone. Bone that joins the sternum and scapula.

clavicle

fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body. Examples are bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, blood, lymph, and fat

connective tissue

An oval, bony case that protects the brain.

cranium

The two parts of the skull are

cranium and facial skeleton

watery fluid that surrounds the nucleus of the cell and is needed for growth, reproduction, and self-repair.

cytoplasm

system that breaks down food into nutrients or waste for nutrition or excretion

digestive system

system that controls hormone levels within the body that determine growth, development, sexual function, and health of entire body

endocrine system

Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a straight line.

extensors

The framework of the face that is composed of 14 bones

facial skeleton

Heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee

femur

Smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee.

fibula

Extensor muscle of the wrist involved in flexing the wrist.

flexor

Bone that forms the forehead

frontal bone

Front portion of the epicranius; the muscle of the scalp that raises the eyebrows, draws the scalp forward, and causes wrinkles across the forehead.

frontalis

Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder.

humerus

U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles. It is the one and only bone of the throat.

hyoid bone

The part of the muscle that moves and is farthest from the skeleton.

insertion

system that provides protective covering and regulates body temperature

integumentary system

the connection between two or more bones of the skeleton

joints

Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits (eye sockets)

lacrimal bones

Muscle surrounding the upper lip; elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste.

levator labii superiosis

system that protects the body from disease by developing immunities and destroying pathogens and toxins

lymphatic (immune) system

Lower jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face.

mandible

Bones of the upper jaw.

maxillae

Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles the skin of the chin

mentalis

Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges.

metacarpus

Long and slender bones, similar to the metacarpal bones of the hand. There are five _________ bones.

metatarsal

the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues that occurs when the cell divides into two identical cells called daughter cells

mitosis

tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body.

muscle tissue

system that covers, shapes and hold the skeletal in place. Muscles contract to allow for movement of body structures

muscular system

Bones that form the bridge of the nose.

nasal bones

tissue that carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions. Is composed of special cells known as neurons that make up the nerves, brain, and spinal cord.

nerve tissue

system that coordinates all other body systems allowing them to work efficiently and react to the environment

nervous system

Hindmost bone of the skull, below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape.

occipital bone

Back (posterior) portion of the epicranius; the muscle that draws the scalp backward.

occipitalis

structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals

organs

The part of the muscle that does not move and is attached closest to the skeleton.

origin

Bones that form the sides and top of the cranium. There are two ______ bones.

parietal bones

Also known as accessory bone or kneecap. Forms the kneecap joint

patella

Also known as digits. Bones of the fingers or toes (figure 6-7). There are three in each finger and two in the thumb.

phalanges

the study of the functions and activities performed by the body's structures.

physiology

Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip.

platysma muscle

Covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.

procerus

Muscle that turns the hand inward so that the palm faces downward

pronator

a colorless jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present

protoplasm

Smaller bone in the forearm (lower arm) on the same side as the thumb

radius

system that produces offspring and allows for transfer of genetic material. Differentiates between the sexes

reproductive system

system that makes blood and oxygen available to body structures through respiration; eliminates carbon dioxide

respiratory system

Twelve pairs of bones forming the wall of the thorax.

ribs

Muscle of the mouth that draws the corner of the mouth out and back, as in grinning.

risorius

also known as shoulder blade. Large, flat, triangular bone of the shoulder

scapula

Muscle of the chest that assists in breathing and in raising the arm.

serratus anterior

system that forms the physical foundation of the body: 206 bones that are connected by moveable and immovable joints

skeletal system

the skeleton of the head and is divided into two parts

skull

Bone that joins all of the bones of the cranium together.

sphenoid bone

Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head

sternocleidomastoideus

also known as breastbone. Flat bone that forms the ventral (front) support of the ribs.

sternum

Muscle of the forearm that rotates the radius outward and the palm upward.

supinator

also known as ankle bone. Third bone of the ankle joint.

talus

There are seven _____ bones—talus, calcaneus (heel), navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid.

tarsal

Bones that form the sides of the head in the ear region. There are two _______ bones.

temporal bones

also known as chest or pulmonary trunk. Consists of the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. It is an elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs, and other internal organs.

thorax

Larger of the two bones that form the leg below the knee

tibia

a collection of similar cells that perform a particular function.

tissue

Muscle that covers the back of the neck and the upper and middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm

trapezius

Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corners of the mouth.

triangularis

Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm.

tricep

Inner and larger bone in the forearm (lower arm), attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger.

ulna