MindTap Test 1 CH 1-4

What are psychology's goals? a. To predict, describe, understand, and control behavior b. To analyze, judge, prescribe, and control behavior c. To predict, research, manipulate, and fix behavior d. To analyze, describe, diagnose, and medicate

a. To predict, describe, understand, and control behavior

A high-resolution imaging technique that captures brain activity by attaching radioactive particles to glucose molecules is called ________. a. positron emission tomography (PET) b. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) c. electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) d. electroencephalograph (EEG)

a. positron emission tomography (PET)

At large stadiums, thousands of people hold up a colored paper. From far away, thousands of colored papers appear as a giant image, an image that none of the individual people can see from their own colored papers. This event is most similar to which of the following psychological processes? a. Bottom-up processing b. Top-down processing c. Principle of continuity d. Principle of grouping

a. Bottom-up processing

Damage to which brain area causes motor aphasia, a great difficulty in speaking or writing? a. Broca's area b. Association areas c. Wernicke's area d. Primary motor area

a. Broca's area

Which of the following does a researcher want to prevent from affecting the outcome of the experiment? a. Extraneous variable b. Independent variable c. Experimental variable d. Dependent variable

a. Extraneous variable

Which of the following is defined as the study of thinking, learning, and perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts? a. Gestalt psychology b. Structuralism c. Consumer psychology d. Functionalism

a. Gestalt psychology

A human resource manager at a large organization is looking to enhance his hiring skills by taking additional psychology courses at a local college. Which area of psychology would be most beneficial for him? a. Industrial-Organizational psychology b. Sensation and perception psychology c. Developmental psychology d. Evolutionary psychology

a. Industrial-Organizational psychology

The Olympic symbol is five partial rings of different colors, which overlap each other. They appear as interlocking rings. Which of the following best explains this perceptual trick? a. Principle of continuity b. Principle of similarity c. Principle of figure-ground d. Principle of nearness

a. Principle of continuity

Which of the following is primarily a function of the right hemisphere of the brain? a. Recognizing patterns b. Writing c. Judging time and rhythm d. Speaking

a. Recognizing patterns

Which of these describes a double-blind study? a. Research where neither the observer nor the participants know which treatment was received b. Research where the observer knows but the participants do not know which treatment was received c. Research where the observer does not know but the participants know which treatment was received d. Research where both the observer and the participants know which treatment was received

a. Research where neither the observer nor the participants know which treatment was received

A hearing aid is best suited for which of the following people? a. Someone who has suffered a disease attacking ear bones that transmit vibrations b. Someone who frequently uses a firearm c. Someone who has lost hair cells as a result of ageing d. Someone who was born without an auditory nerve fiber

a. Someone who has suffered a disease attacking ear bones that transmit vibrations

Arjun conducts research on whether violent video games increase player aggression. While analyzing his data, he notes that the correlation coefficient is −0.86. Which statement accurately represents what this information means? a. There is a moderate negative relationship between violent video games and aggression. b. There is a moderate positive relationship between violent video games and aggression. c. There is a weak negative relationship between violent video games and aggression. d. There is a weak positive relationship between violent video games and aggression.

a. There is a moderate negative relationship between violent video games and aggression.

According to Piaget, which of the following is a characteristic of infants in the sensorimotor stage? a. They cannot create internal representations such as mental images. b. They recognize the existence of physical objects even when not visible. c. Their conceptions are becoming less stable. d. Their development is largely intellectual and verbal.

a. They cannot create internal representations such as mental images.

Which of the following best describes the function of the autonomic nervous system? a. Quiets the body and conserves energy b. Carries information to and from internal organs and glands c. Determines our sleep/wake patterns d. Links the spinal cord with the body and sense organs

b. Carries information to and from internal organs and glands

Allison has begun reading some books on the Japanese art of feng shui and how it can help individuals harmonize themselves with their environment. Which of the following elements of subjective well-being is Allison most likely experiencing? a. Self-acceptance b. Continued personal growth c. Personal freedom d. Positive relations with others

b. Continued personal growth

Which school of psychology considers behaviors in terms of active adaptations? a. Gestalt psychology b. Functionalism c. Structuralism d. Behaviorism

b. Functionalism

According to Aamodt, you should do which of the following when listening to someone? a. Maintain strong opinions b. Make direct eye contact c. Reflect on upcoming obligations d. Focus on the speaker's mannerisms

b. Make direct eye contact

Which of the following is both a brain neurotransmitter and an adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body? a. Melatonin b. Norepinephrine c. Oxytocin d. Epinephrine

b. Norepinephrine

Which of the following statements relates to the term Gestalt psychology? a. Study of one's attachment to significant others b. Study of thinking and perception in whole units c. Study of cognitive dissonance d. Study of dreams and their meaning

b. Study of thinking and perception in whole units

Gerard frequently gets into fist fights. What area of his brain is likely not functioning at its highest level? a. The mirror neurons of the motor cortex b. The frontal lobes c. The temporal lobes d. The parietal lobes

b. The frontal lobes

Mary and Martha are identical twins. In puberty, Martha began to gain weight, get depressed, and slow down, while her sister became very active and seemed to worry about everything. What is responsible for their growing differences? a. Their pineal glands b. Their thyroid glands c. Their pituitary glands d. Their adrenal glands

b. Their thyroid glands

What factor prevents a researcher from conducting a true experimental study on the effects of traumatic brain injuries on various age groups? a. With a true experimental study, there needs to be an additional variable other than age. b. With age as a variable, the participants are unable to be randomly selected. c. With various age groups, the experimental study will require a fixed control group. d. With traumatic brain injuries, the study could only be qualified as quasi-experimental

b. With age as a variable, the participants are unable to be randomly selected.

Information literacy refers to: a. data that is provided by participants about their own thoughts, emotions or behaviors, typically on a questionnaire or during an interview. b. a skill that involves thinking critically about the data that we are exposed to every day. c. information that comes from participants' physiological processes (including measures of the brain and heart, muscles, and the production of hormones). d. a skill that comes from watching participants and recording their behavior.

b. a skill that involves thinking critically about the data that we are exposed to every day.

Deafness, blindness, or loss of any other sense except smell can be caused by damage to even small areas of the _____. a. cerebellum b. thalamus c. pons d. hypothalamu

b. thalamus

What is dishabituation with regard to perceptual learning? a. A decrease in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus b. An ingrained pattern of disorganization c. An increase in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus d. Selective attention often without conscious awareness

c. An increase in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus

You are learning a new language. Your brain receives incoming messages via which part of a neuron? a. Cell body b. Axon terminals c. Dendrites d. Axon

c. Dendrites

Which of the following refers to organizing a perception so that part of a stimulus appears to stand out against less prominent surroundings? a. Overlap b. Motion parallax c. Figure-ground organization d. Perceptual ambiguity

c. Figure-ground organization

Excess of which of the following transmitters may lead to neuron death and autism? a. Dopamine b. Acetylcholine c. Glutamate d. GABA

c. Glutamate

What is a hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark called? a. Norepinephrine b. Epinephrine c. Melatonin d. Oxytocin

c. Melatonin

According to Tannen, which of the following describes how characteristics of speech influence people's perceptions of one another and the work that they do? a. People who apologize frequently can be viewed as stronger and more confident than others. b. Requests that are presented in a direct way rather than indirectly may be viewed as being more collegial. c. People focused more on promoting relationships will begin a feedback session with praise, followed by areas for improvement. d. People interested in promoting relationships are more likely to speak in terms of themselves rather than the group.

c. People focused more on promoting relationships will begin a feedback session with praise, followed by areas for improvement.

Which of the following is the prefrontal cortex responsible for? a. Sensations of touch, temperature, and pressure b. Posture, coordination, and muscle tone c. Sense of self, executive functions, and planning d. Language, especially grammar and pronunciation

c. Sense of self, executive functions, and planning

Abby has been pregnant for eight months and has begun to develop a strong attachment to her new baby. How does Abby's attachment compare to the attachment her baby will develop toward her after she is born? a. The child will be at her/his height of attachment immediately after being born. b. The child will experience a decrease in emotional attachment from the levels he/she experienced in the prenatal stages of development. c. The child will generally become truly attached to his/her mother by around seven months. d. The child will generally become truly attached to his/her mother after infancy.

c. The child will generally become truly attached to his/her mother by around seven months.

Which of the following statements describes a difference in the brain structure of women and men? a. The occipital lobe of women is much bigger than the occipital lobe of men. b. The Broca's area of women is much smaller than that of men. c. The two hemispheres are more connected in women than in men. d. The temporal lobe of women is more wrinkled than the temporal lobe of men.

c. The two hemispheres are more connected in women than in men.

Which one of the following statements best describes Vygotsky's beliefs about mental development? a. Vygotsky believed that culture only has a slight impact on mental development of children. b. Vygotsky believed that the learning environment did not play a significant role in mental development. c. Vygotsky believed that children's thinking develops through dialogue with more capable persons. d. Vygotsky believed maturation was essential in a child's cognitive development

c. Vygotsky believed that children's thinking develops through dialogue with more capable persons.

Personal observation of one's own thoughts, feelings, or behavior is called _______. a. imageless thought b. critical thinking c. introspection d. cognitive unconscious

c. introspection

What is a perceptual habit in the context of perceptual learning? a. A change in perception attributed to prior experience b. A readiness to perceive in a certain manner c. An increase in perceptual response to a repeated stimulus d. An ingrained pattern of organization and attention that affects our daily experience

d. An ingrained pattern of organization and attention that affects our daily experience

According to Piaget, which of the following concepts refers to a child's belief that everyone thinks as he or she does? a. Accommodation (learning) b. Piagetian transformation c. Assimilation d. Egocentrism

d. Egocentrism

Mark is intoxicated and is convinced he hears someone in his empty house. Mark's perception can be best described as which of the following? a. Myopia b. Muller-Lyer illusion c. Presbyopia d. Hallucination

d. Hallucination

Which one of the following statements most accurately represents the role of day care in the quality of attachment? a. High-quality day care may adversely affect attachment to parents. b. High-quality day care tends to increase the level of attachment to parents. c. Low-quality day care tends to increase the level of attachment to parents. d. Low-quality day care may adversely affect attachment to parents

d. Low-quality day care may adversely affect attachment to parents

What is an example of facial agnosia? a. Jerry's eyebrows are frozen in a raised position. b. Harry cannot remember what the word for nose is. c. George can recognize his mother's face, but not her voice or smell. d. Mary is shown a picture and does not recognize her husband.

d. Mary is shown a picture and does not recognize her husband.

Which of the following is a way to combine the results of studies thus creating a new summary study? a. Experiment b. Factor analysis c. Correlation d. Meta-analysis

d. Meta-analysis

Heath first holds a ball by pulling it toward his body using his arms. As he gets older, he holds the ball solidly with his hands and finally his fingertips. Which of the following patterns of development does this activity most accurately qualify as? a. Cephalocaudal b. Sagittal c. Coronal d. Proximodistal

d. Proximodistal

What is olfaction in the human sensory system? a. Sense of taste b. Sense of hearing c. Sense of touch d. Sense of smell

d. Sense of smell

Dorothy has had to one of her kidneys removed. What is the most likely unintentional result of the operation? a. She will grow sleepy when it is sunny and be unable to sleep at night. b. She will become more excitable and nervous. c. Her hands will grow to enormous size. d. She will develop a craving for salty foods

d. She will develop a craving for salty foods

If you find yourself on a ship at sea in the moonlit night, and you begin to feel motion sickness, which of the following is the MOST likely to help ease your symptoms? a. Stare at a wave nearest to you. b. Stare at a mirror. c. Stare at the deck of the ship. d. Stare at the moon in the sky.

d. Stare at the moon in the sky.

Katherine has normal hearing, but both of her parents are deaf and communicate with sign language. Which of the following is the best reason for them to enroll Katherine in a day care during the first year of her life? a. The first year is a critical period to make friends for communication purposes. b. Language development is mostly influenced by social and peer interaction. c. Children should hear speaking all the time, even in deaf households. d. The first year is a critical period for language development.

d. The first year is a critical period for language development.

What is the primary difference between the genome and the phenome? a. The genome is the expression of a trait after birth, while the phenome is the dormant state of the trait during the prenatal phase. b. The genome is the dormant state of a trait during the prenatal phase, while the phenome is the expression of the trait after birth. c. The genome is the physical expression of a trait, while the phenome is the encoded genetics of that trait. d. The genome is the encoded genetics of a trait, while the phenome is the physical expression of that trait

d. The genome is the encoded genetics of a trait, while the phenome is the physical expression of that trait

A student was recently reseated to the back of her classroom. The teacher noticed that the student was often squinting during class when the teacher was using the blackboard at the front of the classroom. What is the most likely explanation of the student's behavior? a. The student was having difficulty adjusting to her new place in the classroom, and she was squinting because she is losing interest in the class. b. The student was having difficulty focusing attention, and she was squinting because she needed to selectively filter distractions. c. The student was having difficulty staying awake, and she was squinting because she was struggling to keep her eyes open. d. The student was having difficulty seeing clearly, and she was squinting because she needed to change the curvature of her lens.

d. The student was having difficulty seeing clearly, and she was squinting because she needed to change the curvature of her lens.

Which of the following terms refers to the understanding that people have mental states, such as thoughts, beliefs, and intentions, and that other people's mental states can be different from one's own? a. Piagetian transformation b. Conservation c. A one-step-ahead strategy d. Theory of mind

d. Theory of mind

A researcher would like to study the effects of coffee on memory retention. In order to make an objective assessment of memory retention, she will first need to establish a(n) ________. a. hypothesis for how coffee will affect memory retention. b. set of variables to use in the study. c. observational report for logging data. d. operational definition for memory retention.

d. operational definition for memory retention.