Mis 180 Test 2

What is a business decision-making model? Be able to know the difference between the three models we talked about in class from examples: what-if, sensitivity, and goal- seeking.

"What if"- answers questions such as what if interest rate is 6% or 6.5%. Shown on excel sheet. "Sensitivity"- Two product designs: A has less flubber than B. Depending on the price of flubber, how much profit will each design produce? Shown as line graph. "Goal-seeking"- If I want my monthly payment to be $400, what down payment do I need to make? Shown as excel spreadsheets being compared.

Why are we talking about moving from IPv4 to IPv6? Why do we need to move to IPv6?

'internet of things' IP routes the data, does addresses IPv4 = about 4 billion addresses IPv6 =about 340 undecillion addresses The original internet addressing system is called 'Internet Protocol, Version 4' (IPv4), and it has numbered the computers of the Internet successfully for years. By employing 32-bits of recombined digits, IPv4 has a maximum of 4.3 billion possible addresses. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is currently being rolled out across the globe, and its enlarged addressing system will fix the limitation of IPv4. You see, IPv6 uses 128 bits instead of 32 bits for its addresses, creating 3.4 x 10^38 possible addresses (that is a 'trillion-trillion-trillion'; undecillion' is an obscure term that describes this impossibly large number). These trillions of new IPv6 addresses will meet the internet demand for the foreseeable future. ***Know that IPv5 does NOT exist*** (He mentioned that word for word)

Know why low-quality data and data errors cause the health industry to lose $140 billion each year.

- 60% of invoices must be corrected by healthcare provides everyday -wastes 24-30% of time -each incorrect transaction costs 40 to 400 to reconcile -billions are lost bc data disconnect in supply chain

Which has lower/higher bandwidth among these: Bluetooth, WiFi, Ethernet

Actual bandwidth is determined by the weakest link Bluetooth = 24 Mbps WiFi= 600 Mbps Ethernet = 1000 Mbps Mbps= mega bits per second.

Why are these advantages of having a database management system:

1) Prevents Data Redundancy - all the data from the different applications are integrated into a single database, on which various checks for duplicity can be performed, and multiple copies can be logically converted into a single one. 2) Allows Data Sharing - DBMS allows sharing of the same data among numerous applications and users. The data is stored centrally (typically within servers), and a software-based locking mechanism is put in place to prevent two users from modifying it at the same time. 3) Maintains Data Consistency 4) Maintains Data Integrity 5) Provides Data Security 6) Automatic Backup and Restore 7) Data Independence 8) Data Abstraction 9) Multiple Views of Data 10) Ease of Application Development

Know the steps of the Rational Decision-Making process well

1. Identify and define/describe the problem 2. Define the requirements and goals of the decision 3. Identify alternative solutions 4. Define decision criteria 5. Select the appropriate process and tools 6. Evaluate alternative solutions using criteria 7. Check that the solution solves the problem "Problems Get A Crisis Personally Eating Salads"

When we do data modeling we use a technique called the ERD. Know what both of those are.

1. identify data elements- any type of info 2. create data entities- ex: Customer, Sales, eventually become relational database 3. draw entities- ERD format, rectangle 4. create data identifiers (keys)- identify records 5. create data attributes (fields)- meaning to info 6. Add relationship info

What is a DSS?

A decision support system is computer program application that analyzes business data and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily. Ex. Comparative sales figures between one week and the next Example of models: 1. What if Analysis (what happens to sales if we set the price at 10% higher?) 2. Sensitivity analysis (At what point in price increases will sales drop by 10%?) 3. Goal-Seeking Analysis (If we want to increase sales volume by 10% what should our price be?) 4. Optimization Analysis (What price should we offer if we want to maximize profit?)

Know what a derived attribute is and how we get the value when we run a query(request for data)?

A derived (computed) attribute can be calculated using the value of another attribute. They are not stored in the file but can be derived when needed from the stored attributes. EX: A person's Age - if the database has a stored attribute such as the person's Date of Birth, you can create a derived attribute called Age from taking the Current Date and subtracting the Date of Birth to get the age. For example, birthdate or age of an employee. With NoSQL, one approach to querying data is to assign all attributes keys. This creates a table for the query

What is a primary key in a relational database? How do we use it? What is a foreign key? How do we use it?

A primary key is a unique identifier such as a course id or a user id. Makes it possible to uniquely identify every record in a table. It is important because it lets you retrieve every single piece of data put into a database no matter which files it's in. QUALITIES: should contain some value that is highly unlikely ever to be null & must be unique across all records in that file ex. REDid, should never change, for security, the primary id for a person should not be identifiable (like a social security number) A foreign key is a field that references a primary key in a related table. It is a primary key of one table that appears as a field in another file and serves as a logical link between the two files

What is a definition of Artificial Intelligence? What are an "expert system" and "intelligent agent" and why have they considered examples of AI?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. An expert system is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence (AI) technologies to simulate the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular field. Typically, an expert system incorporates a knowledge base containing accumulated experience and an inference or rules engine Intelligent agent is basically a piece of software taking decisions and executing some actions. With the recent growth of AI, deep/reinforcement/machine learning, agents are becoming more and more intelligent with time. Computer programs that mimic human cognition -Expert systems: use the same rules as human experts Ex. doctor diagnosis, oil drilling locations, financial investments -Intelligent agent: an app that does specific tasks on behalf of its users Ex. shopping, stock picking, or spamming

What does bandwidth mean? How do we measure bandwidth?

Bandwidth- amount of data that can be transmitted over a channel per unit of time. Technically, the range of frequencies that can be transmitted. It's measured in "bits per second"-bps. You can measure using SPEEDTEST.NET

Know what these characteristics of high-quality Information mean: accurate, complete, consistent, timely, accessible. Know that businesses spend lots of money to ensure their data has these qualities. You only need to know about these 5 qualities for this exam.

Consistent: info the same Complete Accessible Accurate: truth of info Timely: get info before u need it

What are data visualization tools and when are they most useful?

Data visualization tools help people understand the significance of data by placing it in a visual context, they are useful in tracking weather, decision making dashboards, and the most famous example we talked about in class was 'tableau.'

What is the difference between a database and a database management system? What are the parts of a database management system?

Database- organized collection of data (maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses) Database management system- what provides the means for creating, maintaining and using the databases. (creates, reads, updates, and deletes data in a database while controlling access and security)

What's the difference between a decision matrix and a weighted decision matrix? Be able to identify both from examples.

Decision matrix: list your options as rows on a table, and factors as columns, then you score the combination, weight the score as importance, then ADD scores up for overall score Weighted decision matrix: tool that can be used when making complicated decisions, AVERAGE OF POINTS (each factor is ranked by importance, businesses use more ) Unweighted decision matrix: adds up the points (each factor is equally important)

Be able to identify, from examples, all of the main types of "decisions" we talked about in class: decision, problem, opportunity, paradox, dilemma.

Decision: a conclusion or resolution reached after consideration -"What college should I choose?" Problem: a matter or situation regarded as unwelcome or harmful and needing to be dealt with an overcome -"we are losing sales and we need to change that" Opportunity: A set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something -"If I do this now and not wait, I'll get rewarded" Paradox: a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true -"the less you study the better your grades become" Dilemma: A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives, especially equally undesirable ones -"If I don't pay a bribe, I might not get the business. But if I do, I might get fired."

What are .com or .net. or .edu called?

Domain Names Domains ending with .COM are generally intended to be used for commercial businesses Domains ending with .NET are usually intended for networking services and internet service providers such as Comcast or AT&T's residential email addresses. .ORG domains are usually intended for non-profit organizations.

What is the network protocol for the Web?

HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)

What is an ISP?

ISP-Internet Service Providers The company you pay money to in order to get internet • Know that the IEEE 802.11 protocol is for WiFi and the CDMA or GSM protocols are for mobile / Cell phones.

What are the difference between the Internet, an intranet, and an extranet for a given company?

Key differences: First difference between all is a matter of availability. Internet is a global network system and is available to all while Intranet and Extranet are available to limited inside and outside users of the organization. Intranet and Extranet are more secure than Internet because having Intranet or Extranet network system means organization has created a firewall against outsiders. Accessing any information on Internet is not much difficult today. Both intranet and extranet depend on the internet. Intranets designed to be open and secure, internal networks that use Internet technologies and are accessible through web browsers. Inside an organization. It is the network of a specific organization. You can also says its a private network. Authenticated users of the organization can access the database system, search engines, directory and can distribute documents and workflow. Extranets-connect some of a company's resources with external organization such as customers, suppliers, and consultants. They typically create a Virtual Private Network (VPN) using Internet as its backbone and relying on Firewalls for security. The term Extranet is linked with Intranet. Extranet is a kind of computer network that allows the outside users to access the Intranet of organization. This network system is basically used for business to business (B2B) purposes. This system basically allows the outside users of an organization, like partners, suppliers, vendors and other stakeholders to remain in touch with the activities of organization. Internet- a network accessible to anyone with a unique IP - global, public communication

What's the difference between a LAN and a WAN? Is an intranet a LAN or WAN?

LAN = Local Area Network, connects a group of computers in close proximity, such as an office building or a school...Data transmits at a very fast rate as the number of computers linked are limited. LAN's cover smaller geographical area and are privately owned. One can use it for an office building, home, hospital, schools, etc. LAN is easy to design and maintain. -Intranet is typically set up as a LAN but sometimes can be global WAN = Wide Area Network, spans a large geographic area such as a state, province, or country Extranet is a special type of WAN

Know the names of the commercially available databases from these vendors Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, and open source.

Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, open source

What do we mean by "packet switching"? What is a packet? What route do individual packets travel on the Internet?

Packet: a single unit of binary data. data being sent is broken into small packets (by TCP), transferred (to an IP), and then put back together (by TCP) Packet switching is a digital network transmission process in which data is broken into suitably-sized pieces or blocks for fast and efficient transfer via different network devices. When a computer attempts to send a file to another computer, the file is broken into packets so that it can be sent across the network in the most efficient way. - optimizes use of bandwidth - speeds up transmission Connectionless Packet Switching: Each packet contains complete addressing or routing information and is routed individually. This can result in out-of-order delivery and different paths of transmission, depending on the variable loads on different network nodes (adapters, switches and routers) at any given time.

What do we mean by "populating" a database?

Populating a database means to fill the database file with values. When you do this you create an instance, which is one particular row or record.

What do these qualities of poor data management mean: data redundancy, data inconsistency, data isolation, data insecurity.

Redundancy: same data in several places, occurs when data should not be duplicated but is accidentally Inconsistency: some data is not synched up, same data stored in diff formats Isolation: data in silos (unable to operate with other systems), hard to access or operate Insecurity: lots of access points and users, making security tricky

In a relational database, what do these terms mean: data value, instance, field, record/row, file/table, database?

Relational database model - a type of database that stores its information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables Data value- an actual piece of information, at the smallest level EX: "Mickey" for first name, "Mouse" for the last name Field(=attribute)- the smallest meaning type of data EX: Mickey's first names, zip code, price, product name Record(=row)- set of fields containing all info known about one entity. Each record contains the same fields in the same sequence EX: all name and address info about one customer, Mickey File/table(=entity)- a collection of related records (like customer info, financial info, inventory info) EX: a complete set; of names and addresses of all customers Database- collection of files/tables Instance- When you populate a database file with data values

Know what the Sensemaking approach is and when you would use it.

Sensemaking is a process of creating meaning when there is no single meaning available, happens when there are multiple interpretations of what's going on, leads one to decide if a situation is a problem, a decision, a predicament, an opportunity etc. Steps: -Action (ex. doctors prod to see where the pain is) -Triangulation (take different readings from different sources) -Affiliation (share our "sense" with others, ex. crowdsourcing) -Contextualization (relate to something we know, ex. Cost accountant comparing Julys surprising sales to last July's sales) -Deliberation (reflection, ponder, muse, ex. Simply need time to let things work through your mind) "Always Try Aggressive Cat Dates"

Why should we, in a business, avoid using spreadsheets to store shared data and instead use a database management system? Know at least 3 reasons.

Speadsheets are only able to access simple data, can be redundant and inconsistent, diff in relating other data, only good for displaying and analyzing data visually Database management system are good at storing and analyzing data and keeps it up to date/consistent

What is the difference between structured and unstructured data? Which is easier for businesses to process, and why?

Structured data= organized, retriveable, easy to access, better for businesses (searchable by algorithms) Unstructured data= novel, non agreeable, "dont know what you dont know" (unsearchable by algorithms)

Know the difference between a structured, unstructured, and semi-structured decision.

Structured: routine, repetitive, know info and how to deal with it Unstructured: unorganzied, novel, dont know what we dont know Semi-structured: mix of both

Know what TCP and IP do and how they work together. Know that the TCP/IP protocol defines the Internet.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)- breaks data into packets and rebuilds them and the receiving end ... TCP defines how applications can create channels of communication across a network. - creates "virtual ports" that create an end-to-end connection between IP addresses IP (Internet Protocol)- routes the data and sends it to a specific address -IP addresses are the sending/receiving end of data transmission TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet...The entire internet protocol suite -- a set of rules and procedures -- is commonly referred to as TCP/IP, though others are included in the suite.

Know what these three terms mean and what they are: URL, IP Address, DNS.

The language of the Internet; IP address routes data, IP address - "Internet Protocol." The "address" part refers to a unique number that gets linked to all online activity you do...somewhat like a return address on a letter you'd send out. URL - Uniform Resource Locator... address of a world wide web page. A URL incorporates the domain name, along with other detailed information, to create a complete address DNS- Domain name system - the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access information online through domain names, like nytimes.com or espn.com.

How do we measure data transmission speed? How is that different from how we measure data storage capacity?

When measuring data transmission, we are measuring bits of data over time (seconds), when measuring data storage capacity, we are measuring bytes of data that can be stored Data rates are often measured in megabits (million bits) or megabytes (million bytes) per second. Mbps and MBps Computer storage and memory is often measured in megabytes (MB) and gigabytes (GB). A medium-sized novel contains about 1 MB of information. 1 MB is 1,024 kilobytes, or 1,048,576 (1024x1024) bytes, not one million bytes. ***The main difference is that data transmission is MBps and storage is just simply MB.

Who "owns" the Internet?

nobody "owns" the internet