MIS 573 Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, Chapter 9

Psychologist David Merril describes _____ as reactive and task-oriented.

"Analyticals"

Six Sigma's target for perfection is the achievement of no more than _____ defects, errors, or mistakes per million opportunities.

3.4

_____ a highly respected psychologist, rejected the dehumanizing negativism of psychology and proposed the hierarchy of needs theory.

Abraham Maslow

People with a high need for _____ seek to excel and tend to avoid both low-risk and high-risk situations to improve their chances for achieving something worthwhile.

Achievement

Key outputs of _____ process are project staff assignments, resource calendars, and project management plan updates.

Acquiring the project team

_____ involves assigning the needed personnel to work on the project.

Acquiring the project team

According to McClelland's acquired-needs theory, people with a high need for _____ desire harmonious relationships with other people and need to feel accepted by others.

Affiliation

Which of the following resources can have a per-use cost?

All of the above

Which of the following types of estimate use the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project?

Analogous estimates

An important tool used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process is the fishbone or Ishikawa diagram.

Analyze

_____ is the cost of evaluating processes and their outputs to ensure that a project is error-free or within an acceptable error range.

Appraisal cost

The consumption rate of a material resource is entered via the __________ dialog box.

Assign Resources

According to Thamhain and Wilemon, _____ is the legitimate hierarchical right to issue orders.

Authority

A rough order of magnitude estimate can be referred to as a _____ estimate.

Ballpark

_____ generates ideas for quality improvements by comparing specific project practices or product characteristics to those of other projects or products within or outside the performing organization.

Benchmarking

Which is a similarity between scope control and schedule control?

Both are portions of the integrated change control process under project integration management.

A cost estimation tool which involves estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total is known as a(n) _____ estimate.

Bottom-up

A cost estimation tool which is used to allocate money into an organization's budget is known as a _____ estimate.

Budgetary

_____ helps integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes.

CMMI

_____ is a method for determining the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project.

Cash flow analysis

_____ involves using punishment, threats, or other negative approaches to get people to do things they do not want to do.

Coercive power

According to Blake and Mouton, project managers who use the _____ method use a give-and take-approach to resolving conflicts.

Compromise

_____ means the project's processes and products meet written specifications.

Conformance to requirements

A _____ is a graphic display of data that illustrates the results of a process over time.

Control chart

One of the main outputs of the _____ process is a cost baseline.

Cost budgeting

The main goal of the _____ process is to produce a cost baseline for measuring project performance and project funding requirements.

Cost budgeting

Work performance information and cost forecasts are main outputs of the _____ process.

Cost control

Which of the following is an output of the process of controlling costs?

Cost forecasts

In the Resource Information dialog box, a cost per use for a resource is entered on the __________ tab.

Costs

_____ wrote Quality Is Free in 1979 and is best known for suggesting that organizations strive for zero defects.

Crosby

Projects that use Six Sigma principles for quality control normally follow a five-phase improvement process called _____.

DMAIC

A(n) _____ is any instance where the product or service fails to meet customer requirements.

Defect

The bottom four needs in Maslow's structure are referred to as _____ needs.

Deficiency

Important tools used in the _____ phase of the DMAIC process include a project charter, a description of customer requirements, process maps, and Voice of the Customer (VOC) data.

Define

A _____ estimate is used for making many purchasing decisions for which accurate estimates are required and for estimating final project costs.

Definitive

If the cost estimate for a project is a basis for contract awards and performance reporting, it should be a(n) _____ estimate and as accurate as possible.

Definitive

_____ is a technique that helps identify which variables have the most influence on the overall outcome of a process.

Design of experiments

_____ involves allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance.

Determining the budget

The main outputs of the _____ process are team performance assessments and enterprise environmental factors updates.

Developing the project team

_____ involves building individual and group skills to enhance project performance.

Developing the project team

Newtech Inc. hires John for the position of a software programmer to work on their new project. Salary paid to John by Newtech Inc. would be an example of _____ costs.

Direct

_____ is best known for developing Theory X and Theory Y.

Douglas McGregor

Variances are calculated by subtracting the actual cost from _____.

Earned value

Soles is a footwear company which has recently set up its store in Ambrosia. To manufacture its products, Soles incurs a range of different costs. Which of the following would be an example of an indirect cost?

Electricity used to run its factories

Which of the following is one of Deming's 14 Points for Management?

Eliminate the annual rating or merit system

Recognizing an employee as the "Star Performer of the Month" would be satisfying the _____ need of the Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Esteem

Which of the following involves developing an approximation of the costs of resources needed to complete a project?

Estimating costs

Performing quality assurance is a subprocess of the _____ process of project quality management.

Executing

The acquiring of the project team is a subprocess associated with the _____ process of project human resource management.

Executing

_____ is a cost that relates to all errors not detected and not corrected before delivery to the customer.

External failure cost

_____ are the system's special characteristics that appeal to users.

Features

The first step in the framework for defining and assigning work is _____.

Finalizing the project requirements

_____ means that a product can be used as it was intended.

Fitness for use

_____ is best known for distinguishing between motivational factors and hygiene factors when considering motivation in work settings.

Frederick Herzberg

_____ is the degree to which a system performs its intended function.

Functionality

The highest level of needs in Maslow's structure is referred to as a _____ need.

Growth

_____, a quality system standard is a three-part, continuous cycle of planning, controlling, and documenting quality in an organization.

ISO 9000

_____ are those costs that are difficult to measure in monetary terms.

Intangible costs

Which of the following is true of the schedule performance index (SPI)?

It can be used to estimate the projected time to complete the project.

Which of the following is true of earned value?

It is an estimate of the value of the physical work actually completed.

Which of the following is true of a rough order of magnitude estimate?

It provides an estimate of what a project will cost.

_____ helps develop an accurate projection of a project's financial expenses and benefits.

Life cycle costing

_____ addresses the ease of performing maintenance on a product.

Maintainability

Which of the following reserves allows for future situations that are unpredictable?

Management Reserves

The process of controlling costs primarily involves:

Managing changes to the project budget

_____ involves tracking team member performance, motivating team members, providing timely feedback, resolving issues and conflicts, and coordinating changes to help enhance project performance.

Managing the project team

A _____ is a standard of measurement in quality management.

Metric

_____ refers to matching certain behaviors of the other person.

Mirroring

Validated changes and validated deliverables are the outputs of the _____ subprocess of project quality management.

Monitoring and controlling

A ____ is a bell-shaped curve that is symmetrical regarding the average value of the population (the data being analyzed).

Normal distribution

What is an accurate difference between the Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) and critical path method (CPM)?

PERT uses different duration estimates whereas CPM uses one specific duration estimate

_____ uses project characteristics in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.

Parametric estimating

_____ help users to identify the vital few contributors that account for most quality problems in a system.

Pareto charts

Which of the following is most likely to be a reason for inaccuracies in information technology cost estimates?

People lack estimating experience

_____ addresses how well a product or service performs the customer's intended use.

Performance

In the Tuckman model, _____ occurs when the emphasis is on reaching the team goals, rather than working on team process.

Performing

At the bottom of Maslow's structure are _____ needs.

Physiological

The budget is one of the three values of earned value management and is also known as _____.

Planned value

Process improvement plan, quality metrics, and quality checklists are the outputs of the _____ process of project quality management.

Planning quality management

According to McClelland's acquired-needs theory, people who need personal _____ want to direct others and can be seen as bossy.

Power

_____ correct(s) or prevent(s) further quality problems based on quality control measurements.

Process adjustments

_____ includes the processes required to ensure that a project team completes a project within an approved budget.

Project cost management

According to Thamhain and Wilemon, _____ is the ability to improve a worker's position.

Promotion

The _____ process is often associated with the technical tools and techniques of quality management, such as Pareto charts, quality control charts, and statistical sampling.

Quality control

According to Herzberg, which of the following is a motivational factor?

Recognition

_____ is based on an individual's personal charisma.

Referent power

_____ is the ability of a product or service to perform as expected under normal conditions.

Reliability

A(n) _____ is a column chart that shows the number of resources assigned to a project over time.

Resource histogram

_____ is a technique for resolving resource conflicts by delaying tasks.

Resource leveling

_____ refers to the amount of individual resources an existing schedule requires during specific time periods.

Resource loading

Profits may be defined as:

Revenues minus expenditures.

_____ involves using incentives to induce people to do things.

Reward power

_____ refers to action taken to bring rejected items into compliance with product requirements or specifications or other stakeholder expectations.

Rework

_____ is at the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

Self-actualization

In the MBTI, the _____ dimension relates to the manner in which you gather information.

Sensation/Intuition

The _____ is a measure of quality control equal to 1 fault in 1 million opportunities problems.

Six 9s of quality rule

_____ involves choosing part of a population of interest for inspection.

Statistical sampling

In the Tuckman model, _____ occurs as team members have different opinions as to how the team should operate.

Storming

Good Earth, a company manufacturing packaged food products, sets up its stores in Baltonia. However, a year later, the company closes the store down due to high operating costs. In such a scenario, the money spent in paying for the rent of the store in Baltonia would be an example of _____ costs.

Sunk

The _____ presents subjects with a series of ambiguous pictures and asks them to develop a spontaneous story for each picture, assuming they will project their own needs into the story.

TAT

According to Lencioni, which of the following qualities is present in organizations that succeed?

Teamwork

Managers who follow _____ assume that the average worker wants to be directed and prefers to avoid responsibility.

Theory X

_____ emphasizes things such as job rotation, broadening of skills, generalization versus specialization, and the need for continuous training of workers.

Theory Z

Which of the following is true of contingency reserves?

They allow for future situations that can be partially planned for.

Which of the following is true of analogous estimates?

They are most reliable when previous projects are similar in fact with current projects.

Which of the following is true of bottom-up estimates?

They are time-intensive and expensive to develop.

Which of the following is true of tangible costs?

They can be easily measured.

The first step in project cost management is:

To plan how costs will be managed.

Analogous estimates are also known as _____ estimates.

Top-down

A(n) _____ is done to test each individual component (often a program) to ensure that it is as defect-free as possible.

Unit test

____ is an independent test performed by end users prior to accepting the delivered system.

User acceptance testing

Which of the following is an input of the process of controlling costs?

Work performance data

A per-use cost assigned to a resource is used for which of the following reasons?

all of the above

One of Juran's ten steps to quality improvement states that:

an organization should build awareness of the need and opportunity for improvement.

After leveling, when your setting for leveling is Day by Day, but some resources are still formatted in red, what can this mean?

both a and c

In an AOA network diagram, what occurs when two or more activities follow a single node?

burst

The cost performance index (CPI):

can be used to estimate the projected cost of completing the project.

How much a resource can work within specified hours, without becoming overallocated, is referred to as a resource's __________.

capacity

In project schedule management, which process primarily involves checking and managing changes to the project schedule?

controlling the schedule

In project schedule management, the main goal of which process is to ensure that the project team has complete understanding of all the work they must do as part of the project scope so they can start scheduling the work?

defining activities

In project schedule management, which process generates the main outputs of an activity list, activity attributes, and a milestone list?

defining activities

In project schedule management, what is the next step after defining project activities?

determining their dependencies

In project schedule management, the ultimate goal of which process is to provide a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project?

developing a schedule

In project schedule management, which process involves analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule?

developing the schedule

Which dependencies are sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care because they may limit later scheduling options?

discretionary

After working with key stakeholders to define activities and calculate their resources, what is the next process in project schedule management?

estimate the duration of activities.

In project schedule management, which process involves estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities?

estimating activity durations

Which dependencies involve relationships between project and non-project activities?

external

How does critical chain scheduling protect tasks on the critical chain from being delayed?

feeding buffers

Which dependencies do AOA network diagrams use?

finish-to-start

A resource is said to be __________ when the work assigned to that resource is less than the resource's maximum capacity.

free slack

What term is used for the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start date of any immediately following activities?

free slack

What is the latest possible time an activity might begin without delaying the project finish date?

late start date

The critical path is the _____ path through a network diagram, and it represents the _____ amount of slack or float.

longest; shortest

Indirect costs are:

not directly related to the products or services of a project.

What is the first process involved in project schedule management?

planning schedule management

Where would a draft schedule for a project most likely be found?

project charter

Which document is most likely to include planned project start and end dates which serve as the starting points for a detailed schedule?

project charter

In project schedule management, which is an output of controlling the schedule?

project management plan update

In project schedule management, which process primarily involve identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities?

sequencing activities

During which relationship is the "from" activity unable start until the "to" activity is started?

start-to-start

Cost variance is:

the earned value minus the actual cost.

Schedule variance is:

the earned value minus the planned value.

A resource is said to be in one of __________ states regarding allocation.

three

What term is used for the amount of time an activity can be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date?

total slack

Project enables you to establish different pay rates for a resource. To how many different assignments can these pay rates be applied?

unlimited