MIS Chapter 3
Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P)
A protocol that automatically communicates privacy policies between an electronic commerce Web site and visitors to that site. P3P enables visitors to determine the types of personal data that can be extracted by the sites they visit.
Privacy Policies/Privacy Codes
An organization's guidelines for protecting the privacy of its customers, clients, and employees.
Code of Ethics
Collection of principles intended to guide decision making by members of the organization
Data Aggregators
Companies that collect public data such as real estate records and published telephone numbers, in addition to nonpublic information such as Social Security numbers; financial data; and police, criminal, and motor vehicle records.
If you combine four standards you create....
Framework for Ethical Decision Making
Common Good Approach
Highlights the interlocking relationships that underlie all societies. This approach argues that respect and compassion for all others is the basis for ethical actions.
What is unethical is not necessarily _______.
Illegal
Privacy Issues
Involve collecting, storing, and disseminating information about individuals.
Accuracy Issues
Involve the authenticity, fidelity, and correctness of information that is collected and processed.
Property Issues
Involve the ownership and value of information.
The European Community Commission (ECC) of 1998
Issued guidelines to all of its member countries regarding the rights of individuals to access information about themselves. The EU data protection laws are stricter than the U.S. laws and therefore could create problems for the U.S.-based multinational corporations, which could face lawsuits for privacy violations.
Data Aggregators Examples
LexisNexis, ChoicePoint, Acxiom
Rights Approach
Maintains that an ethical action is the one that best protects and respects the moral rights of the affected parties.
Opt-Out Model of Informed Consent
Permits the company to collect personal information until the customer specifically requests that the data not be collected.
Fairness Approach
Posits that ethical actions treat all human beings equally, or, if unequally, then fairly, based on some defensible standard.
General Categories of Ethical Issues Related to IT
Privacy Issues Accuracy Issues Property Issues Accessibility Issues
Opt-In Model of Informed Consent
Privacy advocates prefer this model, which prohibits an organization from collecting any personal information unless the customer specifically authorizes it.
Five Steps in Ethical Decision Making
Recognize an ethical issue Get the facts Evaluate alternative actions Make a Decisions and Test It Act and Reflect on the Outcome of Decisions
Fundamental Tenets of Ethics (3)
Responsibility Accountability Liability
Accessibility Issues
Revolve around who should have access to information and whether a fee should be paid for this access.
Utilitarian Approach
States that an ethical action is the one that provides the most good or does the least harm.
Safe Harbor
The U.S. Department of Commerce, in consultation with the European Union, developed a "safe harbor" framework to regulate the way that the U.S. companies export and handle the personal data (e.g., names and addresses) of European citizens.
Ethics
The principles of right and wrong that individuals use to make choices that guide their behavior.
Profiling
The process of forming a digital dossier.
Privacy
The right to be left alone and to be free of unreasonable personal intrusions.
Information Privacy
The right to determine when, and to what extent, information about you can be gathered and/or communicated to others.
Electronic Surveillance
Using technology to monitor individuals as they go about their daily routines. Is conducted by employers, governments, and other institutions. Examples: Surveillance cameras in airports, subways, banks, and other public venues.
Four Widely Used Standards
Utilitarian Approach Rights Approach Fairness Approach Common Good Approach
Digital Dossier
data integrated from data gathered about you in a typical day