MIS Test 2 (Chapters 5,6,7,10)
What are Standards and Network Effects? Technology Driver of Infrastructure Evolution
- Agreements among manufacturers and widespread consumer acceptance of technology standards. -Technology standards are specifications that establish the compatibility to communicate in a network. -Technology standards unleash powerful economies of sale and result in price declines as manufacturers focus on the products built to a single standard. Without these economies of sale, computing would be much more expensive.
What is a data mart?
- Is a subset of data warehouse in which a summarized or highly focused portion of the organization's data is paced in a separate database for a specific population of users. For example a company might develop a marketing and sales data mart to deal with customer information. Barnes and Noble used to maintain a series of data marts- one for point of sale data in retail stores, another for college bookstore sales and a third for online sales.
What is Lack of Flexibility?
-A traditional file system can deliver routine scheduled reports after extensive programming efforts, but it cannot deliver ad hoc reports or respond to unanticipated information requirements in a timely fashion. The information required by ad hoc requests is somewhere in the system but maybe too expensive to retrieve. Several programmers might have to work to put together the required data items in a new file.
Which services are under IT infrastructure?
-Computing Platforms -Telecommunications Services -Data Management Services -Application Software Services -Physical Facilities Management Services -IT Management Services -IT Standard Services -IT Education Services -IT Research and Development Services
What is Platform as a Service (PaaS)?
-Customers use infrastructure and programming tools supported by the cloud service provider to develop their own applications
What is Big Data?
Big Data- Describes datasets with volumes so huge that they are beyond the ability of typical DBMS to capture, store and analyze. Big data are produced in much larger quantities and much more rapidly than traditional data.
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
What is analytic platforms?
Commercial database vendors have developed specialized high speed analytic platforms using both relational and non-relational technologies that are optimized for analyzing large data sets. Two analytic platforms are IBM Netezza and Oracle Exadata.
What is data dictionary?
Data dictionary- Is an automated or manual file that stores definitions of data elements and their characteristics. For example, Microsoft Access has a rudimentary data dictionary capability that displays information about the name, description, size, type, format, and other properties of each field in a table.
An effective information system provides users with ________,_______, and ________
accurate, timely, and relevant information.
A contemporary infrastructure for business intelligence has an array of tools for obtaining, useful information from all the different types of data used by businesses today, including semi-structured and unstructured big data in vast quantities. These capabilities include:
data warehouses and data marts, Hadoop, in-memory computing, and analytical platforms.
What are Physical Facilities Management Services?
Develop and manage the physical installations required for computing, telecommunications, and data management services.
What is a Foreign Key?
Foreign key- Supplier_Number is the primary key for the SUPPLIER table and Part_Number is the primary key for the PART table. Note that Supplier_Number appears in both the SUPPLIER and PART tables. When the field Supplier_Number appears in the PART table, it is called a foreign key and essentially a lookup field to look up data about the supplier of a specific part.
What is in-memory computing?
- Is another way to facilitate big data analysis which relies primarily on a computer's main memory (RAM) for data storage. (Conventional DBMS uses disk storage systems). Users access data stored in system primary memory which dramatically shortens query response time. In-memory computing makes it possible for very large sets of data, amounting to the size of a data mart or a small data warehouse to reside entirely in memory. Complex business calculations that used to take hours a day are able to be completed in seconds and this can even be accomplished on handheld devices. • What makes in memory computing possible? (These technologies help companies optimize the use of memory and accelerate processing performance while lowering cost). o Powerful high speed processors o Multicore processing o Falling computer memory prices • Leading products for in-memory computing include SAP's High Performance Analytics Appliance (HANA) and Oracle Analytics.
What is a data warehouse?
- Traditional tool for analyzing corporate data. It is a database that stores current and historical data od potential interest to decision makers throughout the company. The data originate in many core operational transaction systems, such as systems for sales, customer accounts, and manufacturing and may include data from Web site transactions. The data warehouse extracts current and historical data from multiple operational systems inside the organization. These data are combined with data from external sources and transformed by correcting inaccurate and incomplete data and restructuring the data for management reporting and analysis before being loaded into the data warehouse. The data warehouse makes the data available for anyone to access as needed, but it cannot be altered. A data warehouse system also provides a range of ad hoc and standardized query tools, analytical tools, and graphical reporting facilities.
What is.... accurate information? timely information? relevant information?
-Accurate Information- Free of errors. -Timely Information- Available to decision makers when it is needed. -Relevant Information- Useful and appropriate for the types of work and decisions that require it Many businesses do not have timely, accurate or relevant information because the data in their information systems has been poorly organized and maintained. This is why data management is so essential.
What is a database?
-Database technology cuts through many of the problems of traditional file organization. It is a collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and controlling redundant data. Rather than storing data in separate files for each application, data appears to users as being stored in only one location. A single database services multiple applications.
What are the 3 challenges of managing IT infrastructure ?
-Dealing with platform and infrastructure change -Firms quickly outgrow their infrastructure or shrink and get stick with excessive infrastructure oScalability—refers to the ability of a computer, product, or system to expand to serve a large number of users without breaking down -Management and governance o Long standing issue of who will control and manage the firm's IT infrastructure •Making wise infrastructure investments -IT infrastructure is a major investment for a firm and there is a lot that goes into it -Total Cost of Ownership of Technology Assets (TCO) -Includes the original costs of acquiring and installing hardware and software, ongoing administration costs for upgrades, maintenance, supporting, training, utility and real estate costs for running the technology -Model can be used to analyze these direct and indirect costs to help firms determine the actual cost of specific technology
What are Networking/ Telecommunications Platforms? -What are the leading network hardware providers? -Who typically provides service? -What are leading telecommunication service vendors?
-Devoted to an indepth description of enterprise networking environment -Leading network hardware providers are Cisco -Typically provided by telephone companies that offer a voice and data connectivity, wide area networking, wireless services, and Internet access -Leading telecommunication service vendors include AT&T and Verizon
Business Transformation from e-commerce
-E-commerce remains the fastest growing form of commerce in comparison to physical retail stores, services and entertainment. -Social, mobile and local commerce have become the fastest growing forms of e-commerce. -Two waves of e-commerce. The first wave transformed the business world of books, music and air travel. The second wave transformed nine new industries: marketing and advertising, telecommunications, movies, television, jewelry and luxury goods, real estate, online travel, bill payments and software. -The breadth of e-commerce offerings grows. -The online demographics of shoppers broaden to match that of ordinary shoppers. -Pure e-commerce business models are refined further to achieve higher levels of profitability, whereas traditional retail brands such as Sears and Walmart use e-commerce to retain their dominant retail positions. -Small businesses and entrepreneurs continue to flood the e-commerce marketplace, often riding on the infrastructures created by industry giants such as Amazon, Apple and Google, and increasingly taking advantage of cloud-computing resources. -Mobile e-commerce begins to take off in the US with location based services and entertainment downloads including e-books, movies, music and tv shows.
What is text mining?
-Emails, memos, call center transcripts, survey responses, legal cases, patent descriptions and service reports are all valuable for finding patterns and trends that will help employees make better business decisions. These tools are now available to help businesses analyze these data. These tools are able to extract key elements from unstructured big data sets, discover patterns and relationships and summarize the information. Businesses might turn to text mining to analyze transcripts of calls to customer service centers to identify major service and repair issues or to measure customer sentiment about their company.
What is service outsourcing?
-Enables a firm to contract customer service development or maintenance of existing legacy programs to outside firms, which often operate offshore in low-wage areas of the world -Offshore software sourcing firms have primarily provided lower-level maintenance, data entry, and call center operations
What is an entity/ attribute?
-Entity- A record describes an entity. An entity is a person, place, thing or event on which we store and maintain information. -Attribute- Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity.
What is the Enterprise Computing Era: (1992-Present)?
-Firms began to turn to networking standards and software tools that could integrate disparate networks and applications throughout the firm into an enterprise-wide infrastructure. -Firms began using the Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networking standard to tie their separate networks together- Information can flow freely between the firm and other organizations and can link different types of computer hardware
What is XML?
-Foundation for web services -Can perform presentation, communication, and storage of data -Provides a standard format for data exchange, enabling Web services to pass data from one process to another -Web services communicate though XML messages over standard Web protocol
What is the Personal Computer Era: (1981-Present)?
-IBM PC in 1981 is considered the beginning of the PC era because it was the first machine to be widely adopted by American Businesses. At first using the DOS operating system and later Microsoft Windows operating system. -Wintel PC became the standard desktop personal computer. -Approximately 90 percent are run through a version of Windows and 10 percent are run through Macintosh OS- but the Wintel dominance as a computing platform is receding as iPhone and Android device sales increase. -Proliferation of PCS in the 1980s and early 1990s launched a spate of personal desktop productivity software tools that were very valuable to both home and corporate computers. These PC were stand alone systems until PC operating system software in the 1990s made it possible to link them into networks.
What are Consulting and System Integration Services? - What are legacy systems?
-Implementing new infrastructure requires significant changes in business processes and procedures, training and education, and software integration -Leading consulting firms providing this expertise include Accenture, IBM Global Services, HP, Infosys, and Wipro Technologies -Legacy systems—generally older transaction processing systems created for mainframe computers that continue to be used to avoid the high cost of replacing or redesigning them
What is the General- Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Era: (1959-Present)?
-Introduction of IBM 1401 and 7090 -Beginning of widespread commercial use of mainframe: IBM 360 series -The 360 was the first commercial computer with a powerful operating system that could provide time sharing, multi-tasking and virtual memory in more advanced models. -Period of highly centralized computing under the control of professional programmers and systems operator (usually in corporate data center) with most elements of infrastructure provided by a single vendor, the manufacturer of hardware and the software. -This pattern began to change with the introduction of Minicomputers (DEC)—(PDP-11 and later the Vax machines) offered lower prices than IBM mainframes and just better, making possible decentralized computing, customized to the needs of specific individual departments or business units rather than time sharing on a single huge mainframe. -In recent years the minicomputer has evolved into a midrange computer or midrange server and is part of a network
What are non-relational databases and databases in the cloud (noSQL)?
-Is a database alternative to the traditional relational model that organizes data in tables, columns and rows and uses more flexible data model and are designed for managing large data sets across many distributed machines and for easily scaling up or down. They are useful for accelerating simple queries against large volumes of structured and unstructured data, including Web, social media, graphics and other forms of data that are difficult to analyze using the traditional SQL-based methods. Companies are turning to "NoSQL" non-relational databases for the following purposes: • Cloud computing • Unprecedented data volumes • Massive workloads for web services • The need to store new types of data -Examples of NoSQL databases: Oracle NoSQL Database, Amazon's SimpleDB, MongoDB
What are Enterprise Software Applications? -What are largest providers?
-Largest providers of enterprise application software are SAP and Oracle
What is a logical view? What is a physical view?
-Logical view- Presents data as they would be perceived by end users or business specialists. The database management software makes the physical database available for different logical views required by users. (ex: Human resource department can view different aspects than payroll department) The data for all these views are stored in a single database, where they can be more easily managed by the organization. -Physical view- Shows how data are actually organized and structured on physical storage media.
What is American Standard Code for Information Interchange? (ASCII)
-Made it possible for computer machines from different manufacturers to exchange data -Later used as the universal language linking input and output devices
What is the operating systems platform? -% Microsoft Windows Server/ % of Unix or Linux? -What is Linux/ Unix? -What are providers of Unix? -At client level what % of PC use Microsoft Windows Server? -What are the different types of mobile/ cloud connected operating systems? - What is most popular smartphone platform?
-Microsoft Windows Server comprises about 35 percent of the server operating system market, with 65 percent of corporate servers using some form of the Unix or Linux. -Linux—an inexpensive and robust open source relative of Unix -Unix and Linux are scalable, reliable, and much less expensive than mainframe operating systems and can also run on many different types of processors -Major providers of Unix—IBM, HP, and Sun -At the client level, 90 % of PC uses Microsoft Windows Operating System to manage the resources and activities of the computer -However now much greater variety of operating systems than in past, for computing on handheld mobile digital devices or cloud-connected computers Ex: -Google's Chrome OS—provides a lightweight operating system for cloud computing using a web-connected computer, user data resides on server -Android—open source operating system for mobile devices. Has become the most popular smartphone platform. -iOS—the operating system for Apple
What is cloud computing?
-Model of computing in which computer processing, storage, software, and other services are provided as a pool of virtualized resources over a network, primarily the Internet -Characteristics: on-demand self-service, ubiquitous network access, location-independent resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service -On-demand self-service—consumers can obtain computing capabilities such as server time or network storage as needed automatically on their own -Ubiquitous network access—cloud resources can be accessed using standard network and Internet devices, including mobile platforms -Location-independent resource pooling—computing resources are pooled to serve multiple users, with different virtual resources dynamically assigned according to user demand. The user generally does not know where the computing resources are located -Rapid elasticity—computing resources can be rapidly provisioned, increased, or decreased to meet changing user demands -Measured service—charges for cloud resources are based on amount of resources actually used -Public Cloud—owned and maintained by a cloud service provider and made available to the general public of industry group -Private cloud—operated solely for an organization. May be managed by the organization of a third party. -On-demand computing—organizations that use public clouds don't have to make large investments in their own hardware and software, so they purchase their computing services from remote providers and pay only for the amount of computing power they actually use or are billed on a monthly or annual subscription basis -Drawback: unless users make provisions, the responsibility for data storage and control is in the hands of the provider→ security risks -Appealing to small-medium sized businesses that lack resources to purchase and own their own hardware and software -Hybrid cloud computing model—use their own infrastructure for their most essential core activities and adopt public cloud computing for less-critical systems or for additional processing capacity during peak business periods
What is Linux?
-Most well known open source software (related to Unix) -Applications embedded in cell phones and other electronic devices -Leading operating system on servers, mainframe computers, and supercomputers -Android operating system has a Linux foundation -Has profound implications for corporate software platforms: cost reduction, reliability and resilience, and integration
What are High Performance and Power Saving Processors?
-Multicore processor—an integrated circuit to which two or more processor cores have been attached for enhanced performance, reduced power consumption, and more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks -Minimize power consumption
What is OLAP and multidimensional data models?
-OLAP stands for Online Analytical Processing. OLAP supports multidimensional data analysis, enabling uers to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions. Each aspect of information- product, pricing, cost, region or time period- represents a different dimension. (So a product manager could use a multidimensional data analysis tool to learn how many washers were sold in the East in June, how that compares with the previous month and the previous June and how it compares with the sales forecast.
What is open source software?
-Open source software—software produced by a community of several hundred thousand programmers around the world • Free and can be modified by many users • Not restricted to any specific operating system • Android ad Google Chrome both based on open source tools
How large is the IT infrastructure industry? -Money? -Investments in infrastructure account for what percentage of IT in large firms?
-Over $3.8 trillion industry -Between 25 and 50 percent
What are Internet Platforms? -What does it include? -What is web hosting service? -What happened because of the Internet Revolution? -Leading internet platform?
-Overlap with the firm's general networking infrastructure and hardware and software platforms -Include hardware, software, and management services to support a firm's web site -Web hosting service—maintains a large web server and provides fee-paying subscribers with space to maintain their web sites -Because of Internet Revolution there has been a steady push toward server consolidation, running more applications on a single server -Apache
What is Quantum Computing?
-Potential to boost computer processing power to find answers to problems that would take conventional computers many years to solve -Uses the principles of quantum physics to represent data and perform operations on these data -Ability to be in many different states at once -very advanced- work with quantum mechanic principles can be at 2 different places at the same time -A bit can be 0 or 1 or both at the same time -Creates multiple calculations in short period of time -More easier faster calculations
What is UNIX?
-Powerful multi-tasking, multi-user portable operating system. It operates on a wide variety of computers from different manufacturers. Adopted by SUN, IBM, HP and others. It became the most widely used enterprise level operating system.
What is virtualization?
-Process of presenting a set of computing resources so that they can be accessed in ways that are not restricted by physical configurations or geographic location -Enables a single physical resource to appear to the user as multiple logical resources -Server virtualization is a common method of reducing technology costs by providing the ability to hhost multiple systems on a single physical machine
What are Declining Communications Costs and the Internet? -What happens to utilization as communication costs decrease? Technology Driver of Infrastructure Evolution
-Rapid decline in cost of communication -Exponential growth in the size of the Internet -As communication costs fall toward a very small number and approach 0, utilization of communication and computing facilities explode
What are web services?
-Refer to a set of loosely coupled software components that exchange information with each other using universal Web communication standards and languages • Can exchange info between two different systems
What is Green Computing?
-Refers to practices and technologies for designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated devices such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems to minimize impact on the environment
What is Program- Data Dependence?
-Refers to the coupling of data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files such that changes in programs require changes to the data. Every traditional computer program has to describe the location and nature of the data with which it works. In a traditional file environment, any change in a software program could require a change in the data accessed by that program. Ex: One program might be modified from a 5-digit to 9-digit zip code. If the original data file were changed the 5-digit zip code would no longer work properly. Such changes could cost millions of dollars to implement properly.
What is Data Management and Storage? -What is it responsible for? -What are leading providers? -Digital info is _____ ever 2 years. Market for digital data storage devices has been growing more than _____ % annually -What are SANs?
-Responsible for organizing and managing the firm's data so they can be efficiently accessed and used -Leading providers are MySQL, Oracle, SQL Server, and Hadoop -Digital info is doubled every two years and the market for digital data storage devices has been growing at more than 15 percent annually -Storage Area Networks (SANs)—Connect multiple storage devices on a separate high speed network. SANs creates a large central pool of storage that can be rapidly accessed and shared by multiple servers
What are rows/ columns?
-Rows (records, tuples)- In a supplier table, the actual information about a single supplier that resides in a table is called a row. Rows are commonly referred to as records, or in a very technical term as tuples. -Columns (attributes, fields)- Fields in a relational database are also called columns. For the entity SUPPLIER, the supplier identification number, name, street, city and zip code are stored as separate fields within the SUPPLIER table and each field represents an attribute for the entity SUPPLIER.
What does select, join and project mean in a relational DBMS?
-Select: creates a subset consisting of all records in the file that meet stated criteria. Select creates a subset of rows that meet a certain criteria. (In our example we want to select records (rows) from the PART table where the Part_Number equals 137 or 150.) -Join: combines relational databases to provide the user with more information than is available in individual tables.(In our example, we want to join the now shortened part table (only with parts 137 and 150 will be presented) and the SUPPLIER table into a single new table. -Project: creates a subset consisting of columns in a table, permitting the user to create new tables that contain only the information required. (In our example we want to extract from the new table only the following columns: Part_Number, Part_Name, Supplier_Number and Supplier_Name.)
What is Common Business Oriented Language? (COBOL)
-Software language that greatly expanded ability of programmers to write business related programs and reduced cost of software.
What is Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol?
-Suite of communications protocols and a common addressing scheme that enables millions computers to connect together in one giant global network (the Internet)
What is the Law of Mass Digital Storage? Technology Driver of Infrastructure Evolution
-The amount of digital information is roughly doubling every year -The cost of storing digital information is falling at an exponential rate of 100 percent a year
What is Metcalfe's Law and Network Economies? -What does Metcalfe's Law and Network Economies help explain? Technology Driver of Infrastructure Evolution
-The value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members -Points to the increasing returns to scale- that the network members receive as more and more people join the network. As the number of members in a network grows linearly, the value of the entire system grows exponentially and continues to grow forever as members increase. -Demand for IT has been driven by the social and business value of digital networks, which rapidly multiply the number of actual and potential links among network members -Metcalfe's Law and Network Economies helps explain why computing resources are now so readily available.
What are Computing Platforms?
-Used to provide computing services that connect employees, customers, and suppliers into a coherent digital environment. -Includes: large mainframes, midrange computers, desktops and laptops, and mobile handheld and remote cloud computing services.
What is Java?
-operating system-independent, processor-independent, object-oriented programming language that has become the leading environment for the web -Being used for more complex e-commerce and e-business applications
What is Service-oriented architecture (SOA)?
-set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application
What is sentiment analysis?
-software is able to mine text comments in an email message, blog, social media conversation, or survey form to detect favorable or unfavorable opinions about specific subjects. (For ex: Charles Schwab uses Attensity Analyze software to analyze customer interactions each month. The software analyzes customer service notes, emails, survey responses, and online discussions to discover signs of dissatisfaction and that might cause a customer to stop using the company's services. Attensity is able to automatically identify the various "voices" customers use to express their feedback (such as positive, negative or conditional voice) to pinpoint a person's intention to buy, leave, or reaction to a specific product or marketing message.) Schwab uses this information to take corrective actions.
How many components are in the IT infrastructure?
There are 7 components that must be coordinated to provide the firm with a coherent IT infrastructure.
What are the three services cloud computing consists of?
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) 2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) 3. Software as a Service (Saas)
What percent of TCO is hardware and software acquisitions?
20%
What is IT Management Services?
Plan and develop the infrastructure, coordinate with the business unit for IT services, manage accounts for the IT expenditure, and provide project management services
What is a relational DBMS?
• Contemporary DBMS uses different database models to keep track of entities, attributes, and relationships. The most popular type of DBMS for PCs as well as for larger computers and mainframes is the relational DBMS. Relational databases represent data as a two-dimensional table (called relations). Tables may be referred to as files. Each table contains data on an entity and its attributes. Microsoft Access is a relational DBMS for desktop systems, whereas DB2, Oracle Database, and Microsoft SQL Server are relational DMBS for large mainframes and midrange computers. MySQL is a is a popular open source DBMS. • Relational databases can be combined easily to deliver data required by users, provided that any two tables share a common data element. Such as both the SUPPLIER and PART tables share the data element: Supplier_Number. (Suppose we wanted to find in this database the names of suppliers who could provide us with part number 137 or 150. We would need information from two tables: SUPPLIER and PART tables, notice that these two files have a shared data element: Supplier_Number. • In a relational database there are 3 basic operations that are used to develop useful sets of data: select, join and project.
Why is establishing information policies and ensuring data quality important?
• Information policy specifies the organization's rules for sharing, disseminating, acquiring, standardizing, classifying, and inventorying information. Information policy lays out specific procedures and accountabilities, identifying which users and organizational units can share information, where information can be distributed and who is responsible for updating and maintaining information. o In small businesses owners are in charge of this, in large businesses data administration is. o Data governance- used to describe many of these activities, it deals with the policies and processes for managing the availability, usability, integrity, and security of the data employed in an enterprise with special emphasis on promoting privacy, security, data quality, compliance with government regulations. • Data Quality- some issues surrounded with data quality are caused by redundant and inconsistent data produced by multiple systems feeding a data warehouse. If a database is properly designed and enterprise wide data standards are established duplicate or inconsistent data elements should be minimal. • Most data quality problems stem from data input • Analysis of data quality often begins with a data quality audit, which is a structured survey of the accuracy and level of completeness of the data in an information system. • Data cleansing or scrubbing consists of activities for detecting and correcting data in a database that are incorrect incomplete or improperly formatted or redundant. Also enforces consistency.
What are the 5 types of information obtainable from data mining?
-Associations: Are occurrences linked to a single event. (For instance, a study of supermarket purchasing patterns might show that when corn chips are purchased a cola drink is purchased 65 percent of the time, but when there is a promotion a cola drink is purchased 85 percent of the time)The information helps managers make better decisions because they have learned the profitability of a promotion. -Sequences: Events are linked over time. (For instance, if a house is purchased, a new refrigerator will be purchased within 2 weeks 65 percent of the time, and an oven will be purchased within 1 month of the home purchase 45 percent of the time.) -Classification: Recognizes patterns that describe the group to which an item belongs by examining existing items that have been classified and by inferring a set of rules. (For ex: Businesses such as credit card or telephone companies worry about the loss of steady customers. Classification helps discover the characteristics of customers who are likely to leave can provide a model to help managers predict who those customers are so that the managers can devise a special campaign to retain such customers. -Clustering: Works in a manner similar to classification where no groups have yet to be denied. A data mining tool can discover different groupings within a data, such as finding affinity groups for bank cards or partitioning a database into groups of customers based on demographics and types of personal investments. -Forecasting- Uses predictions in a different way than the other applications. It uses a series of existing values to forecast what other values will be. (For ex: Forecasting might find patterns in data to help managers estimate the future value of continuous variables, such as sales figures.)
What is Lack of Data Sharing?
-Because pieces of information in different files and different parts of the organization cannot be related to one another, it is virtually impossible for information to be shared or accessed in a timely manner. Information cannot flow freely across different functional areas or different parts of the organization. If users find different values of the same piece of information in two different systems, they may not want to use these systems because they cannot trust the accuracy of their data.
What is Poor Security?
-Because there is little control of management of data, access to and dissemination of information may be out of control. Management may have no way of knowing who is accessing or even making changes to the organization's data.
What is a...? Bit Byte Field Record File Database
-Bit- Represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle. -Byte- A group of bits that represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number or another symbol. -Field- A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number (such as a person's name or age). -Record- A group of related fields, such as a student's name, the course taken, the date, and the grade. -File- A group of records of the same type. -Database- A group of related files make up a database.
What is Consumerization of IT and BYOD?
-Bring your own device (byod)—allowing employees to use their personal mobile devices at work -Consumerization of IT—new info technology that first emerges in the consumer market spreads into business organization -Ex. Google and Yahoo search, Gmail, dropbox, Facebook and twitter -Forces businesses to rethink the way they obtain and manage ubfo technology equipment and services -Makes it harder for firm to manage and control these consumer technologies and make sure they serve the needs of the business
What is the computer hardware platform? -What processors are mostly used? -What are Blade servers? -What happened to Mainframes?
-Changed drastically in the last decade with the introduction of mobile computing devices -The server market, which includes infrastructures ranging from a few computers to large data centers with over 10,000 individual computers, uses mostly Intel and AMD processors in the form of blade servers on racks -Blade servers—computers consisting of a circuit board with processors, memory and network connections that are stored in racks. (They take up less space than traditional box based PC servers). -Secondary storage is provided by a hard drive in each blade server, but more commonly by external mass-storage devices. -Mainframes have not disappeared and continue to be used to reliably and securely handle huge volumes of transactions, for analyzing very large quantities of data, and for handling large workloads in cloud and computing centers. But now there is only one provider: IBM.
What is Cloud and Mobile Computing Era: (2000-Present)?
-Cloud computing model refers to a model of computing that provides access to a shared pool of computing resources over a network, often the Internet. -Refers to a model of computing that provides access to a shares pool of computing resources (computers, storage, applications, and services) over a network, often the Internet -These "clouds" of computing resources can be accessed on an as-need basis from any connected device and location -Hundred of thousands of computers are located in cloud data centers, where they can be accessed by desktop computers, laptop computers, tablets, entertainment centers, smartphones and other client machines linked to the Internet. -Amazon Google IBM and Microsoft operate huge cloud computing centers.
What are Cloud-Based Software Services and Tools?
-Cloud-Based Software Services and Tools— hosted on powerful servers in massive data centers, and can be accessed with an Internet connection and standard web browser -SaaS—services for delivering and providing access to software remotely as a web-based service -Service level agreement (SLA)—formal contract between customers and their service providers that defines the specific responsibilities of the service provider and the level of service expected by the customer -Specify the nature and the level of service provided
What is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)?
-Customers use processing, storage, networking, and other computing resources from cloud service providers to run their information systems
What is Software as a Service (Saas)?
-Customers use software hosted by the vendor on the vendor's cloud infrastructure and delivered over a network
What are the 5 problems associated with traditional file environment?
-Data Redundancy and Inconsistency -Program- Data Dependence -Lack of Flexibility -Poor Security -Lack of Data Sharing
What is Data Redundancy and Inconsistency?
-Data Redundancy is the presence of duplicate data in multiple data files so that the same data are stored in more than one place or location. DR occurs when different groups in an organization independently collect the same piece of data and store it independently of each other. Data redundancy wastes storage resources and also leads to data inconsistency, where the same attribute may have different values.
What is data manipulation language?
Data Manipulation Language- Most DBMS have a specialized language called Data Manipulation Language- that is to used to add, change, delete and retrieve the data in the database. This language contains commands that permit end users and programming specialists to extract data from the database to satisfy information requests and develop applications.
What is data mining?
Data mining and 5 types of information obtainable from data mining Data mining is discovery driven. It provides corporate data that cannot be obtained by OLAP by finding hidden patterns and relationships in large databases and inferring rues from them to predict future behavior. The patterns and rules are used to guide decision making and forecast the effect of those decisions
What is Hadoop?
Deals with data that is well suited for organizing and analyzing big data or data that does not easily fit into columns or rows. For handling structured and semi-structured data in vast quantities as well as structured data, organizations are using Hadoop. Hadoop is an open source software framework managed by the Apache Software Foundation that enables distributed parallel processing of huge amounts of data across inexpensive computers. It breaks a big data problem down into sub-problems, distributes them among up to thousands of inexpensive computer processing nodes, and then combines the results into a smaller data set that is easier to analyze. (Ex: you have probably used Hadoop to find the best airfare on the Internet, get directions to a restaurant, do a search on Google or connect with a friend on Facebook). -Hadoop consists of several key services: o Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) for data storage o MapReduce high performance parallel data processing o HBase Hadoop's nonrelational database provides rapid access to data stored on HDFS • Hadoop can process large quantities of any kind of data, including structured transactional data, loosely structured data such as Facebook and Twitter feeds, complex data such as web server log files, and unstructured audio and video data. Hadoop runs on a cluster of inexpensive servers and processors can be added or removed as needed. -Companies use Hadoop for analyzing very large volumes of data as well as for a staging area for structured and semi structured data before they are loaded into a data warehouse.
What is HTML? What is HTML 5?
HTML-page description language for specifying how text, graphics, video, and sound are placed on a Web page and for creating dynamic links to other Web pages and objects HTML 5-makes it possible to embed images, audio, and other elements directly into a document without processor-intense add-ons
What are Application Software Services?
Including online software services, that provide enterprise-wide capabilities such as planning, customer relationship management, supply chain management, and knowledge management systems that are shares by all business units.
What is Database Management System (DBMS)?
Is a software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs. The DBMS acts as an interface between application programs and the physical data files. The DBMS relieves the programmer or end user from the task of understanding where and how the data are actually stored by separating the logical and physical views of data. A DBMS reduces data redundancy and inconsistency by minimizing isolated files in which the same data are repeated. It may not enable the organization to eliminate data redundancy entirely, but it can help control redundancy. Even if the organization maintains some redundant data, using a DBMS eliminates data inconsistency because the DBMS can help the organization ensure that every occurrence of redundant data has the same values. Access and availability of information will be increased and program development and maintenance costs reduced because users and programmers can perform ad hoc queries of the database for many simple applications without having to write complicated programs.
What do Moore's Law and the Law of Mass Digital Storage help us understand?
They help us understand why computing resources are now so readily available
What is a Primary Key?
Primary key- Each table in a relational database has one field that is designated as its primary key. This key field is the unique identifier for all the information in any row of the table and this primary key cannot be duplicated.
What are Telecommunications Services?
Provide data, voice, and video connectivity to employees, customers, and suppliers.
What is IT Standard Services?
Provide the firm and its business units with policies that determine which information technology will be used, when, and how
What is IT Research and Development Services?
Provide the firm with research on potential future IT projects and investments that could help the firm differentiate itself in the marketplace
What is IT Education Services?
Provide training in systems use to employees and offer managers training in how to plan for and manage IT investments
What is Moore's Law and Microprocessing Power? What is exponentially growing/ declining? What is nanotechnology? Technology Driver of Infrastructure Evolution
Three interpretations: 1.The power of microprocessors doubles every 18 months. 2.Computing power doubles every 18 months. 3.The price of computing falls by half every 18 months. -Exponential growth in the number of transistors and the power of processors, coupled with an exponential decline in computing costs is likely to continue. -Chip manufacturers continue to miniaturize components. By using nanotechnology chip manufacturers can even shrink the size of transistors down to the width of several atoms. Nanotechnology uses individual atoms and molecules to create computer chips and other devices that are thousands of times smaller than current technology permit.
What is SQL?
SQL- The most prominent Data Manipulation Language today is Structured Query Language (SQL). Users of DBMS for large and midrange computers, such as DB2, Oracle or SQL Server, would employ SQL to retrieve information the needed from the database. Microsoft Access also uses SQL, but it provides its own set of userfriendly tools for querying databases and for organizing data from databases into more polished reports.
What are Data Management Services?
Store and manage corporate data and provide capabilities for analyzing the data.
What is web mining?
Web mining- The web is another source of unstructured big data for revealing patterns, trends and insights into customer behavior. The discovery and analysis of useful patterns and information from the World Wide Web is called web mining. Businesses could turn to web mining to help them understand customer behavior, evaluate the effectiveness for a particular web site, or quantify the success of a marketing campaign. (ex: Google Trends and Google Insights). • Web mining looks for patterns in data through: content mining, structure mining and usage mining. o Web content mining is the process of extracting knowledge from the content of web pages o Web structure mining examines data related to the structure of a particular web site (for example links pointing to a document indicate the popularity of the document, while links coming out of a document indicate the richness or variety of topics covered in the document) o Web usage mining examines user interaction data recorded by a web server whenever requests for a website's resources are received. The usage data records the user's behavior when the user browses or makes transactions on the web site and collects the data in a server log.
Database and the Web
• If you have ever tried to place an order or view a product catalog you were probably using a Web site linked to an internal corporate database. Many companies now use the web to make some of the information in their internal databases available to customers and business partners. • For example if a customer with a Web browser wants to search an online retailer's database for pricing information. Order of operations: o User accesses the retailer's website over the Internet using a web browser software on his client PC. o The user's web browser software requests data from the organization's database, using HTML commands to communicate with the Web server. o Because many back end databases cannot interpret commands written in HTML, the web server passes these requests for data to software that translates HTML commands into SQL so the commands can be processed by the DBMS working with the database. o The DBMS resides on a dedicated computer called a database server. The DBMS receives the SQL requests and provides the required data. Middleware transfers information from the organization's database back to the web server for delivery in the form of a web page to the user. o Middleware working between Web server and the DBMS is an application server running on its own dedicated computer. This application server software handles all application operations, including transaction processing and data access, between browser based computers and a company's back end business applications or databases. The application server takes requests from the runs the business logic to process transactions based on those requests and provides connectivity to the organization's back end or databases. o Alternatively the software for handling these operations could be a custom program or CGI script. A CGI script is a compact program using the Common Gateway Interface specification for processing data on a web server.
