Mix and Flow of Matter

Particle model of matter

- All matter is made up of tiny particles - The particles of matter are always moving - The particles have spaces between them. As heat increases, the space between each particle also increases - The particles in matter may be attracted and bonded to each other

What are the two main types of safety symbols

1. The household hazard symbols you are most likely to see on dangerous products in your house 2. The workplace hazardous materials information system (WHMIS) you are most likely to see on dangerous products in a workplace

Fluid

A fluid is anything that has no fixed shape and can flow. This means that liquids and gases are both fluids

Pure substances

A pure substance is made up of one type of matter and has a unique set of characteristics or properties. You cannot separate them into different substances

Factors that affect the rate of dissolving

A soluble substance will dissolve in a solvent naturally. But once you have determined that a solute does dissolve in a solvent, there are three main factors that increase the rate that is will dissolve; these factors were temperature, size of particles and stirring

A Solution in a Mixture

A solution looks like it is all one substance but is made of two or more different substances. If something is a mixture you can clearly see that there are different substances

Explaining viscosity using the particle model of matter

According to the particle model, as the temperature of a material increases, particles move quicker. This faster movement causes the attractive forces between between the particles of the material decrease. If the temperature decreases, the attractive forces increase. This is why warmer liquids flow more quickly and cooler liquids flow more slowly, therefore, the viscosity of a liquid decreases as it is heated, and increases as it is cooled.

Density of solids, liquids, and gases

According to the particle model, gas particles have more space between them than do liquid particles. Therefore, the water vapor in the container would have fewer particles than the density of liquid water. In general, solids are denser than liquids and liquids are denser than gases. Anything with a density of less than 1 will NOT sink in water. Anything with a density greater than 1 will sink in water

Changing the temperature can alter density

According to the particle model, particles in a substance move more quickly when heat energy is added. As a solid changes to a liquid and eventually to a gas, the particles move faster and faster. This effects the density of the substance. As particles become more active, they move away from each other, and the space between them increase, but the number of particles stays the same. With the same number of particles in a larger volume, the density decreases

Compression of fluids

Another useful property of some fluids is compressibility. compressibility is the ability of a substance to be made smaller under presser. When a force pushed on an object, the object is said to be under compression. Objects under compression tend to deform in shape

Homogeneous (solutions)

Appear to be one substance ex: Vinegar, cola, saltwater

Emulsions

Are colloids that contain an emulsifying agent ex: Mayo, milk, salad dressing

Pure Sbstances

Contain only ONE type of particle

Mixtures

Contain two or more pure substances

Dissolving

Dissolving is when a substance is pulled apart and mixed in with another substance

Changing density by changing concentration

Dissolving one substance in another increases the density of the water solution.

Allowing materials to be shaped: Fluids turning into solids

Fluids are easy to move and they take the shape of containers. Because of these properties, many of the things we see and use as solids were originally prepared as fluids

Temperature

For most common solid substances, solubility increases as the temperature of the solvent increases. The reverse is true for a gas. As a temperature increases, the solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent decreases. This can be harmful for organisms who live in water that gets warmed up due to factories dumping warm water into nearby water ecosystems. As the water warms up, the solubility of the gases, such as oxygen, in the water decreases. This means that oxygen is leaving the water, leaving little oxygen for the fish and other aquatic organisms. Thermal pollution is the term used for factories dumping warm water back into ecosystems

Temperature

Increasing the temperature of the solvent causes the solute to dissolve quicker. therefore a sugar cube will dissolve faster in a cup of hot water than in a cup of cold water

Elements

Made up of only ONE type of atom found on the particle table

Matter

Matter is anything made of particles. particles are the basic building blocks of everything you see or don't see. All matter has a mass. Although air is very light, it still has a mass

Mixtures

Mixtures are two or more substances combined together. In a mixture, each substance keeps its properties, but it may be difficult to identify these properties.

Saturated and Unsaturated

Once no more solute will dissolve in a solvent, the solution is said to be saturated. The saturation point is the exact point when the solvent is holding the maximum amount of solute possible. No more solute will dissolve after the saturation point. If a solution has very little solute in it and more could be dissolved, it is said to be unsaturated. An unsaturated solution is one in which more solute could dissolve.

Differences in Compressibility

One of the properties of fluids is that gases can be compressed much more than liquids can. When a force is applied to the particles, much more compression takes place in the gas than in the liquid. The gas particles have more space to move. In fact, very little compression occurs in liquids. Materials in a liquid state are said to be in-compressible; that is, they cannot be compressed easily. This property of liquids is very useful and is the basic principle behind all hydraulic systems. The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple: force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an in-compressible fluid

Paper Chromatogrphy

Paper chromatography can be used to determine if an ink is made purely of on type of ink or if it is a mixture of different types of ink. This is how it is used: 1. Ink is applied to paper (filter paper works best). You can see the line of ink applied to the paper 2. The bottom of the paper is put in water. The water will move up the paper through the ink 3. The ink will dissolve in the water and move up the paper. If ink is a pure substance, there should be only one color traveling up the filter paper. If the ink is a mixture, you can see different colors being separated as they travel up the paper

Pressure

Pressure is a measure of the force acting on a particular area of an object. Force is measured by Newton (N). When talking about pressure you need to know the force being applied (in Newtons) but also need to know the area that the force is being applied to. The same force is being applied to a smaller area means that a lot more pressure would be applied

Size of particles

Small pieces of solute dissolve more quickly than large pieces. This is because the more broken up a solute is, the more surface area is exposed to the solvent

Factors that affect solubility

Solubility depends on at least three factors: The type of solute, the type of solvent, and the temperature

Type of solute

Solubility not only depends on the type of solvent, but also on the type of solute. Some solutes will dissolve in many types of solvents while there are some substances that will not dissolve in any type of solvent

Stirring

Stirring moves the solvent and solute particles around so they bump into each other more often causing a faster rate of dissolving

Compunds

Substances made of two or more elements combined together

Fluids can hold other materials within them

The ability of fluids to spread or flow and to carry other materials makes them useful in many applications

Concentration

The concentration of a solution tells you the amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent.

Calculating density

The density of a substance can be determined by calculating its mass-to-volume ratio. You can do this by dividing the object's mass by its volume. The formula for density is: Density (D) = Mass (M) / Volume (V) or simply, D = M / V

Workplace Hazard Materials Information System

The following are WHMIS symbols:

Household Hazard Symbols

The following are symbols you may find on some products in your house or around the community, these symbols can be found within other symbols

Graphing density

The more mass a substance has per unit of volume the denser it is. The steeper the line is, the more dense the material. Any substance that has a line steeper than water will sink in water whereas any substance that has a line less steep than water not float in it

Colloids

The particles don't settle, however the particles are large enough for the mixture to be cloudy or opaque ex: Milk, face cream, paint, mayo, butter

Suspensions

The particles settle slowly after mixing ex: Orange juice, Italian dressing, flower/water mixture

Viscosity

The property that describes a gas or liquids thickness or thinness in called viscosity. Viscosity is a property of all fluids, including liquids and gases, whether they are pure substances or mixtures. A thicker liquid is more viscus and has a higher viscosity.

Solutes and Solvents

The solute is the substance that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution. there is usually less solute than solvent in a solution. The solvent is the substance that does the dissolving of the solute to form the solution. Soluble means able to be dissolved in a particular solvent. When a solute dissolves in a solvent, you then have a solution. Insoluble means something won't dissolve in something else. Because sugar is insoluble in oil, it will not form a solution

Separating mixtures

There are also countless different mixtures of substances you could make. There are also countless different methods of separating these mixtures if you want to. One common one is paper chromatoghraphy

Laboratory Safety

There are safety rules to e followed when working in a laboratory. These rules are: - Read all written instructions and listen to any additional instructions before doing an activity - Wash hands after using any chemicals, even if you wore gloves - Wear safety gear, such as goggles or lab coat, as instructed by your teacher - Think before you touch. Equipment may be hot and substances may be dangerous - Smell a substance by fanning the smell toward you with your hand. Do not put your nose close to the substance - Do not taste anything in the lab - Tie back loose hair and roll up loose sleeves - Never pour liquids into containers held in your hand. Place a test tube in a rack before pouring substances in it - Never use cracked or broken glassware. Let teacher know of any glass that is cracked or broken - Let teacher know of any spills and follow directions for cleaning up - Never look into test tubes or containers from top. Always look through the sides - If there are WHMIS safety symbols on any chemical you will be using, make sure that you understand all the symbols

Heterogeneous (mechanical mixtures)

Two or more parts can be seen Different kinds of particles stay together ex: Soil, m&m's, concrete

Type of solvent

Water is a solvent that will dissolve sugar. However, olive oil will not dissolve sugar. This shows that solubility depends on the type of solvent

Buoyancy

When an object is in a liquid, the force of gravity pulls it down. The liquid, however, exerts an opposite force, called the buoyant force, which pushes the object upward. Buoyancy is the tendency of an object to float when placed in a fluid. Boats can float because they have large compartments that are nothing but air and this decreases their average density. The average density is the total mass of all substances on board divided by the total volume. If their are air pockets, the air is included in the calculation. Buoyancy doesn't just apply to liquids. Air also has a buoyant force pushing up. Of course, gravity is pushing us down more than air is using us up or we would be floating around.

Flow rate

You can measure the time it takes for the fluid to flow from one point to another point. This measurement is called the fluids flow rate.

Slurries: Transporting solids within liquids

for example when you are trying to move mud or sand of of your driveway you would use a hose to transport the solids with a liquid. This is called a slurry