ML4 HIV/AIDS
The nurse is discussing sexual activity with a client recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The client states, "As long as I have sex with another person who is already infected, I will be okay." What is the best response by the nurse?
"You should avoid having unprotected sex with a person who is HIV positive because you can increase the severity of the infection in both you and your partner"
A nurse is working with a client who was diagnosed with HIV several months earlier. This client will be considered to have AIDS when the CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell count drops below what threshold?
200 cells/mm3 of blood
A client with AIDS has become forgetful with a limited attention span, decreased ability to concentrate, and delusional thinking. What condition is represented by these symptoms?
AIDS dementia complex (ADC)
A nurse is caring for a client hospitalized with AIDS. A friend comes to visit the client and privately asks the nurse about the risk of contracting HIV when visiting the client. What is the nurse's best response?
AIDS is not transmitted by casual contact
A hospital client is immunocompromised because of stage 3 HIV infection and the physical has ordered a chest radiograph. How should the nurse most safely facilitate the test?
Arrange for a portable x-ray machine to be used
The nurse is preparing to start an IV for a client who is combative. What precautionary measure should the nurse take in order to avoid a needlestick?
Ask for assistance
Which is usually the most important consideration in the decision to initiate antiretroviral therapy?
CD4+ counts
The mother of two young children has been diagnosed with HIV and expresses fear of dying. How should the nurse best respond to the client?
Can you tell me what concerns you most about dying?
A client with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) informs the nurse of difficulty eating and swallowing, and shows the nurse white patches in the mouth. What problem related to AIDS does the nurse understand the client has developed?
Candidiasis
During the admission assessment of an HIV-positive patient whose CD4+ count had recently fallen, the nurse carefully assesses for signs and symptoms related to opportunistic infections. What is the most common life-threatening infection?
Pneumocystis pneumonia
The nurse is performing an admission assessment on a patient with AIDS. When assessing the patient's gastrointestinal (GI) system what is most likely to be the priority nursing diagnosis?
Diarrhea
A public health nurse is preparing an educational campaign to address a recent local increase in the incidence of HIV infection. The nurse should prioritize what interventions?
Educational programs that focus on control and prevention
A client is administered foscarnet to treat a case of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. Which adverse effect should the nurse closely monitor in this client?
Electrolyte Imbalances
A nurse on a medical unit is providing care for a patient who has been admitted because of the simultaneous development of several complications of AIDS. For the past several days, the patient has been experiencing six to eight watery bowel movements each day. The nurse should consequently assess the patient's:
Electrolyte levels
Which blood test confirms the presence of antibodies to HIV?
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
A client has come into the free clinic asking to be tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The client asks the nurse how the test works. The nurse responds that if the testing shows that antibodies to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus are present in the blood, this indicates that the client has which of the following?
HIV infection
Which condition is an early manifestation of HIV encephalopathy?
Headache
The nurse is addressing condom use in the context of a health promotion workshop. When discussing the correct use of condoms, which instruction should the nurse give the attendees?
Hold the condom during withdrawal so it doesn't come off
Which option should the nurse encourage to replace fluid and electrolyte losses in a client with AIDS?
Liquids
A client with AIDS is admitted to the hospital with AIDS-related wasting syndrome and AIDS-related anorexia. What drug has been found to promote significant weight gain in clients with AIDS, by increasing body fat store?
Megestrol
a client with human immunodeficiency deficiency virus (HIV) develops a non-productive cough, shortness of breath, a fever of 101 and O2 saturation of 92%. What infection caused by pneumocystis jiroveci does the nurse know could occur with this client?
Pneumocystis pnuemonia
Nursing students are reviewing the pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). They demonstrate understanding of the information when they state which of the following as the form of the genetic viral material?
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A client who is has been HIV positive for 10 years has a CD4+T-lymphocyte count of 2600 cells/L. For which stage of the virus will the nurse provide care when the client is diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer?
Stage 3 because an opportunistic infection has occurred
A client's current antiretroviral regimen includes enfuvirtide (T-20). What dietary counseling will the nurse provide based on the client's medication regimen?
Take this medication without regard to meals
A client on antiretroviral drug therapy admits to skipping medication doses, sometimes for days at a time. What can occur when medications are not taken as prescribed?
The client is risking the development of drug resistance and drug failure
The nurse receives a phone call at the clinic from the family of a client with AIDS. They state that the client started "acting funny" and reported headache, tiredness, and a stiff neck. Checking the temperature resulted in a fever of 103.2°F. What should the nurse inform the family member?
The client may have cryptococcal meningitis and will need to be evaluated by the health care provider
A nurse would identify that a colleague needs additional instruction on standard precautions when the colleague exhibits what behavior?
The nurse puts on a second pair of gloves over soiled gloves while preforming a bloody procedure
An older adult widowed woman informs the nurse that she notices vaginal dryness now that she has become sexually active again. She is not using barrier protection because it makes the dryness worse. What education should the nurse provide to the patient?
Vaginal dryness is common in postmenopausal women, and there are creams that can be used, but she should use a latex condom
A female client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receives family-planning counseling. Which statement about safer sex practices for persons with HIV is accurate?
a latex condom with spermicide provides the best protection against HIV transmission during sexual intercourse
A client with HIV infection has begun experiencing severe diarrhea. What is the mostappropriate nursing intervention to help alleviate the diarrhea?
administer antidiarrheal medications on a schedule basis, as prescribed
When do most perinatal HIV infections occur?
after exposure during delivery
A client is to have a hip replacement in 3 months and does not want a blood transfusion from random donors. What option can the nurse discuss with the client?
bank autologous blood
Other than abstinence, what is the only proven method of decreasing the risk of sexual transmission of HIV infection?
consistent and correct use of condoms
A nurse is assessing a client with Kaposi's sarcoma. What initial sign does the nurse know to look for during assessment?
deep purple cutaneous lesions
A nurse is assessing a client with HIV who has been admitted with pneumonia. In assessing the client, which of the following observations takes immediate priority?
tachypnea and restlessness
A client who has AIDS is being treated in the hospital and admits to having periods of extreme anxiety. What would be the most appropriate nursing intervention?
teach the client guided imagery
The lower the client's viral load,
the longer the survival time
A client is infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after sharing needles with another intravenous (IV) drug abuser. Upon infection with HIV, the immune system responds by making antibodies against the virus, usually within how many weeks after infection?
3-13 weeks
Traditionally, HIV infection has been a danger for specific population groups who engaged in risky behaviors. Recently, incidence has spread to groups who are not typically thought to be in danger of contracting HIV. Which population group in the United States has HIV infection rates eight times higher than whites?
African Americans
A client tells the nurse, "You know I have AIDS. I still cannot afford to tell my employer because they will probably cancel my health insurance, then what would I do? What is the best response by the nurse?
An employer cannot cancel your currently active health insurance on the basis of AIDS
When assisting the patient to interpret a negative HIV test result, the nurse informs the patient that the results mean which of the following?
Antibodies to HIV are not present in his blood
A client who has AIDS reports having diarrhea after every meal, and wants to know what can be done to stop this symptom. What should the nurse advise?
Avoid fibrous foods, lactose, fat, and caffeine
A home care nurse is visiting a client with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) at home. During the visit, the nurse observes the caregiver providing care. What action by the caregiver would alert the nurse to the need for additional teaching?
Caregivers cleans the anal area without wearing gloves
When learning about HIV/AIDS, the student should be able to differentiate the two subtypes of virus by which characteristic?
HIV-1 is more prevalent than HIV-2 subtypes
A patient develops gastrointestinal bleeding from a gastric ulcer and requires blood transfusions. The patient states to the nurse, "I am not going to have a transfusion because I don't want to get AIDS." What is the best response by the nurse?
I understand your concern. The blood is screened for different viruses as well as HIV
A nurse is teaching high school student about the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Which comment by a student warrants clarification by the nurse?
I won't donate blood because I don't want to get AIDS
During the admission assessment of an HIV-positive patient whose CD4+ count has recently fallen, the nurse carefully assesses for signs and symptoms related to opportunistic infections. What is the most common life-threatening infection?
Pneumocystis pneumonia
A client has been diagnosed with HIV and has been placed on antiretroviral therapy. What does the nurse inform the client will be required for determining the progression of the disease as well as guiding drug therapy?
Viral load and T4-cell counts will be preformed every 2-3 months
A client has undergone diagnostic testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test. The results are positive and the nurse prepares the client for additional testing to confirm seropositivity. The nurse would prepare the client for which test?
West blot assay
A client has undergone diagnostic testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test. The results are positive and the nurse prepares the client for additional testing to confirm seropositivity. The nurse would prepare the client for which test?
Western blot assay
A client underwent an antibody test for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as part of a screening process and has just been told that the results were positive. Which anticipatory guidance regarding the next step should the nurse provide to the client?
follow-up testing will be promptly preformed to confirm the results
The nurse practitioner who is monitoring the patient's progression of HIV is aware that the most debilitating gastrointestinal condition found in up to 90% of all AIDS patients is:
chronic diarrhea
A nurse is teaching a health education class to a group of young adults and perceives that misinformation exists about the signs, symptoms, and trajectory of HIV infection. The nurse should inform participants that the first symptoms of HIV exposure include:
fever, headache, and malaise
Which blood test confirms the presence of antibodies to HIV?
enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Which of the following is the first barrier method that can be controlled by the woman?
female condom
A clinic nurse is caring for a client admitted with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).The nurse has assessed that the client is experiencing a progressive decline in cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions. The nurse recognizes that these symptoms are most likely related to the onset of which complication?
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
A client has discussed therapy for HIV-positive status. The goal of antiretroviral therapy is to:
keep the CD4 cell count above 350/mm3 and viral load undetectable
The nurse teaches the client that reducing the viral load will have what effect?
longer survival
HIV is harbored within which type of cell?
lymphocyte
Since the emergence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there have been significant changes in epidemiologic trends. At present, members of which group are most affected by new cases of HIV?
male-male sexual contact
A client is administered foscarnet to treat a case of CMV retinitis. Which adverse effects should the nurse closely monitor in the client?
numbness in the extremities
A client has a diagnosis of AIDS complicated by chronic diarrhea. What nursing intervention would be appropriate?
obtain a stool culture to identify possible pathogens
Which nursing actions essential before an ELISA test is performed?
obtain a written consent from the client
A client will be having a hysterectomy and wants her daughter to provide direct donor blood. What factor would eliminate her daughter from donating the blood?
The daughter is 15 years of age
A patient is being tested for HIV using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The EIA shows antibodies. The nurse expects the health care provider to order what test to confirm the EIA test results?
western blot test
A client who is HIV/AIDS positive has orders for laboratory tests to be performed. What precautions should the nurse observe whenever there is a risk of exposure to the blood and body fluids of an infected client?
transport the specimens of body fluids in leak-proof containers
A client who is HIV+ has been diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia caused by P. jiroveci. What medication will the client take for the treatment of this infection?
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
A nurse is implementing appropriate infection control precautions for a client who is positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The nurse knows which body fluid is not a means of transmission?
urine
Which characteristic has NOT been implicated as a factor for noncompliance with antiretroviral treatment?
past substance abuse
A nurse is assessing the skin integrity of a client who has AIDS. When performing this inspection, the nurse should prioritize assessment of what skin surfaces?
perianal region and oral mucosa
A client in stage 1 of HIV feels well and questions having the virus. Which response by the nurse is appropriate?
there is an equal amount of the virus and the cells to combat the virus in your body
An 18-year-old client who is pregnant has tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and asks the nurse if her baby is going to be born with HIV. Which response by the nurse is the best?
your baby could contact HIV before, during, or after delivery
