MNGT 301, Chapter 12 - Motivating Employees: Achieving Superior Performance in the Workplace

One model of motivation starts with an unfulfilled need. List the rest of the steps in the correct order, with the first step at the top. Rewards Motivation Behaviors Feedback

Motivation Behaviors Rewards Feedback

Lois asks herself how badly she wants the bonus she could earn by working overtime on her current project. In terms of expectancy theory, this describes Lois's ______ for the additional pay. Multiple choice question. expectancy instrumentality valence benefit

valence

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Equity theory Expectancy theory Goal-setting theory Hierarchy of needs theory

Equity theory Expectancy theory Goal-setting theory

If students arrive late to Professor Clarkson's class, their participation grade is automatically docked five points. This is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. positive reinforcement punishment extinction setting goals

punishment

Which of the following are personal factors in motivation? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Personality Emotions Job design Values

Personality Emotions Values

Match the type of reinforcement with its description. Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Extinction Punishment Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative Weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior

Positive reinforcement: Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior Negative reinforcement: Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative Extinction: Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced Punishment: Weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive

People with a high need for affiliation ______. Multiple choice question. prefer working on impossible tasks dislike working with others seek social approval enjoy being in control

seek social approval

When little Josef would throw himself on the floor, screaming and kicking, his mother ignored him. Consequently, Josef has stopped throwing tantrums. This is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. positive reinforcement extinction punishment negative reinforcement

extinction

Your professor awards five bonus points for coming to class on time. This is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. punishment positive reinforcement extinction negative reinforcement

positive reinforcement

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______. Multiple choice question. dissonance reinforcement onboarding gainsharing

reinforcement

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory. Multiple choice question. self-determination hierarchy of needs two-factor acquired needs

self-determination

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Complex Achievable Challenging Specific

Achievable Challenging Specific

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Administer punishment in private. Combine punishment and positive reinforcement. Be clear about what behavior is desired. Give rewards as soon as possible.

Be clear about what behavior is desired. Give rewards as soon as possible.

Which of the following are contextual factors in motivation? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Communication technology HR practices Work attitudes Leader behavior

Communication technology HR practices Leader behavior

According to self-determination theory, what are the innate needs that people need to satisfy to achieve psychological growth? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Integrity Competence Relatedness Autonomy

Competence Relatedness Autonomy

According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs? Multiple choice question. Competence, autonomy and relatedness Hygiene factors, motivators, and expectancy Self-actualization, esteem, and safety Achievement, power, and affiliation

Competence, autonomy and relatedness

Match the innate need identified by self-determination theory (on the left) with its description (on the right). Competence Autonomy Relatedness Feeling qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task Feeling as though you have the freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do Feeling a sense of belonging and attachment to others

Competence: Feeling qualified, knowledgeable, and capable of completing a goal or task Autonomy: Feeling as though you have the freedom and discretion to determine what you want to do Relatedness: Feeling a sense of belonging and attachment to others

Which are principal perspectives on motivation? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Competition Content Job design Reinforcement Process

Content Job design Reinforcement Process

How does goal setting motivate employees? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Directing employee attention Regulating employee efforts Creating a sense of employee equity Fostering employee use of action plans Increasing employee persistence

Directing employee attention Regulating employee efforts Fostering employee use of action plans Increasing employee persistence

Match each component of organizational justice (on the left) with its description (on the right). Distributive Procedural Interactional Reflects perceived fairness of the process of making allocation decisions. Reflects perceived fairness of rewards being given out. Reflects how organizational representatives treat employees while implementing procedures.

Distributive: Reflects perceived fairness of rewards being given out. Procedural: Reflects perceived fairness of the process of making allocation decisions. Interactional: Reflects how organizational representatives treat employees while implementing procedures.

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas? Multiple choice question. Employees are incapable of resolving feelings of injustice. Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance. Employees accept that they will be treated unfairly in the workplace.

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation? Multiple choice question. Behavioral Justice Goal-setting Expectancy

Expectancy

According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Praise Experience Training Effort

Experience Training Effort

In terms of the goal-setting theory, what is necessary for employees to know if they are on the right track when working on a project? Multiple choice question. Feedback Groupthink Equity Extinction

Feedback

What is an example of an intrinsic reward? Multiple choice question. Stock options Money Feeling independent Fame

Feeling independent

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs? Multiple choice question. Expectancy theory Alderfer's ERG theory Equity theory Goal-setting theory

Goal-setting theory

Marie has been given a goal to sell five cars by the end of the weekend. During the workday, she approaches every potential customer and makes an effort to engage with them and make a sale. When customers seem unsure about buying a car, she points out the car's best features and talks about the great deal she can give the customers if they buy. Marie is demonstrating what motivational mechanism of goal setting? Multiple choice question. Goals increase your responsibility. Goals help you acquire new skills. Goals increase your voice. Goals increase your persistence.

Goals increase your persistence.

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors? Multiple choice question. Malsow's hierarchy of needs House's path-goal model Herzberg's two-factor theory Alderfer's ERG theory

Herzberg's two-factor theory

What is a question that would be asked to evaluate procedural justice? Multiple choice question. How fairly are profits being divided among employees? How fair is the method that management uses to determine the size of our performance bonuses? How fairly am I being treated when I am being given my incentive check? How fair is the incentive management is giving us?

How fair is the method that management uses to determine the size of our performance bonuses?

Which of the following is the BEST example of an effective goal for an employee? Multiple choice question. Improve customer satisfaction ratings Cut inventory costs by the end of the year Increase sales by 10% during the next quarter Reduce employee turnover

Increase sales by 10% during the next quarter

What types of justice are the components of organizational justice? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Relational Interactional Distributive Procedural

Interactional Distributive Procedural

What is a current trend in employee engagement in developed countries? Multiple choice question. It is increasing. It is unmeasurable. It is stable. It is declining.

It is declining.

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Justice Motivation Dissonance Fairness

Justice Fairness

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory. Multiple choice question. Alderfer's ERG Vroom's expectancy McClelland's acquired needs Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Vroom's expectancy theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Herzberg's two-factor theory McClelland's acquired needs theory

Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Herzberg's two-factor theory McClelland's acquired needs theory

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______. Multiple choice question. Vroom's expectancy theory McClelland's acquired needs theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory Alderfer's ERG theory

McClelland's acquired needs theory

What does research show about job satisfaction? (Choose every correct answer) Multiple select question. More people were happy with their jobs in 2019 than in 2009. Job satisfaction is lower when fewer jobs are available. Job satisfaction is strongly related to employees' experiences of meaningfulness. More people feel stuck in their jobs during times of economic recovery than during recessions.

More people were happy with their jobs in 2019 than in 2009. Job satisfaction is lower when fewer jobs are available. Job satisfaction is strongly related to employees' experiences of meaningfulness.

Which statements about motivation are true? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Motivation is easy to see in another person. Because motivation comes from within, it cannot be understood. Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.

Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.

What are the needs identified by McClelland as the basis for motivation? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Need for affiliation Need for achievement Need for autonomy Need for power

Need for affiliation Need for achievement Need for power

How does McClelland view needs? Multiple choice question. Needs must be satisfied in order, beginning with safety needs. Needs are something we learn from our culture. Needs are all related to our desire for power. We are born with needs.

Needs are something we learn from our culture.

Regarding Maslow's theory of needs, which statements are true? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Needs at the lowest level in the hierarchy must be met before an individual will seek to achieve needs at higher levels. Needs are met in order from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy. An individual's needs can be completely satisfied after several levels in the hierarchy have been resolved. Actions are aimed at fulfilling the deprived needs.

Needs at the lowest level in the hierarchy must be met before an individual will seek to achieve needs at higher levels. Needs are met in order from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy. Actions are aimed at fulfilling the deprived needs.

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work? Multiple choice question. Instrumentality Hierarchy of needs Organizational justice Expectancy

Organizational justice

What key ideas can be drawn from equity and justice theories? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Organizations should foster a climate for justice. Employees prefer to have their decisions made for them. Employees need a way to appeal decisions. A manager's view is more important than an employee's.

Organizations should foster a climate for justice. Employees need a way to appeal decisions.

When analyzing the pay scale of her staff, Nanci saw that several equivalent positions in the department were paid at various rates. She felt that they needed to be balanced. Which aspect of equity theory is Nanci taking into consideration? Multiple choice question. Inputs Timelines Goals Outputs

Outputs

In equity theory, the outputs received from an organization include which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Pay Rewards Praise Effort

Pay Rewards Praise

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Equity to justice Hygiene factors to motivating factors Performance to outcomes Effort to performance

Performance to outcomes Effort to performance

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe? Multiple choice question. Self-actualization Psychological Safety Physiological

Physiological

Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Autonomy Physiological Safety Esteem Love

Physiological Safety Esteem Love

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act? Multiple choice question. Bias perspectives Need perspectives Process perspectives Hierarchy perspectives

Process perspectives

"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation? Multiple choice question. Acquired needs theory Expectancy theory Equity theory Reinforcement theory

Reinforcement theory

Which of the following would be characterized as motivating factors by Herzberg's two-factor theory? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Responsibility Achievement Working conditions Pay

Responsibility Achievement

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in order for Josephina to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy which of the following needs? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Safety Esteem Self-actualization Physiological

Safety Physiological

What statement about stretch goals is true? Multiple choice question. Stretch goals result in higher risk-adjusted performance. People are expected to attain stretch goals. Stretch goals increase willingness to take risks. It is generally impossible to meet stretch goals.

Stretch goals increase willingness to take risks.

When Jose compares his input/output ratio with that of his co-workers, he is satisfied that he is being treated fairly. What is Jose most likely to do as a result? Multiple choice question. Leave the situation Support organizational change Decrease his inputs Try to change the rewards he receives

Support organizational change

What statement is true about people who have a performance goal orientation? Multiple choice question. They are better suited for jobs that require creativity. They primarily view goals an an opportunity to learn. They are less likely to take on new challenges. They are more likely to set high goals for themselves.

They are less likely to take on new challenges.

Which statements about employees who are motivated by a need for power are true? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. They dislike giving feedback to others. They like being publicly recognized for their responsibilities. They prefer work that depends on having social approval. They enjoy being in control of events and people.

They like being publicly recognized for their responsibilities. They enjoy being in control of events and people.

According to equity theory, how might employees respond if they feel their rewards are inadequate? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. They may try to change the outputs. They may change the object of comparison. They may leave the situation. They may increase their inputs.

They may try to change the outputs. They may change the object of comparison. They may leave the situation.

What is true of people who are motivated by the need for achievement? Multiple choice question. They prefer situations where good performance depends on luck. They enjoy working on tasks and projects that are impossible. They want fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive. They enjoy being in control and being recognized for their responsibilities.

They want fair and balanced feedback, both negative and positive.

According to the concept of goal orientation, there are two basic reasons why people try to achieve a goal, depending on the individual's personality. What are those reasons? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. To demonstrate competence and receive approval To develop competence by learning new skills To maintain competence while adding variety To demonstrate minimal competence for maximum reward

To demonstrate competence and receive approval To develop competence by learning new skills

True or false: According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, employers should first eliminate dissatisfying elements in the work place and then focus on adding incentives to motivate workers.

True

True or false: When punishing an employee, it is best to give out disciplinary action as soon as possible after the undesirable behavior.

True

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation? Multiple choice question. Hierarchy of needs theory Two-factor theory Self-determination theory Acquired needs theory

Two-factor theory

How can managers use self-determination theory to foster the feeling of relatedness? Multiple choice question. Focus on results rather than methods Provide job-related knowledge and information Use camaraderie Delegate meaningful tasks

Use camaraderie

Which of the following would be characterized as hygiene factors in Herzberg's two-factor theory? (Choose every correct answer.) Multiple select question. Working conditions Achievement Salary Responsibility

Working conditions Salary

John has a strong desire to perform difficult tasks well. He is motivated by personal standards of excellence. John has a high need for ______. Multiple choice question. relatedness power affiliation achievement

achievement

Leslie likes working on tasks that are challenging but still within her abilities. Leslie is most likely motivated by a need for ______. Multiple choice question. affiliation power influence achievement

achievement

Darius works in sales. For him, the most important thing is to build satisfying personal relationships with his co-workers and clients. Darius is primarily motivated by a need for ______. Multiple choice question. autonomy power achievement affiliation

affiliation

Most effective managers ______. Multiple choice question. prefer tasks where success depends on luck prefer to have others in control of events are motivated by a high need for power feel that having social approval is the most important thing

are motivated by a high need for power

Carin is a manager who likes to delegate important tasks to capable employees and allows them to make most of the key decisions related to those tasks. Carin is focused on fostering ______ among her employees. Multiple choice question. orientation affiliation relatedness autonomy

autonomy

When punishing an employee, you should ______. Multiple choice question. wait until significant time has passed deliver the punishment in public for the most impact punish every undesirable behavior consider combining punishment with positive reinforcement

consider combining punishment with positive reinforcement

According to equity theory, when people believe there is equity, they will ______. Multiple choice question. reduce their inputs act to change the situation continue their current behavior start looking for a different job

continue their current behavior

The basic lesson of Herzberg's research is that ______. Multiple choice question. hygiene factors, such as working conditions, are unimportant to employers employers should attempt to eliminate job dissatisfaction before addressing job satisfaction only employees can eliminate any job dissatisfaction they sense managers can take away positive hygiene methods as a punishment for underperforming employees

employers should attempt to eliminate job dissatisfaction before addressing job satisfaction

Juanita believes that if she works hard, her efforts will lead to strong performance. Juanita has a high level of ______. Multiple choice question. instrumentality valence control expectancy

expectancy

Robert believes that no matter how hard he studies, he will never pass the exam. According to Victor Vroom's theory, Robert has low ______. Multiple choice question. instrumentality expectancy valence equity

expectancy

The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is referred to as ______. Multiple choice question. reaction extinction depletion supplementation

extinction

Raises and other monetary incentives are examples of ______ rewards. Multiple choice question. internal nonmotivational intrinsic extrinsic

extrinsic

Janeen's boss is so pleased with her sales performance during the past quarter that he gives her a bonus. In terms of the model of motivation, the bonus represents a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. learned behavior intrinsic reward unfulfilled need extrinsic reward

extrinsic reward

A person evaluates whether the selected behavior has satisfied the need and whether it should be used again during the ______ stage. Multiple choice question. rewards behavior motivation feedback

feedback

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______. Multiple choice question. reward employees based on personality, not behavior. reward all employees the same avoid telling employees how to earn rewards give rewards as soon as possible

give rewards as soon as possible

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, ______ are associated with job dissatisfaction. Multiple choice question. hygiene factors motivating factors dual factors issues not related to work

hygiene factors

In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______. Multiple choice question. outputs inputs comparisons motivations

inputs

Power that is used as a means to further organizational goals is known as ______ power. Multiple choice question. individual personal institutional collaborative

institutional

Jerry is confident in his ability to perform a new set of tasks, but he does not think he will be adequately rewarded for mastering the new knowledge. According to expectancy theory, he has low ______. Multiple choice question. valence extinction morale instrumentality

instrumentality

Keri is confident that, if she exceeds her sales quota for the year, she will be promoted to regional manager. This is an example of the ______ element of the expectancy theory. Multiple choice question. valence ethnocentric instrumentality stereotype

instrumentality

The satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ______ reward. Multiple choice question. intrinsic negative inverse instrumental

intrinsic

Brittani has worked long hours putting the finishing touches on a presentation to a major client, but she has a strong sense of self-satisfaction with her work and feels good about what she has accomplished. In terms of the model of motivation, this self-satisfaction would be categorized as a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. unfulfilled need intrinsic reward extrinsic reward learned helplessness

intrinsic reward

Self-determination theory is largely focused on ______. Multiple choice question. intrinsic rewards and motivation extrinsic motivation and rewards a person's need for social approval the power one person has over others

intrinsic rewards and motivation

Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______. Multiple choice question. status theory hierarchy job design punishment

job design

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______. Multiple choice question. modification focus challenge consequence

modification

According to Herzberg, ______ factors are more frequently associated with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and love of the work itself. Multiple choice question. hygiene extrinsic achievement motivating

motivating

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______. Multiple choice question. organization motivation influence leadership

motivation

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______. Multiple choice question. processes theories needs problems

needs

"I'll take out the garbage," Jan tells her husband. "Just stop bugging me about it." This situation exemplifies ______. Multiple choice question. negative reinforcement punishment extinction positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

According to reinforcement theory, turning in your monthly expense report on time so that your supervisor will not nag you for it is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. punishment extinction negative reinforcement positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, ______ power is expressed in an individual's desire to dominate others. Multiple choice question. organizational personal achievement institutional

personal

A manager tells his employee, "If you exceed your sales quota, I will give you a bonus." In reinforcement theory, this is an example of ______. Multiple choice question. extinction positive reinforcement punishment negative reinforcement

positive reinforcement

The application of negative consequences to stop or change undesirable behavior is known as ______. Multiple choice question. bullying punishment bias dissonance

punishment

In equity theory, people compare their ______. Multiple choice question. actual outputs to the outputs they feel they deserve lowest inputs to their highest inputs inputs to those of workers in far different positions ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs

ratio of inputs and outputs to the ratio of others in similar jobs

According to equity and justice theories, organizational decisions ______. Multiple choice question. should be handled entirely by the employees they will affect are best left to senior management should include input from the employees they will affect should be made by someone outside the organizational hierarchy

should include input from the employees they will affect

A goal that goes beyond what a person is actually expected to achieve is a ______ goal. Multiple choice question. performance learning stretch valence

stretch

Laura's manager is retiring in six months, and Laura really wants to be promoted to succeed her. In terms of expectancy theory, Laura has a high ______ in regard to her promotion. Multiple choice question. instrumentality dissonance reward valence

valence