MNGT 301 Chapter 16
70. Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries. However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory? a. Good motivators and inadequate hygiene factors b. Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators c. Good hygiene factors and motivators d. Inadequate hygiene factors and motivators e. None of the above
Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators
57. Which motivation theory proposes that needs must be satisfied in sequence? a. Reinforcement theory b. ERG theory c. Hierarchy of needs theory d. Experiential learning theory e. Social learning theory
Hierarchy of needs theory
117. Karen is a first line supervisor at Wolfs, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee's opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use? a. Job enlargement b. Job enrichment c. Job rotation d. Positive reinforcement e. Continuous
Job enrichment
93. Which of the following theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior? a. Process b. Reinforcement c. Content d. Needs e. Maslow's
Process
101. _____ is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee. a. Avoidance learning b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction e. Avoiding punishment
Punishment
103. One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques? a. Negative reinforcement b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Avoidance learning e. Rewards enhancement
Punishment
47. Empowering employees means giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely to accomplish their jobs: information, knowledge, power, and rewards. a. True b. False
True
48. Employee stock ownership plans give employees part ownership of the organization, enabling them to share in improved profit performance. a. True b. False
True
104. Jeff and Rob have a difficult time getting along at work. Most days, Jeff spends a lot of time cracking jokes and goofing off, while Rob constantly nags him and tells him to act like a grownup. On days when Jeff is more reserved, Rob does not nag him, hoping that this will result in improved behavior down the road. This is an example of which form of behavior modification? a. Empowerment b. Extinction c. Punishment d. Avoidance learning e. Positive reinforcement
Avoidance learning
74. The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes: a. a need for affiliation. b. a need for power. c. a need for achievement. d. a need for authority. e. all of these.
a need for affiliation
135. The hygiene factors, or dissatifiers, that Donovan can influence include all of the following EXCEPT: a. salary and wages. b. supervision relationships. c. working conditions. d. company policies. e. all are hygiene factors.
all are hygiene factors
128. Empowering employees means giving employees _____. a. information b. knowledge c. power d. rewards e. all of these
all of these
88. A recent study from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason that people leave their jobs is because they: a. don't make enough money. b. don't feel appreciated. c. don't believe in what the organization stands for. d. don't like their colleagues. e. don't like their boss.
don't feel appreciated
127. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as: a. need for power. b. need for achievement. c. empowerment. d. passing the buck. e. need of affiliation.
empowerment
62. Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs? a. Physiological b. Safety c. Belongingness d. Esteem e. Self-actualization
Esteem
106. One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team's work with jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool? a. Extinction b. Positive reinforcement c. Negative reinforcement d. Avoidance learning e. Desired behavior is reinforced annually
Extinction
35. The imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee is avoidance learning. a. True b. False
False
36. Punishment increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated. a. True b. False
False
4. Extrinsic rewards refers to the satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action. a. True b. False
False
68. The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with _____. a. Maslow b. Herzberg c. McClelland d. Alderfer e. Adam
Alderfer
100. Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement? a. Avoidance learning b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction e. Neutral learning
Avoidance learning
84. Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity? a. Change inputs b. Change outcomes c. Distorts perception d. Leave the job e. Change equity
Change equity
89. The _____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance. a. P -> O expectancy b. E -> P expectancy c. O -> V expectancy d. A -> Z expectancy e. V -> P expectancy
E -> P expectancy
82. _____ theory deals with employee's perception of fairness. a. Expectancy b. Reinforcement c. Need hierarchy d. Equity e. ERG
Equity
22. Expectancy theory is a process theory that focuses on individuals' perception of how fairly they are treated in comparison to other people. a. True b. False
False
25. Goal specificity, in goal-setting theory, refers to the difficulty level of goals. a. True b. False
False
28. Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among the individual's effort and performance and not on the desirability of outcomes. a. True b. False
False
3. Rewards given by another person are intrinsic rewards. a. True b. False
False
32. The expectancy theory attempts to define specific types of needs or rewards to establish that they exist and may be similar to other individuals. a. True b. False
False
125. _____ is the extent to which doing the job provides information back to the employee about his or her performance. a. Feedback b. Assessment c. Evaluation d. Satisfaction e. Fulfillment
Feedback
78. Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable? a. Goal specificity b. Goal difficulty c. Goal acceptance d. Feedback e. Goal motivation
Goal difficulty
110. Which of the following is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction? a. Job design b. Job enlargement c. Job simplification d. Job characteristics e. Job enrichment
Job design
115. Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job? a. Job simplification b. Job enlargement c. Job rotation d. Job characteristics e. Job lay-off
Job enlargement
129. Ricky is a manager at InfoServices, where she rewards the top sales employee every month by giving him or her a high-definition TV or PC. This is an example of what employee motivation program? a. Pay for performance b. Lifestyle award c. Employee stock ownership plan d. Flexible work schedule e. Team-based compensation
Lifestyle award
51. Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior? a. Commitment b. Motivation c. Satisfaction d. Rewarding behavior e. Behavior modification
Motivation
71. Which of the following are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth? a. Hygiene factors b. Extrinsic factors c. Motivators d. Dissatisfiers e. All of these
Motivators
63. _____ describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen. a. Self-actualization needs b. Physiological needs c. Esteem needs d. Belongingness needs e. Safety needs
Physiological needs
97. Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior? a. Avoidance learning b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction e. Suspension
Positive reinforcement
1. Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager's job is to channel motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals. a. True b. False
True
16. Hygiene factors are the same as dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures. a. True b. False
True
30. According to expectancy theory, for an employee to be highly motivated, E-P expectancy and valence must be maximized. a. True b. False
True
31. Valence is the perceived value of a reward or outcome. a. True b. False
True
34. The administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior is positive reinforcement. a. True b. False
True
39. Extinction is defined as the withdrawal of positive reward. a. True b. False
True
50. Employee engagement means that people enjoy their jobs and are satisfied with their work conditions, contribute enthusiastically to meeting team and organizational goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization. a. True b. False
True
7. Three categories of motivation theories are content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories. a. True b. False
True
8. Physiological needs are the most basic human physical needs, which are reflected in the workplace as needs for adequate heat, air, and base salary to ensure survival. a. True b. False
True
92. Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome? a. Motivators b. Valence c. O -> V expectancy d. P -> O expectancy e. E -> V expectancy
Valence
79. In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the idea that employees have to "buy into" the goals. a. goal specificity b. goal difficulty c. goal acceptance d. feedback e. goal motivation
goal acceptance
116. A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as: a. job simplification. b. job rotation. c. job enlargement. d. job enrichment. e. none of these.
job enrichment
126. The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with: a. employee growth-need strength. b. experienced meaningfulness of work. c. experienced responsibility. d. knowledge of actual results. e. demotivation.
knowledge of actual results
69. According to Herzberg, _____ is an example of a hygiene factor. a. achievement b. recognition c. pay d. responsibility e. opportunity for growth
pay
98. Bruce publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Bruce hopes this will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of: a. extinction. b. negative reinforcement. c. avoidance learning. d. positive reinforcement. e. none of these.
positive reinforcement
94. Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as: a. content theories. b. contingency theories. c. process theories. d. need hierarchy theories. e. reinforcement theories.
process theories
137. The motivator factors, or satisfiers, that Donovan can change and influence include all of the following EXCEPT: a. recognition. b. growth opportunities. c. achievement. d. salary. e. all are motivator factors.
salary
121. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to as: a. task complexity. b. task identity. c. task significance. d. task structure. e. task simplification.
task significance
131. _____ is power sharing, or the delegation of power or authority to subordinates in an organization. a. Engagement b. Synergy c. Motivation d. Empowerment e. Leadership
Empowerment
133. _____ is a situation in which employees enjoy their work, contribute enthusiastically to meeting goals, and feel a sense of belonging and commitment to the organization. a. Commitment b. Engagement c. Employee loyalty d. Employee assurance e. Employee guarantee
Engagement
81. Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation? a. Need hierarchy theory b. Equity theory c. Two-factor theory d. ERG theory e. Acquired needs theory
Equity theory
60. _____ focus on employee learning of desired work behaviors. a. Contingency theories b. Situational theories c. Content theories d. Process theories e. Reinforcement theories
Reinforcement theories
96. Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences? a. Two-factor theory b. Need hierarchy theory c. Reinforcement theory d. ERG theory e. Equity theory
Reinforcement theory
123. _____ is an individual's belief about his or her abilities to successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome. a. Self-control b. Self-efficacy c. Self-reinforcement d. Autonomy e. Delegation
Self-efficacy
130. On the continuum of empowerment, what is the highest level of empowerment that requires the most complex skills? a. Self-management b. Suggestion programs c. Participation groups d. Cross-functional teams e. Periodic briefings
Self-management
95. In goal-setting theory, _____ refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous. a. goal specificity b. goal difficulty c. goal acceptance d. feedback e. goal motivation
goal specificity
76. Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as her: a. need for power. b. need for achievement. c. need for affiliation. d. need for relatedness. e. none of these.
need for power
136. Donovan understands that perceived inequity creates tensions within individuals that motivate them to bring equity back into balance, and one of his production supervisors feels that she is underpaid. Which of the following is not a common method for reducing perceived inequity? a. Change in his inputs to the organization b. Change his outcomes from the organization c. Distort his perception d. Leave the job for a new one e. All are common methods
All are common methods
122. _____ influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work. a. Skill variety b. Task significance c. Task identity d. All of these e. Task significance and task identity only
All of these
83. Kara and Simon are both middle managers at Gotcha International. Kara is dissatisfied because she knows that Simon makes more in salary even though, in Kara's opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Kara wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what should she do? a. She could reduce the number of hours she works. b. She could increase her level of absenteeism. c. She could ask for a raise. d. All of these. e. Only she could reduce the number of hours she works and she could ask for a raise.
All of these
64. Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one's peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved? a. Self-actualization needs b. Physiological needs c. Esteem needs d. Belongingness needs e. Safety needs
Belongingness needs
86. Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity? a. Working harder, not smarter b. Changing outcomes c. Changing work effort d. Changing perceptions e. Leaving the job
Changing perceptions
87. Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the same amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for reducing perceived equity? a. Working harder, not smarter b. Changing outcomes c. Changing work effort d. Changing perceptions e. Leaving the job
Changing work effort
61. Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory? a. Safety needs b. Compensation needs c. Physiological needs d. Esteem needs e. Self-actualization needs
Compensation needs
58. Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people? a. Process b. Reinforcement c. Content d. Contingency e. Situational
Content
118. _____ is an important part of the job characteristics model. a. Critical psychological states b. A hierarchy of needs c. Schedules of reinforcement d. All of these e. None of these
Critical psychological states
85. Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes? a. Equity theory b. Expectancy theory c. Reinforcement theory d. Two-factor theory e. ERG theory
Expectancy theory
102. Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated? a. Positive reinforcement b. Negative reinforcement c. Extinction d. Reward enhancement e. All of these
Extinction
105. Which of these refers to the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future? a. Avoidance learning b. Punishment c. Positive reinforcement d. Extinction e. None of these
Extinction
10. According to MANAGER'S SHOPTALK in Chapter 16, a criticism of carrot-and-stick approaches is that extrinsic rewards assume people are driven by higher-level needs. a. True b. False
False
12. External and relatedness are the first two groups of needs in Aldefer's ERG theory. a. True b. False
False
14. Herzberg's two-factor theory divides work-related needs into two categories: hygiene factors and reward factors. a. True b. False
False
17. Hygiene factors are the same as satisfiers and are based on fulfillment of higher level needs including responsibility. a. True b. False
False
19. A need for power, a need for accomplishment and a need for superior power is proposed by David McClelland's acquired needs theory. a. True b. False
False
2. Two ways to classify rewards are extrinsic and monetary. a. True b. False
False
41. Job enlargement is a job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work. a. True b. False
False
44. The job characteristic of autonomy influences the worker's experiencing meaningfulness of work. a. True b. False
False
46. Gain sharing rewards employees with part ownership of the organization based on achieving performance goals. a. True b. False
False
6. Process theories emphasize the needs that motivate people. a. True b. False
False
9. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, freedom from violence is an example of physiological needs. a. True b. False
False
80. In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in progressing toward goal achievement? a. Goal specificity b. Goal difficulty c. Goal acceptance d. Feedback e. Goal motivation
Feedback
77. Alden is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his university's career resources office recently told Alden that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Alden pursue? a. He should look for work as a project manager. b. He should think about starting his own business. c. He should look for work in "corporate America," he is sure to climb to the top. d. He should play the Lotto. e. None of these.
He should think about starting his own business
59. Which of the following is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs? a. Reinforcement theory b. Process theory c. Situational theory d. Hierarchy of needs theory e. Contingency theory
Hierarchy of needs theory
73. The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction? a. Increase the level of hygiene factors b. Increase the level of motivators c. Decrease the level of motivators d. Decrease the level of hygiene factors e. None of these
Increase the level of motivators
113. _____ systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job. a. Job simplification b. Job rotation c. Job enlargement d. Job enrichment e. None of these
Job rotation
72. _____ have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction. a. Hygiene factors b. Reinforcers c. Motivators d. Dissatisfiers e. All of these
Motivators
90. Tim is a manager at Chuck's Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck's Construction, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim? a. E -> P expectancy b. O -> V expectancy c. P -> O expectancy d. E -> V expectancy e. None of these
P -> O expectancy
56. Which of the following theories focuses on employee learning of desired work behaviors? a. Reinforcement theory b. ERG theory c. Hierarchy of needs theory d. Experiential learning theory e. Content theory
Reinforcement Theory
107. Which theory proposes that an individual's motivation can result not just from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from the person's thoughts and beliefs and his or her observations of other people's behavior? a. Reinforcement theory b. Hierarchy of needs theory c. ERG theory d. Experiential learning theory e. Social learning theory
Social learning theory
124. Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone? a. Some of her employees are lazy. b. Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength. c. Some of her employees have a low need for power. d. All of her employees have high growth-needs. e. Some of her employees have low affiliation needs.
Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength
120. Which of the following refers to the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending? a. Task complexity b. Task identity c. Task significance d. Task structure e. None of these
Task Identity
11. Esteem needs are those needs that relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention, recognition, and appreciation from others. a. True b. False
True
13. Many companies are finding that creating a humane work environment that allows people to achieve a balance between work and personal life is also a great high-level motivator. a. True b. False
True
15. Factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth are called motivators. a. True b. False
True
18. The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear. Providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels. a. True b. False
True
20. A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy. a. True b. False
True
21. The group of theories that explain how employees meet their needs and determine their success are called process theories. a. True b. False
True
23. Goal acceptance, in goal-setting theory, means that employees have to "buy into" the goals and be committed to them. a. True b. False
True
24. Goal-setting theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are accepted as valid by subordinates, then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing timely feedback. a. True b. False
True
26. The equity theory focuses on individual's perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others. a. True b. False
True
27. The equity theory, by J. Stacy Adams, states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to inputs for one person is equal to the same ratio for another person. a. True b. False
True
29. Motivation increases, according to the expectancy theory, when the worker believes that the successful performance will result by putting effort into a given task. This is called E-P expectancy. a. True b. False
True
33. Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated, as stated in the Law of Effect. a. True b. False
True
37. Punishment is the imposition of an unpleasant outcome following undesirable behavior. a. True b. False
True
38. One weakness of the use of punishment in organizations is that it fails to indicate the correct behavior. a. True b. False
True
40. Job rotation systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job. a. True b. False
True
42. Job enlargement combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job. a. True b. False
True
43. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an impact on the company or customers refers to task significance. a. True b. False
True
45. Skill variety, task identity, and task significance tend to influence the employee's psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work. a. True b. False
True
49. Organizations that empower employees often reward them based on the results shown in the company's bottom line. a. True b. False
True
5. The arousal, direction and persistence of behavior refers to motivation. a. True b. False
True
91. Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbi? a. E -> P expectancy b. O -> P expectancy c. Valence d. Motivators e. O -> E indicators
Valence
108. _____ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them. a. Vicarious learning b. Self-efficacy c. Self-reinforcement d. Delegation e. Experiential learning
Vicarious learning
132. On the continuum of empowerment, employees who are self-managed: a. give input. b. participate in decisions. c. are responsible for decision process and strategy. d. have no decision discretion. e. make decisions.
are responsible for decision and process strategy
99. The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as: a. avoidance learning. b. punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. extinction. e. inefficient management.
avoidance learning
53. A(n)_____ is an example of an intrinsic reward. a. employee's feelings of self-worth b. pat on the back from your boss c. pay raise d. promotion e. bonus
employee's feelings of self-worth
134. Carla's subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness, connection, and growth. This is an example of employee: a. pay-for-performance. b. delegation. c. empathy. d. apathy. e. engagement.
engagement
66. Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as _____ needs. a. physiological b. existence c. belongingness d. relatedness e. growth
existence
52. A(n)_____ refers to a reward given by another person. a. intrinsic reward b. internal reward c. extrinsic reward d. valued reward e. charity
extrinsic reward
54. Katie dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Mace Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Katie is motivated by: a. extrinsic rewards. b. intrinsic rewards. c. variable rewards. d. all of these. e. none of these.
extrinsic rewards
55. Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow's leaders. Sally is motivated by: a. power factors. b. leadership factors. c. hygiene factors. d. extrinsic rewards. e. intrinsic rewards.
intrinsic rewards
112. Larry is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity. He should try: a. job simplification. b. job enlargement. c. job rotation. d. job enrichment. e. job lay-off.
job rotation
114. Which of these combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job? a. Job simplification b. Job rotation c. Job enrichment d. All of these e. None of these
none of these
138. One of Donovan's best employees has a driving need to be able to attain a high standard of success, to master complex tasks, and to surpass others. Donovan recognizes these acquired needs as defined as: a. the need for accomplishment. b. the need for power. c. the need for affiliation. d. the need for adaptation. e. none of these.
none of these
75. A high need for _____ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland. a. power b. achievement c. affiliation d. success e. expertise
power
67. Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by: a. growth needs. b. existence needs. c. relatedness needs. d. self-actualization needs. e. physiological needs.
relatedness needs
65. According to Maslow, the highest order needs are: a. self-actualization needs. b. physiological needs. c. esteem needs. d. belongingness needs. e. safety needs.
self-actualization needs
111. While job ____ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational technique. a. rotation b. enlargement c. simplification d. characteristics e. enrichment
simplification
119. The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham's model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as: a. autonomy. b. job enlargement. c. skill variety. d. task identity. e. feedback.
skill variety
109. At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of: a. vicarious learning. b. self-efficacy. c. self-reinforcement. d. delegation. e. experiential learning.
vicarious learning
