Mod 2 Endocrine system

The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.

parathyroid hormone

Which of the following triggers the release of glucagon?

prolonged fasting

Oxytocin ________.

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.

runs through the infundibulum

Pheochromocytoma produces symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity. Which of the following is common to both adrenal chromaffin cells and adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system?

secretion of norepinephrine Adrenal chromaffin cells are capable of releasing the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the systemic circulation. Post-ganglionic neurons of the symphathetic nervous system also release norepinephrine.

Which of the following is NOT a step in thyroxine (T4) production?

the diffusion of iodide from blood plasma into the follicular cell

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________.

thymus gland

Glucagon ________.

triggers gluconeogenesis

What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor?

ADH (vasopressin)

Graves' disease

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland.

Which of the following hormone pairs exhibit an antagonistic relationship?

Angiotensin II & ANP Angiotensin II (Ang II) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) produce several opposing (antagonistic) effects. For example, Ang II stimulates secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, while ANP inhibits its secretion. Ang II is a vasoconstrictor while ANP is a vasodilator.

Which of the following statements is true of amino acid-based hormones?

They require a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Secretion of __________ is increased in response to stress.

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from fats and proteins, is due to the action of ________.

cortisol

In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen?

decreased insulin secretion

Glands that secrete their products into surrounding tissue fluids are classified as ______ glands, whereas glands that secrete onto a membrane surface are classified as _____ glands.

endocrine; exocrine

Part complete What type of stimulation controls parathyroid release?

humoral

Acromegaly may be caused by all EXCEPT which of the following? hypersecretion of GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) pancreatic tumor lack of negative feedback by insulin-like growth factors hyposecretion of GH in adulthood

hyposecretion of GH in adulthood

Hyperprolactinemia may be caused by ______.

hyposecretion of dopamine. Dopamine functions as a prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone (PIH). Thus, dopamine hyposecretion would allow excessive secretion of prolactin, resulting in hyperprolactinemia.

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?

hypothalamus

The effect of a hormone on a target cell may be decreased by the presence of ________.

antagonistic hormones

Which of these conditions would promote aldosterone release from the adrenal glands?

A drop in blood pressure would cause the kidney to release renin, a hormone that will eventually promote the release of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.

Adult onset diabetes, diabetes type 2, can best be described using which of the following concepts?

Constantly high blood sugar leads to high insulin release. High amounts of insulin lead to down-regulation of insulin receptors.

Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a "moon face."

Cushing's disease

Which of the following adrenal gland homeostatic imbalances is characterized by persistent elevated blood glucose levels, dramatic losses in muscle and bone protein, and water and salt retention, leading to hypertension and edema?

Cushing's syndrome

Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones?

Excess thyroid hormone would have an inhibitory effect on hypothalamus. This is a negative feedback mechanism.

You may predict that iodized salt may be effective in preventing all EXCEPT which of the following?

Graves disease Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder which results in hyperthyroidism. The condition is caused by autoantibodies which mimic the action of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). Iodized salt cannot prevent Grave's disease.

Addison's disease

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex.

Damage of which of the following brain structures could cause central diabetes insipidus?

Hypothalamus

A patient is being treated by her urologist for a fourth episode of kidney stones. Analysis of the stones shows that they are composed of calcium oxalate. The urologist orders an assay of which hormone?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Inappropriately high levels of PTH may result in excess calcium in the blood, which might precipitate in the urine. The result is renal lithiasis, or kidney stones

If a person's parathyroids are responding properly to a drop in blood calcium, which of the following should result?

The kidneys would be encouraged by PTH to retain more calcium, which would result is less calcium in the urine.

Which cellular organelle is the site of synthesis of amino acid-based hormones? Which cellular organelle is the site of synthesis of steroid hormones?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum; the Golgi apparatus

Which of the following best describes gluconeogenesis?

The term genesis means "to create," and neo means "new," so this term literally means "to create new sugar."

Aldosteronism will cause ______.

decreased secretion of renin Aldosteronism is due to oversecretion of aldosterone. The kidneys release renin, which is converted into angiotensin II, which stimulates aldosterone release. Decreased renin secretion reduces aldosterone secretion.

Which of the following hormones is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress?

epinephrine

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

glucagon

Which pancreatic hormone functions to raise blood glucose levels?

glucagon

Johanna, a 7-year-old girl, is significantly shorter than normal for her age. Her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. Which hormone is recommended?

growth hormone

Hypersecretion of what hormone can produce the effects of gigantism

growth hormone (GH)

Which anterior pituitary hormone does NOT target another endocrine gland?

growth hormone (GH)

Which of the following are symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma?

heart palpitations

A release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) will trigger ________.

increased activation of vitamin D by the kidney

One can predict that a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus would probably have ______.

increased secretion of ANP (atrial natiuretic peptide) increased secretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) excessive thirst

Adrenocortical androgens are normally converted in females into estrogens. However, in adrenogenital syndrome, females develop a beard and a masculine pattern of body hair distribution; this occurs due to ______.

insufficient level of enzymes that convert androgens into estrogens During the end steps of sex hormone, synthesis androstendione is converted into either testosterone or estrogen. If the body lacks the enzyme to convert androstendione to estrogen, the remaining pathway to testosterone will predominate.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________.

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Upon landing at the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, Eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. Which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

melatonin

Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts?

prolactin

Which of the following is correctly matched?

zona reticularis gonadocorticoids

Richard Neis had symptoms of excessive secretion of PTH (high blood calcium levels), and his physicians were certain he had a parathyroid gland tumor. Yet when surgery was performed on his neck, the surgeon could not find the parathyroid glands at all. Where should the surgeon look next to find the tumorous parathyroid gland?

While most parathyroid glands are found on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland, some may be located in other regions of the neck or even in the thorax. The surgeon should check Richard's thoracic cavity, specifically the superior mediastinum.

Which of the following would result from hypoparathyroidism?

a decrease in the release of calcium from bones

Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has exactly the opposite function of __________ secreted by the zona glomerulosa.

aldosterone Aldosterone signals the kidneys to conserve salt and water in response to low blood volume and pressure. It promotes increased reabsorption, and thus decreased urinary excretion, of salt and water. In contrast, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is secreted in response to elevated blood volume and pressure. It promotes increased urinary excretion of salt and water, mainly by inhibiting the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

Which of the cell types would secrete their product if the blood glucose level was rising, as during digestion of a meal?

beta cells

Cushing's syndrome and aldosteronism have the same effects on ______

blood pressure Cushing's syndrome results from excessive exposure to the hormone cortisol. Cortisol increases blood pressure by increasing the sensitivity of the blood vessels to epinephrine and norepinephrine. Aldosteronism occurs due to oversecretion of aldosterone. One function of aldosterone is to indirectly stimulate the reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules into the systemic circulation. This process increases blood volume and thus blood pressure.

The major targets of growth hormone are _______

bones and skeletal muscles

How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?

by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.

cortisol