Mod 6 Test Prep Question Review

List and describe the three phases of gestation

1. Blastogenic Stage: The first 14 days after conception during which rapid cell division occurs. 2. Embryonic Stage- Occurs 2-8 weeks after conception during which the major organ system develops. 3. Fetal Stage- From Week 9 through the end of pregnancy. This stage is a period of rapid growth.

Three Nutrition Concerns for Preschoolers and what steps to take to fix?

1. Iron Deficient Anemia: Causes oxygen in cells to decrease and can lead to lack of energy and ability to learn, decreased immunity, increased risk of disease. Can fix by eating iron fortified cereal or proper amount of meat. 2. Constipation: May be related to medical condition but usually caused by other factors. Fix by increasing fibers through fruits and vegetables, whole grains, cereal and beans. Consume 4-5 cups of fluids daily. 3. Dental Caries (Cavities): Occurs when sugar sits on teeth or gums for an extended period of time. To prevent, never put a baby to bed with sugary drinks and brush teeth regularly with fluoride toothpaste.

What is colostrum?

A thick yellowish substance that is secreted from the breast in the first few days following delivery. It is rich in protein and immune factors.

What are two fatty acids essential for the brain and eye development of newborns?

Arachidonic acid (AA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

Describe in your own words one physiological factor of aging.

Body compositional changes (happens with aging, loss of lean muscle leading to decreased BMR.) skeletal system changes (bone loss related to osteoporosis) digestive system changes (related to lactose malabsorption, and decreased stomach acid) chronic diseases (related to malnutrition and altered nutritional needs) and medications (can lead to loss of taste or smell and can counteract with other medications.)

Nutritional Needs and Concerns of Teens

Brings another period of rapid growth. For females at age 10-13 and males, between 12-15. Appetite increases significantly, but often nutritional needs are not met because teens are often focused on curing hunger and not meeting nutritional needs.

Compression of Morbidity

Delay of disabilities caused by age-related disease

There is a screening tool for the nutrition of the elderly called DETERMINE. What does each letter in the acronym DETERMINE mean?

Disease- Alzhiemer's, cancer, heart disease or others Eating poorly Toothloss Economic hardship Reduced social contact Medications Involuntary weight loss Needs assistance Elderly, older than 80 years of age

What is the process of breast milk production, including the hormones that play a role in that process?

During pregnancy, the body readies breasts for breastfeeding by increasing the amount of fat in the breast tissue and maturation of structure. Hormones stimulate these changes and produce sac-like structures (lobules) in the breast for storage. Oxytocin is hormone important for breastfeeding support. Stimulates lobules which in turn stimulate letdown reflex. Takes 2-3 weeks to have established feeding routine.

Describe the difference between successful and usual aging.

Each describes the effects of one's choices on physical and physiological changes. Usual aging reflects poor lifestyle choices while Successful aging describes changes that occur due to age but not poor lifestyle choices.

All of the following are true of nutrient needs of older adults except: Fluid consumption is adequate Most consume excess sodium Vitamin D is often deficient Quality is more important than quantity

Fluid Consumption

Be familiar with the nutritional needs and concerns of preschoolers, the common feeding difficulties, and the needs of children who require a custom diet plan such as those with a vegetarian diet or children with autism.

Food Jags: Children develop food preferences and often experience jags, desire to eat the same foods or only a certain color at each meal. Good Measure for intake should be 1 tablespoon of fruits, veggies, and meats/beans per year of life. Children have small stomachs and snacks are important. Choose 6 small nutrient dense meals. Beverages other than water can make children feel full. No more than 4-6 oz for children 1-6 and 8-12 oz for children 7-18. Children won't eat vegetables: The more color on the plate, the more nutrients. If a child has a wide variety of diets, a vitamin supplement is not needed. Nutrients should come from food not from a supplement.

All of the following are common during pregnancy and pose minimal risk to mom or baby when managed with some dietary interventions except: Gestational Diabetes Heartburn Constipation Morning Sickness

Gestational Diabetes.

List three foods that should not be given to a child under one year of age. Give the reason not to provide the food to the child after each item listed

Honey: May Contain spores of Clostridium botulinum. Could lead to food borne illness called botulism. Can be fatal to a child under one year. Choking hazard food: Small round foods like grapes or hot dogs, sticky foods like like peanut butter, and hard foods like candy and popcorn Excess Juice: such as apple juice and pear juice. Should never replace milk for calcium source. Cow, Goat, and Unpasteurized Milk: should be avoided due to inability to digest proteins in both cow and goat milk before 1.

Recommended foods for newborns through one year of age. Be sure to include the methods by which new foods are introduced.

Human breast milk or formula should be the only foods given from birth until about 6 months old. Once a baby reaches this age, new foods such as cereals, fruits and vegetables should be introduced one at a time, 7 days apart to monitor allergies.

What are common mineral deficiencies in the diets of school age children?

Lack of calcium, iron and zinc

List two nutritional concerns for school aged children, some likely causes, and remedies.

Lack of regular meal times, excess consumption of saturated fat, increasing incidents of overweight and obesity, early onset of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 Diabetes. Early screening is advised, and treatment includes a balanced diet, and physical activity every day to keep children active.

All aspects of the changing nutritional needs due to aging.

Nutritious diet, exercise, adequate sleep, avoiding poor lifestyle choices (smoking and excess alcohol) can prevent or reverse age related changes. Caloric needs decline in adulthood but nutrition remains important to delay onset of diseases, increase our physical, mental and social well being, improve our immune system and aid in recovery from illness. Diet low in saturated fat and trans fat in conjunction with diet low in cholesterol, simple sugars and sodium. Diet should focus on plant-based foods with minimal processing, fish, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and small amounts of meat. Recommend maintaining a healthy weight through daily exercise, safe food handling. Nutrients Lacking in Older Individuals Diets: Potassium, calcium, vitamin D, Vitamin B12, carotenoids, dietary fiber, and minerals such as iron, zinc and magnesium. To ensure older adults get enough of these nutrients, The DASH DIET was developed. Focus is on using herbs and spices to replace salt and daily consumption of fruits, veggies, three servings of low-fat, dairy free products, and whole grains fortified with vitamin B-12.

What are some of the challenges of feeding preschoolers?

Small stomachs, food jags, frequent snacks, and high taste sensitivity

What are the psychosocial factors of aging?

Social Isolation (lack of family and friend support, which can cause poor intake) Depression (can lead to social withdrawal, poor appetite, weight loss and poor nutrition), Alzheimers/Dementia, (loss of memory, confusion, decreased social contact), and Economic Factors

What does proper nutrition for infants look like? What are the negative effects of inadequate nutrition?

The recommendation is breastfeeding for the first year of life. It is linked to lower risks of ear infections, stomach bugs, diarrhea, respiratory infections, asthma, etc. During the first year, an infant requires more nutrients and calories per pound of body weight than any other period due to rapid growth. Require 2-4 2-4 times more calories per kg of body weight. Both breastmilk and formula are high in fat to provide nutrient dense calories. Can introduce solids at 6 months spacing every 7 days to monitor allergies. Carbs and protein can come from breastmilk, formula and solids. Too much protein is not good for baby, it will stress the kidney. Undernutrition is the risk for not getting adequate nutrients which can result in delayed growth, failure to thrive, and dehydration.

Nutrient needs of a woman during pregnancy

To increase chances of successful pregnancy: adequate dietary intake of nutritional value. For calories, quality is more important than quantity during first trimester. Make sure to eat all minerals and vitamins. Focus on nutrient dense foods and avoid sugary high fat foods. Calorie needs are not doubled, but nutrient needs increase by 50% Calorie needs increase by 20% for the second and third trimester. Healthy weight gain is 25 to 35 pounds for a normal weight pregnancy.