Models of Social Relations and Discrimination

2 percent more

Among families with the same income, education, and family composition, on average Black families pay _____ than white families for physically-identical grocery products.

Zero

Among the largest 69 U.S. metro areas, in how many is the share of small businesses that are Black-owned at least as great as the share of the metro area's population that is Black?

power, employment, markets, Discrimination, social power, intersectionality

Apply these perspectives to understand different views on... Business ______ in society, The ___________ relationship, Economic ______, _____________, inequity, & remedies, Recognizing the importance of ______ _______ connected to race, gender, class, and more (including ______________)

equals, interests, fair, social, Alternative, social relations

Business in Society: Are these interactions among ______ How similar are the _______ of the parties? Are markets ___? Is there _______ power beyond market power? ___________ perspectives = "models of ______ ________" Implications for how we think about... Power, Inequality, Discrimination, Justice

Eurocentric, individualistic, cooperation, community

But maybe these models are ____________ (white)? Variations on ____________ rather than communitarian models of society=(Competition among) interests are central, Leading Black business pioneers=traditional African philosophies of _____________ + love they had for their communities = cooperative advantage, Indigenous and Native models of social relations are probably more strongly oriented towards ____________, relationship, and stewardship; also land sovereignty

Capitalist, institutional power, labor, Patriarchal, Men, women, Racial, Whites, blacks

Class is to Marxism: ___________ hierarchy, ________ uses its institutional power to maintain dominance over ______ Gender is to Feminism: __________ hierarchy, _____ use their institutional power to maintain dominance over _________ Race is to Critical Race Theory: _______ hierarchy (white supremacy), ______ use their institutional power to maintain dominance over ______

social, power, assumptions, dehumanize, clashing, social power,

Conclusions Important to think about _______ relations / _______ relations. What hidden ___________ are embedded in other courses? Question models of neoliberalism / perfect competition What do dominant business narratives obscure? How does business commodify and ___________ labor? (including individual business functions) Helps us understand _________ perspectives and societal debates, Recognize ______ _______ connected to race, gender, class, and more (including intersectionality)

socially, ordinary, interest convergence, white elites, economically, psychologically, end racism, interests, understandings, colorblind, meritocracy

Critical Race Theory: Principles Race is ______ constructed. Racism is ________—"the usual way society does business, the common, everyday experience of most people of color in this country" "_______ __________"—racism serves the interests of ______ ______ (______________) and other whites (______________), so there is little incentive to ____ ______ until interests change Racism will be fought when enough white people see it in their _________. A rejection of traditional liberal ____________ of racism and its remedies. Rejection of __________ and formal equality approaches. Myth of ____________

Neoliberal, Exchange, markets, Pluralist, Alignment, business policy, Unitarism, Balance, rules, Critical, Domination

Four Perspectives: _________ (neoclassical economics)=________ (through _______) _________ (industrial relations)=_________ (through _______ _____ & practice) _________=______ (aided by _____ and institutions) ________ (Marxist, radical, etc.)=____________ (through social power)

Seven

How many Fortune 500 CEOs are Black?

Widespread, Systemic, come, endure, change

Inequalities are: ___________, Multidimensional, Multigenerational, persistent, enduring, reinforcing and interacting, __________ not individual Evidence provides impetus and foundation for thinking about: Where these inequalities _____ from, Why they _______, Provides urgency for need for ______

Neoliberalism, Unitarism, Pluralism, Critical

Lenses for Social Relations ______________: Embrace of ideally-free markets, economic goals, and self-interest Monopolies and market interference (regulation) are bad If a market isn't ideally competitive (fair), fix it If markets are ideally competitive, then it's an individual's personal responsibility to do better __________: Embrace of alignment of interests across parties Markets are not determinative Organizational / managerial choice should be "high-road" win-win strategies and policies More important than power Problem situations are idiosyncratic not systemic; solved organizationally __________: Legitimate stakeholder goals (e.g., efficiency, equity, and voice) with some conflicts of interest Neither markets nor organizations are self- regulating Institutional rules or intervention needed to balance organizational and human needs _________: Prioritization of human objectives Sharp, antagonistic conflicts of interest Dominant group uses its power to maintain dominance Markets as one part of deeper socio-political inequalities Institutional intervention can be helpful, but ultimately need systemic reform

Neoliberalism, capitalist, market, self-interested, desired, competitive, Autonomous, welfare, freedom, optimally, efficiency, resources, supply, demand

Perspective #1: _____________ / Mainstream Economics / Laissez-faire (The Tree of Prosperity) The _________ economy is a network of ________ transactions among ____-________, autonomous, equal agents that trade with each other when ________. Economic markets are perfectly _____________, and competition is key. _____________, equal agents pursuing their self-interest maximize their own ________. Serves individual _________ and autonomy, Scarce resources are __________ allocated, Serves overall __________. Business as a profit-maximizing bundle of ________ in a free-market economy Responding to ______ and ________ in input and output markets

Unitarism, web, policies, interests, practices, inherent, determinative, high-road, goodwill, relationships, commodities

Perspective #2: __________ (Capital & Labor) The capitalist economy is a ____ of transactions relationships among people and organizations with interests that can be aligned with the right ________ and practices Unitarism = unity of ________. Can be an idiosyncratic conflict but it stems from a failure in _________. Conflict of interests not _________ in the system. Economic markets are not __________. Business has discretion, ideally chooses "____-_____" strategies. Emphasis on _________, reciprocity, and harmony. Need to train and educate managers in building win-win ___________ rather than transacting ____________.

Pluralism, web, varied, conflicting, legitimate, rarely, power, destructive, many, unionized shareholders, frictions, self-regulating, good

Perspective #3: __________ / Industrial Relations / Old Institutional Economics (Bringing Home the Turkey) The capitalist economy is a ____ of relationships among people and organizations with interests that can be aligned but are _______ (some align-able, some ___________) Pluralism = respecting all interests as ___________. Economic markets are ______ perfectly competitive Large corporations have persistent market ______ over individual workers and small business. Unfettered competition becomes __________, benefiting few at the expense of _____. Business as "________ __________" seeking to exploit market ________. Capitalism is not ____-_______; need human-created rules to "save Capitalism by making it _____"

Critical, hierarchical, capital, labor, unequal, exploitation, fiction, social, dominance, labor, institution, Unequal, capitalism

Perspective #4: ________ / Marxism / Radicalism / Heterodox Economics (Lady Justice) The capitalist economy is a ___________ relationship between the owners of the means of production (_______) and those who have to work to survive (______). Economic markets are inherently _________ because of capital's economic and social power. Competition among organizations leads to the ___________ of labor. Cannot separate economic markets from other ______ ________, and worker freedom is a _______. Business as a powerful _______ actor that uses its power to maintain its _____________ at the expense of ______. Not a purely economic ____________, ________ social relations are a fundamental feature of ___________

everywhere, Europe, 50, majority, 145, minority

Resume Studies: Nearly 150 resume studies on race/ethnicity worldwide. Discrimination against non-Whites is ____________; it's found against every non-White group in every country in ________. Overall, Whites receive about ___% more callbacks than non-Whites on average. Some studies go through the job offer stage and _________ applicants receive ____% more job offers than comparable __________ applicants

75%

Think about average earnings among Black workers and white workers. Average Black earnings are about ___ as high as average white earnings.

Less than 25%

Think about the average household wealth for Black families and white families. Average Black wealth is ___ as high as average white wealth.

older, chronological age, stressful, 7.5, socioeconomic, lower

Weathering: Black individuals may be biologically _____ than whites of the same __________ ____ because of the cumulative effect of _________ environments. At ages 49-55, Black women are ___ years biologically "older" than white women. There is an even greater difference when ______________ status is _____

Around WWII (1940s)

When did persistently higher Black unemployment rates start?

pollution, higher, 14, 9

Your likelihood of living near a facility that emits _________ at a level above health guidelines is ______ if you are a person of color or indigenous (___%), or lower income (__%).

Unbanked, no, Fully Banked, has, Partially Banked, has, alternative

_________: ___ checking, savings, or money market account (11%) ____ ______: ____ a checking, savings, or money market account (-32%) ________ ______: ___ a checking, savings, or money market account but still has to use __________ financial services (e.g., check cashing service, pawn shop loan, payday loan, paycheck advance) (21%)

perceived, judgements, information, statistical discrimination, self-interest, discrimination, racial, statistical, racist ideas,

A Note on Statistical Discrimination: Using __________ group characteristics to make ____________ in the absence of _____________ about a specific person (e.g., assuming that parents of young children will be absent more frequently) As a concept, _________ ____________ is useful for thinking about how seemingly- benign ____-_______ can lead to racial and other forms of ______________. But attempts to explain broad-based ______ discrimination as __________ discrimination ignore the underlying ______ _____.