Modern Architecture - First Third

Chiswick House

1725+ Chiswick Lord Burlington and William Kent -colonnade - row of -columns -hold up portico -palladium window form - arched

Wainwright Building

Adler & Sullivan St. Louis, MO 1890-1891 -culmination of the modern skyscraper -steel frame fireproofed by brick and terracotta sheathing -reinforced concrete raft foundation supporting the column loads -all office partitions are moveable -plate-glass windows for ground-floor shops -form allows function in plan and elevation Clarence Blackall Outsider architect Known for building outdoor theatres Boston's first steel-framed skyscraper Steel frame exposed Different bands of colors of brick and terracotta Only one bay on the side Efficient use of space with the steel frame A load bearing design would have had too thick of walls

Muller House

Adolf Loos Prague 1930 Open roof element Windows Not symmetrical Only a few stories Not many Building is a basic cube with open top at the back Number of floors is indistinguishable 3 or 5 Diagonal floor Breaking up the idea of clear floors Raumplan Idea that floors should take up as much space as they need to and not more Design with this approach Questioning the basics of what a house is Rather than interior decoration Use of fine materials Marble clad

Steiner House

Adolf Loos Vienna, Austria 1910 "Ornament and Crime" - 1910 House designs are a way for architects to establish principles and have more freedom In planned neighborhood Requirements for the front of the house Two stories Windows Vienna, Austria 1910 Front of the house in the cutaway Roof form curve at top Front is on the left Garden facade Windows Recessed into the wall No clear sill and lintel Just a hole punched in the wall Roof Just a thin edge Very flat Symmetrical and machine like Ornament and Crime 1910 Talk, essay, publication Loos started in Art Nouveau, Jugendstil, rejected Any type of architectural ornament Superfluous and unneeded Crime against society and good taste Against what is important in design

Eiffel Tower

Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel Paris, France 1889 Designed for World's Fair 1889 Related to Crystal Palace Speculative enterprise Stocks tied to anticipated ticket sales Funded tower Paris is very horizontal city previously Challenges traditional design of city Protest by 300 intellectuals of Paris, protest tower Eiffel - managing director

Casa Mila

Antoni Gaudi Barcelona, Spain 1907 Art Nouveau Apt block he designed No bays clearly defined Organic balcony lines - wrought iron Curvilinear lines, uneven Top = sculpture garden Columns look like bones Parabolic arches in hallways Catalan Modernism - Spain

Citta Nuova

Antonio Saint'Elia 1914 train and plane station for project for Citta Nuova black ink on paper Musei Civici, Como. Imagined city of future Multimodal transport hub How do you bring these elements together?

Apartment House at 25 Rue

Auguste Perret Franklin, Paris 1902 reinforced concrete Reshape building Light comes in from front No light well Illuminates floors Residential development

Glass Pavilion

Bruno Taut Werkbund Exhibition, Cologne 1914 Go up stairs into center and side stairs Showcase room inside Looks like an acorn Industrial steel railings Materials Glass block for industrial purposes Recreation of buildings long gone Acorn dome could have been lit from interior Stepping waterfall down center Mystical view of design - Taut Future when cities all buildings built of glass Possibilities of glass in construction Deustcher Werkbund after end of second World War Weissenhof Estate Influences Bauhaus school

Britz-Seidlung

Bruno Taut and Martin Wagner 1928 Building has horseshoe shape Encloses an interior space with lawn Small pond Backyards look into sheltered interior Shelter from seasons Large scale dense housing complex w/ emotional characteristic

Monadnock Building

Burnham & Root Chicago 1884-1885, 1889-1992 -first vertical skyscraper -first use of aluminum as a building material One idea for the building was Egyptian Revival Cut decorative details for budget Hypostyle hall Thickness of walls, deep set windows Load bearing masonry - tallest style building in the world Disadvantages of load bearing walls Lots of stone/brick Small windows Staircases of cast aluminum

Houses of Parliament

Charles Barry & A.W.N. Pugin 1840s stylistic nationalism Gothic revival movement in England nationalist undertones Pugin propaganda efforts Gothic basic design elements Towers - spiky Windows - painted arch Not usually symmetrical/logical But very careful in this structure Long straight hallways Gridded courtyards

Glasgow School of Art

Charles Rennie Mackintosh Glasgow, Scotland 1897-1899 Arts and Crafts Nothing painted Round arches Walls hav huge windows Lots of metal work Interior Celebrates wood joinery Japanese design Western culture and importance Lights hanging from ceiling Fire destroyed 2014, 2018

World's Columbian Exposition

Daniel Burnham, Frederick Law Olmsted, Charles McKim Chicago 1893 401 years after Columbus "discovered" America Huge space in center for exposition Olmsted - designer important in public spaces Amazing building conglomeration Unify grounds with a single cornice line Staph buildings Plaster of paris Only meant to last for a couple of years Then torn down Temporary display and function Large gardens, water Style - neoclassical Classical origins White buildings World's attention to Chicago Backwards European influenced classical architecture Sullivan despised this, called it a sham Betrayal of ideas Overshadows skyscraper development in Chicago

Equitable Building

E. R. Graham New York 1912-1915 -classical details and cornice -47 stories -winter shadow covered 7.5 acres -triggered passage of setback laws in NYC -setback laws 1916-1961 Huge mass of building Huge rectangle of stone - suddenly seems threatening to New Yorkers Winter shadow that covers 7 and a half acres of downtown NY Triggers the passage of the setback laws Very influential in the art deco movement of the 20s and 30s

Einstein tower

Erich Mendelsohn Potsdam 1920-1924 Built as a scientific research laboratory Main goal was to begin to understand the ideas of Einstein Investigate whole new universe Observatory at the top Laboratory on the bottom Connect lab and observatory In countryside away from city lights for observatory Materials of this building Smooth curvilinear characteristics of the wall Not concrete Built with brick and then covered in stucco Concrete is cheaper generally Floorplan Tower goes up to observatory at top

The Primitive Hut

Essay on Architecture (1753) Marc-Antoinie Laugier Returning all subjects to their 'Natural' origins -One illustration - front -Not architect, he was a Jesuit -Primitive hut - theorized that everything is modeled on the primitive hut design -Away from neoclassical style Important characteristic of modernism -Pointing towards structure

Cenotaph for Newton

Etienne-Louis Boullee 1784 Architect and builder Conceive idea of building Sphere on platform Planetarium Plan for a city of the dead

Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia

Frank Furness 1871-1876 Furness - student in the atelier of Richard Morris Hunt Combines neoclassical and gothic arches Metal girders held up by metal columns Painted to not look like metal Iron work mimics stone work Floating columns

Larkin Soap Company Administration Building

Frank Lloyd Wright Buffalo, NY 1904 (demol.) -first air-conditioned office building Almost Egyptian with the unmarked pylons Simplified orbs Obelisks Pylons were staircases and system for air conditioning Evolution of American office Interior Center light court Seating areas Close packed desks Women are taking orders and sending them out Secretarial level Above it - few offices Rectangular form with open areas Walkways above Decorative elements Sayings written in building No direct light from top - doesn't get too hot How desks are organized Desks go all the way across the space Desks made to seat 6 people Two executives share a secretary On each side of table Very regimented environment Men in dark suits Women in white blouses Carefully watched by supervisor Panopticon theme Impt boss watches over Women are typing - manual typewriters Din - loud Chaos

Robie House

Frank Lloyd Wright Chicago, IL 1907-1909 -Prairie Style -Wassmuth Portfolio 1910 Robie Young wealthy tech entrepreneur Bicycle manufacturer Got house lot in Chicago Far corner had a park Wanted a view Protection from rest of the city Drawing covered with vines and foliage - actual house doesn't Long horizontal lines Amazing covered area over outside patio Not practical Can only be used for about 6 months of the year Gives strong character Long strong overhang Main material Brick These are not Boston bricks Roman bricks Long and narrow More horizontal lines Cast stone Halfway between terracotta and concrete Durable Main accent and makes those lines show up Bank of ribbon windows Light streams in Gives the homeowner barrier against the city and people walking by Main living area is upper floor Can't see into that floor from the ground Strong texture Wright designed the furniture for the room Chose the rug, lamps, art Some architects edit down the customer's furniture to design the room Wright chair Long vertical lines Interact with horizontal lines Builtins along the walls Builtin lights Reliable electricity Ground plan Incorporate garage into design 3 bay garage Enter the house via the lane - park in garage and enter house from side Design planes Not a set of boxes Jagged abstract lines in motion Genius of Wright and draftspeople Way of presenting the ground plan No rooms are labeled Very accessible to other languages to understand Grand dining room and living room Center is the fireplace Stairway up to second level Kitchen and service rooms Ground Second floor Above garage - rooms for house servants Guest quarters Living dining room Third floor Master bedroom, children room, guestroom

Central Park

Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux New York City 1860 combines axial and naturalistic landscape forms Axial and naturalistic landscape forms Central Park Combat frenzy of city and work life Olmsted - Boston Emerald Necklace String of connected parks

Parisian Boulevards

Georges Hausmann under Napoleon III 1853-1870 wide boulevards and new squares, parks, and buildings 150 km of new boulevards streets have coherent facades and uniform square section harder to be attacked Modernize Paris Wide Parisian boulevards Water, gas, sewer - public services See Paris at most modern city in world Ultimate modernity Gas street lamps After long history of uprising Large amount of troops move through easily

Gamble House

Greene and Greene Pasadena, CA 1909 -arts and crafts style uses natural elements -shows the marks of hand and tool, anti-machine Type of house - bungalow Large version of the bungalow Build ins Woodworking details Turn of the 20th century American bungalow High style version of bungalow Bungalow style Verandas Greene brothers built Built in details Honesty in materials Rafter tails exposed Decorative Interesting shadows Pasadena, CA 1909 All elements designed per Arts and Crafts style Verandas designed California style Use of Redwood Resilient, red Interior surface material Tapered areas - Japanese design Pacific Rim world Exposed framework Wood joinery on exterior Interiors Ties Inglenook Little room/indentation with fireplace

Marshall Field Store

H. H. Richardson Chicago, IL 1885-1887 -demolished in 1935 -load bearing stone masonry exterior walls w/ internal steel framing -full city block w/ inner courtyard -unified architectural interior w/ stripped-down Romanesque forma and roofline -highly influential w/ Chicago architects Internal steel framing Occupied entire block in downtown Chicago How do you scale up? Not much decoration, not polychrome Organized w/ arch elements Segmental arch - 1/8 of circle Slight arch Stacked palazzo Palazzo - palace built in early Renaissance standard for large public buildings

Amsterdam Stock Exchange

H.P. Berlage Amsterdam 1897-1903 Exterior massing of the building Notice the strict form of the building Uses corner towers and stair towers and other elements to give the building a sense of variety Not overt decoration that you might see in other buildings of this time period Decade before Peter Behrens Glass panels on the roofline Clearly expressed metal frame holding up the roof Large open interior space Fascinated by work of Frank Lloyd Wright Writes about Wright's work for european publications Moves modernism forward Wassmuth Portfolio Bring Wright's ideas to European modernists

Stations of the Metropolitan

Hector Guimard Paris 1901 Art Nouveau New technology and new design Curvilinear lines Organic Possibilities of wrough iron design Railing - cross section of organic drawing Plant like elements Frosted glass

Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve

Henri Labrouste Paris, France 1843-1850 Light to maximize natural light electric/gas light dangerous w/ books Indirect light Composite concrete columns Light cast iron architecture Exterior - square building w/ windows on top level Cast iron not encased/hidden Celebrated! Gives vast open space Stone panels on exterior Interior w/ forms In stone wall - metal pieces Labrouste builds other libraries Bibliotheque Nationale Portholes in ceiling Light comes down like Pantheon Neoclassical details column Metal bust Complicated roof

Freudenberg House

Herman Muthesius Berlin, Germany 1907-1908 -Arts and Crafts style transferred to Germany Went to England and like Arts Crafts style - published manuscript about style in Germany Local vernacular Exposed timbers Chalet style Patterned bricks Pretty balanced Two wings Reflect each other Status of German Arts and Culture Politics in 19th century Before 1800 Idea of Germany was nonexistent No political union - just common language Germans ambitious Needed to have national identity in arts and architecture Embracing their own version of Art Nouveau Jugendstil

Pantheon (Sainte-Genevieve)

Jacques-Germain Soufflot Paris, France 1755-1792 originally built, according to Laugier's principles - freestanding columns and lintels for roofs, encased in a load bearing masonry Greek cross form, Roman Pantheon inspired portico Gothic buttresses are used within the walls three-shelled dome, outer shell of stone held together with iron rods and encased in lead sheets Stone reinforced by iron straps Breaking away from conventional architecture Center - Leon Focault pendulum Center ideas about science, not religion Rousseau's tomb in crypt

Panopticon

Jeremy Bentham 1785 Architecture of sensation for reforming prisons Crimes - maiming, execution, punishments Prison - after enlightenment, reforms punishment Ideal prison Cylinder building Guard tower in center - see into each cell Weight of observation - fall to knees and pray from observing others Michel Focault - Discipline and Punish Overarching state that monitors Induce consciousness and permanent visibility Metaphor for society we live in Mechanism of power reduced to its ideal form How architecture encapsulates / wields power?

Haughwout Building

John P. Gaynor & Daniel Badger New York, NY 1857 Gaynor - architect Badger - manufacturer cast iron facades and frame, so much weight from facade first practical steam driven passenger elevator as a novelty Cast iron facade Gayner - architect, Badger - manufacturer Building on prominent corner Who's paying for these buildings? Private developers Steam driven passenger elevator Viable economically Selling point Components of sky scraper Metal construction Glass walls Passenger elevator Cast iron - fire resistant, not proof Shatters if hit w/ water from firehose Not practical long term houses

Brooklyn Bridge

John, Washington, and Emily Roebling New York 1869-1883 first extensive use of caissons, cable spider stripped down architectural form of the massive stone piers carrying delicate web of structural engineering John was dad, died Had ideas for bridge Washington got ill, the bends Emily was a trained architect and finished it Caissons - metal box, hollow, float in river and sink to bottom Build pier in moving water Previously used divers Pressurize caisson - remove water Dig down to stable level Build form of bridge on top of it Style of arch - Gothic, pointed

Palais Stoclet

Josef Hoffman Brussels, Belgium 1905-1911 Late Art Nouveau Rectilinear w/ curvilinear accents Klimt - murals Marble facades on walls Klimt - rectilinear male, curvilinear female

Secession Building

Joseph Maria Olbrich Vienna 1897-1898 Art Nouveau Withdrawing from conservative Vienna art world, neoclassicism More symmetrical and rectilinear design sphere/dome on top Filigree gold - like a jewel on a ring Organic filigree elements on doorway

Crystal Palace

Joseph Paxton London, England 1850-1851 cast iron, building enlarged and relocated to Sydenham new materials and technologies 1852-1854, Burned. Cast iron and glass Challenging what architecture is London important society in globe First World's Fair Crystal Palace Exhibition No time/resources for large stone buildings Temporary Paxton had previously built large greenhouses Interior metal frame Cast iron instead of stone Conservatory - large greenhouse Scale up construction project quickly Efficiencies of scale Metal framework of building Glass in arches Glazier wagons fit on girder, loaded up w/ glass 6 million visitors in 6 months Visibility of this building Filled hallways Impact on architectural history Can a utilitarian structure be considered a piece of architecture?

Altes Museum

Karl Friedrich Schinkel Berlin, Germany 1822-1830 nationalistic neoclassicism Build building to house a museum New typologies (typology) New types of buildings 19th c. - museum, asylum, skyscraper Specific goals, find architectural way to fulfill it Front is long colonnade Around Agora - central market Large open porches Stoa - people gather Philosophers met students Center is large dome - skylight Based on pantheon in Rome Political ends Combo of Greek and Roman influences, represents classical ideas

DOM-ino system

Le Corbusier 1915 Domicile could be restricted Building a series of floorplates held up on columns Ground floor should be raised above ground Ground is unhealthful Need to connect via staircase Rooftop garden

Toward an Architecture

Le Corbusier 1923 Vers Une Architecture Compares buildings and automobiles Gives engineering an architectural characteristic Cover Ocean liner Celebrated by Europeans Perfect kind of design

Villa Savoye

Le Corbusier France 1929

National Farmers' Bank

Louis Sullivan Owatonna, MN 1907-1908 Sullivan fell on hard times Starts building small banks in Midwest Owatonna, MN Looks like treasure box Jewel box, strong box Terracotta, murals on walls Single round arch - Romanesque

Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co. (Schlesinger & Mayer) Store

Louis Sullivan Chicago 1898-1904 -form follows function: emphasis shifts to the horizontal -base and tower articulated differently Department store - things on display Don't leave with items Later shipped to you after ordering in store Flagship department stores Warehouses Satellite department stores Sell same kinds of material Building with 3 facades Long facade Shorter facade Corner rounded column facade Focused on corner entry point Only first floors dept store displays Upper area Secretaries fill out order forms Young women from rural countryside find jobs Space used for filling orders Sending things out Incredibly elaborate designs with decoration in terracotta Emphasis on horizontality Already a large building Chicago windows w/ sash windows

Boston Public Library

McKim, Mead, and White Copley Square 1895 Beaux Arts Planning Sainte-Genevieve comparison Italian immigrant Lightweight tile attached to metal framework of ceiling Ecole des Beaux Arts BPL anchor of Copley Square

Eigen Haard Housing Estate

Michel de Klerk Amsterdam 1921 Rectangular block of apartments Corner sticks out like a nose Bulbous swelling of the wall Window brings light in Great perspective Top level Curvilinear forms Windows come out of the wall Horizontal lines Usually define breaks between floors Multiple lines on this building Puzzling form overall Sculptural, curvilinear, emotional Building that doesn't look like other kinds of buildings View of tower Looks like a church Architectural element in an area without a church Sense of residential space Interiors Look forward to Art Nouveau - mixing of elements Rounded elements Sculptural elements Round balcony Block of houses Look like faces Eyes in corners Don't follow ways of classic or gothic architecture

ideal town of Chaux

Nicholas Ledoux

Post Office Savings Bank

Otto Wagner Vienna 1904-1906 Art Nouveau Checkerboard Monumental statues on roofline Abstract center exterior Interior Combo bank and post office (Europe) Iron and glass canopy above Light into center Columns steel girders Floor is also glass Light goes through floor Multiple floors Columns - rivets exposed Lights in metal bands 1890s - electricity

A.E.G. Turbine Factory

Peter Behrens Berlin 1909 -Behrens - architect and industrial designer -rejected the Jugendstil and became co-founder of German Werkbund -employed Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier as draftsmen, Wasmuth Portfolio 1910 -first industrial designer -designed everything for AEG Practical elements Becomes industrial designer Characteristic of 20th century Designed logo, product exterior, etc for AEG Cofounder of German Werkbund Make Germany center of industrial design Huge industrial motors Move them through center of building Assembly line Interior Set of steel columns that hold up rails Industrial crane located Utilitarian, not high art Electrical light - but limited for a factory Uses maximum of natural light Exterior Concrete foundation walls of the building Flexible foot - metal hinge - pins steel trusses on side of building Overall shape of the building Long rectangular building Two sided view Parthenon in Athens Steel beams are like columns Brick material But not load bearing Huge panel of glass Visual Roof has different panes for rounded effect there Looks like large industrial bolt Head and shaft on end

Red House

Philip Webb & William Morris 1859-1865 Arts and Crafts regionalist vernacular birthplace of arts and crafts Revival of regionalist vernacular sympathies English Free Style Brick - but not uniform Warm, modeled, multi-colored Patterns Shape - L-shaped Non uniform windows Pointed arches and rounded portholes Different forms and expansions The Morris Families Stained glass Staircase - gothic/neoclassic Focus on materials Wood

The Marble (WK Vanderbilt) House

Richard Morris Hunt 1888-1892 Newport, RI first American architect to train at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris classical wide pointed arches - Gothic Wealthy Americans replicating European styles American demonstration that they have mastered all of these styles

Green Dining Room

South Kensington Museum William Morris London, England 1867 Arts and Crafts Didactic Patterns! Wallpaper blocks Everything is designed Victorian clutter Book design in Arts/Crafts movement

The Architect's Dream

Thomas Cole 1840 stylistic eclecticism Hudson Valley - Romantic landscape Special importance to America Settling into new landscapes as a nation Architect on perch surrounded by drawings, books, seeing the world in his dreams Understand enough or architectural history Everything available Pyramid in background Hippostyle wall Gates, obelisks Roman aqueduct arches Greekt temple - steps on all sides Xolos temple Ancient classical architecture Brilliantly lit Dark Gothic dark ages not denigrating About mystery Light of enlightenment vs gothic dark mystery All of these styles now available to architects to use All types of revivals

Rotunda, University of Virginia

Thomas Jefferson 1823-1827 didactic neoclassicism based on Roman pantheon

Tassel House

Victor Horta Brussels, Belgium 1892-1893 Art Nouveau Belgium - design leader time period Political reasons European countries divided Africa into spheres of influence - Belgium very colonial Wealth from colonies Relatively conservative face Row house - one building within a row of buildings, no side windows Only windows on front and back English Arts Crafts wallpapers Foyer Tassel House Organic lines Strong diagonals in staircase Everything is designed Floor tiles, painted ceiling Columns Usually stone columns Wrought iron here No Greek or any order of columns Base, shaft, capital Columns have tendrils at the top Metal in interior Openly embraced design ideas Horta building houses for progressives, elite group

Fagus Shoe Factory

Walter Gropius and Adolph Meyer Alfeld, Germany 1911-1913 -one of the earliest glass curtain facades Element at the end Prevents you from looking at it like it's symmetrical The wall is mostly glass Notoriety Corners See through glass elements Not holding any weight Internal columns support the building Curtain of glass hung from the corners One of the first glass curtain walls Not high style building Factory building Reinforced concrete structure Fully glazed corners Glazier - someone who works on windows Windows on both sides of corners

Home Insurance Building

William LeBaron Jenney Chicago, IL 1883 -first skyscraper -cast iron reinforcement of structural masonry piers -iron frame third floor and above only -Jenney trained Daniel Burnham, Louis Sullivan, William Holabird, Martin Roche Cast iron frame Masonry base Strong horizontal lines First skyscraper: Organization from bottom to top last stories added later on Stacked palazzos Italian palazzo - form of large massive block