Modern European - Chapter 16
Describe the concept of the reading revolution
The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Reading more books on many more subjects, the educated public approached reading in a new way.
Describe the reactions of religious institutions to Copernicus's theories; especially consequences for Galileo
by 1616 though the church deemed Copernican theory as false and persecuted those that supported it (e.g. Galileo)
Explain the development of the concept of racism and how it was used in Europe
came from the SR's urge to classify nature and group humans into an "order" or races
Describe Newton's impact on the Scientific Revolution
combined Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo's theories into one overarching theory to explain universe; one coherent system principal of universal gravitation: Principa 1687 Natural laws of motion: unchangeable and unpredictable so God's active participation not needed; foundation for enlightenment view of deism
Know Francis Bacon's theories
formalized empirical method; empiricism inductive method: began w observation, formed hypothesis, conducted experiment, organized data formed backbone of scientific method
Understand what change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement
led by moses Mendelssohn; advocated for freedom of the Jews; used Enlightenment principles to argue against religious grounds Josephs II passed reforms to allow for greater freedoms for Jews in European communities
Know and explain the beliefs of Madame du Châtelet
longtime companion of Voltaire; studied physics and math; translated Principia into French
Understand why Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform didn't come to fruition
never achieved domestic reforms, cruelly put down Pugachev Rebellion 1773-4
Describe Catherine the Great's rise to power; identify her international support
not Russian, German princess who married Peter III, who died soon after; envisioned a westernized Russia with Enlightenment ideas
Understand Voltaire's attitude towards the government
the best one could hope for in a government was a god monarch; human beings "are very rarely worthy to govern themselves"
Identify the central concept of the Enlightenment
The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.
Describe what Empress Maria Theresa did to improve the rural economy
advocated for welfare of peasants and serfs; reduced nobles power over their serfs
Explain the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment
an ideal intellectual space where the public could discuss issues relating to society, economics, and politics
Explain how Enlightenment thinkers differed from those during the Middle Ages and Renaissance
believed they had surpassed antiquity; ushering in a new era of progress human problems could be addressed through methods of science
Identify one of the greatest achievements of the Enlightenment
encyclopedia
Describe the political reactions to new scientific developments
established academics of science to support research scientific societies created a means by which scientists could communicate with each other internationally Royal Society (England)
Describe Copernicus's theory of the universe
heliocentric view: argued earth revolved around the sun and sun was center of universe directly challenge Ptolemy's 2nd century view of geocentric universe; also challenged Book of Genesis in Bible
Understand the characteristics of rococo art
known for soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits
Identify the areas that participated int he partitioning of Poland (pg. 509 map)
with war looming agreement was made to divide parts of Poland amongst Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Name the authors of On Crimes and Punishment and the purpose of the work
Cesare Beccaria - condemned torture and the death penalty and advocated for penal reform
Define deism and the clock theory associated with the concept
Deism pictures God as the great "clockmaker" who created the clock, wound it up, and let it go. A deist believes that God exists and created the world, but does not interfere with His creation.
Identify the editors of Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Explain why Leopold II canceled his brother's edicts
Leopold cancelled his reforms to restore order in Austria
Know who wrote and what the theories were in Historical and Critical Dictionary
Pierre Bayle; shows that human beliefs had been varied and mistaken believed that nothing can be known beyond all doubt, known as skepticism
Describe the Republic of Letters
set of networks stretching form western Europe to its colonies in the Americas, to Russia and eastern Europe, to Asia and Africa; constant exchange of ideas via visits, letters, and printed materials
Explain Rene Descartes theory of nature
Discourse on Method advocated deductive reasoning proof depended on logic alone Cartesian Dualism: divided all existence into the spiritual and the material universe functions in mechanistic fashion every action had to have a equal reaction
Explain why slavery increased in the eighteenth century
Europeans had longed grouped people into "nations" based on political and cultural affiliations; Europeans were ethnocentric now differing racial classifications led them to believe they ere also biologically superior = scientific racism
Understand why the Enlightenment developed first and the most in France
French revolution
Describe natural philosophy
a term for the study of the nature of the universe. it is what we call science today.
Explain the theories proposed by John Locke in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding
all ideas come from experience contributed to sensationalism; "clean slate"
Identify the goal of Galileo's experimental method
pioneered by Galileo, the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation. Rather than speculate about what might or should happen, Galileo conducted experiments to find out what really did happen.
Know the theories developed by Johannes Kepler
planets movements are elliptical, not circular planets do not move at uniform speed the time a planet takes to orbit is related to the distance from the sun
Identify the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia
published the 17 volume Encyclopedia; thousands of articles on variety of topics Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert = editors
Explain the response from people to Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
reforms induced resistance form landowners, clergy, and even peasants who distributed his motives
Describe the significance of the salons
regular meetings held in private homes; elegant and wealthy settings; often hosted by women encouraged discussions of science, literature, and philosophy; philosophers, nobles, and members of upper classes intermingled salons were often ornately decorated in rococo style
Describe the enlightened theories of Frederick II of Prussia
simplified laws to increase efficiency of legal system and strengthen his own power; modernized the concept of state by strengthening institutions of the bureaucracy, law and army; abolished torture
Describe Rousseau's beliefs in regards to women and the general will
thought gender roles should be sharply divided; women should be subordinate to men and passive in social situations General Will= sacred and absolute reflecting the common interest of the people although not necessarily the will of the majority