Module 1 All!!!!!!!!!

What makes scientific investigations similar to other types of investigations?

-All share steps of the scientific method (question, conducting research, or analyzing data).

What is pseudoscience?

-non-science that falsely portrays itself as real science. -copies parts of real science or ignores sections of the scientific method within an investigation. Even a tiny mistake can turn a scientific explanation into a pseudoscientific claim. ex. do students prefer the taste of a particular type of soda. If scientists conduct their tests on students and allow them to see the color of the soda they are testing, then their results are unreliable. There is bias in their results. color might affect their opinion!

How do magnetic forces repel or attract?

-opposite poles attract -same poles push each other away

What is empiracle evidence?

-results of tests! The data collected can be observed or measured through experimentation. -can be replicated or reproduced

Practice!

1. If mass stays same, volume decreases density increases! 2. If mass is measured in kilograms and the volume in cubic centimeters, what is the density unit? kg/cm3

Describe the steps of the scientific method.

1. Question: begin with an observation and a question about it. guides the investigation and helps you know what knowledge you are trying to find. ex. How do we get energy from sunlight? 2. Research. Find resources that will give you information about your question. Someone may have researched it before! Previous investigations into the topic may lead you to new questions that need answers 3. Hypothesis (if/then). an educated guess, prediction, or proposed explanation based on some research or observation. -gives you variables to test in the investigations. For example, "If my plant receives three hours of sunlight a day, then it will grow as expected." 4. Testing. allows you to test your hypothesis and see if it is a correct or incorrect prediction of your outcome. -collect data (recorded on a table or organized fashion). -have clear and concise procedures to follow (so people can reproduce it!) If your procedures are not allowing you to test your hypothesis, you must correct them. Variable-factor within an experiment that will vary or change. All factors should be the same, with the exception of the variable. For instance, if you want to know if plants grow better in red light, all need the same soil, same amount of water, same amount of light. Only the color of the light should change in the experiment. 5. Analysis. results need to be analyzed to determine if the outcome supports your hypothesis. To do this interpret the data, create graphs or charts, or even use mathematics to make connections between the variables. The goal is for the scientist to make inferences about their experimental data.

What components are needed in an experiment?

1. Question: should lead to research topics so background information can be gathered. ex. How much phone data do teens use on a daily basis? 2. Research: helps drive the focus of the experiment. With enough research or understanding about the topic, a hypothesis, or a prediction of the answer to the question, can be developed. ex. average daily phone data; phone data usage by teens; popular phone apps that use a lot of data 3. Hypothesis: testable, so you are able to conduct a trial-and-error process to gather the data you need in order to evaluate your hypothesis. Ex. If teens have four or more social media or game apps,then they will use at least 50 megabytes of data a day. 4. Experiment: done to test a hypothesis. ex. Procedure, Data, Conclusion It describes: -materials used -steps followed to collect their data -necessary variables under investigation -accurate record of the data. -Wrapped up with a conclusion.

What is a cylinder? Give an example of an object that's a cylinder.

A solid shape with one curved surface and two circular bases. Ex. Soda Can Cylinder Volume = Pi • radius squared • can height V = πr2h

What is radius? When might you need to measure an object's radius?

A straight line from the center to the circumference of a circle or sphere (it is half the diameter!) You need radius to find the volume of a cylinder, cone or sphere (bc they all involve circles!)

What is the formula for measuring density of all matter? Explain how this formula works.

Density=mass/volume Density is calculated by dividing an object's mass by its volume. If you are given density, you can also use the formula to find mass or volume

If we triple the mass of an object, what will happen to the weight?

A: The weight will also triple, because there is a proportional relationship between mass and weight.

Define inference and explain how it is used to form conclusions.

An inference is a conclusion derived from evidence and logical reasoning. Once a conclusion is made, you can communicate your results, or use the results to help you do new investigations.

Why is procedure important?

Being detailed to avoid any missteps is key to creating a valid experiment. Non-Detailed Example. Pour water into a graduated cylinder, and drop the object in it. Measure the volume. Detailed Example. Measure 50 mL of water using a graduated cylinder. Drop your first solid sample into the graduated cylinder. Record the new level to which the water rises to determine the volume from water displacement

Vocabulary

Bias: a prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group Control group: a group left untouched by the experimental process Empirical evidence: knowledge gained through observation and experimentation Hypothesis: an educated guess, prediction, or proposed explanation based on some research or observation. Inference: a conclusion derived from evidence and logical reasoning Natural phenomena: an observable event or occurrence in nature Pseudoscience: a non-science that falsely portrays itself as real science Reliable: consistently good or able to be trusted Scientific investigation: systematic study or experimentation Scientific method: a system of steps to conduct a scientific investigation Variable: a factor within an experiment that will vary or change

Vocabulary Recap

Boiling point: temperature at which a liquid turns to gas Electrical conductivity: degree to which a material can transmit electricity Extensive property: physical property that depends on sample size Intensive property: physical property that is not dependent on sample size Magnetism: attractive and repulsive magnetic forces between objects Melting point: temperature at which a solid turns to liquid Solubility: material's ability to dissolve Thermal conductivity: degree to which a material can transmit heat

Bad Scientific Method Examples

Hypothesis: The source has to be acid rain. not testable! not based on an observation!

Vocabulary

Conclusion: a judgment reached by inference and reasoning Controlled variable: factors that remain the same throughout the experiment Dependent variable: a variable whose value depends on another variable Experiment: a scientific process to test a hypothesis Independent variable: a variable that does not change due to another variable

Volume Formulas!

Cube. V = s3 (s = side) Cylinder. V = πr2h (h = height) Cone. V = 1/3 πr2h (h = height) Sphere. V = 4/3πr3

Vocab

Derived units: measurement calculated from the measurement of other units Distance: the length between objects Force: a push or pull Gravity: a force of attraction between two objects with mass Mass: the amount of matter in an object Matter: physical substance that occupies space Meter: the international standard unit of length Proportional: when two quantities always have the same size in relation to each other Temperature: the degree of heat present in a substance or object Time: a measurement of how long it takes for an event to occur Weight: the force of gravity on an object

Common measurements

Distance: measured in meters (m), it is the length between objects. Time: measured in seconds (s), used to measure how long it takes for an event to occur. Mass: measured in kilograms (kg), which is the amount of matter in an object.

How are lab reports used to record the steps of a scientific investigation?

During an experiment, a lot of data is collected and must be analyzed. Title: name, instructor's name, date, lab name. related to the topic of the research. Objective(s): -In your words, what was the lab's purpose? -the question that is being tested Hypothesis: -the if/then statements (if I change the light in the maze to red, the master will run slower) -your predicted outcomes for the experiment. -supported by background research of the topic. Procedure: -In your words, summarize the lab steps completed -list of materials -list of steps needed to conduct the experiment. -list of independent & dependent variables Data: -data tables to record observations and measurements. -can also include graphs to represent data (they show patterns that tables cannot). -Inferences from patterns can help formulate a conclusion. Experiment Data Table Test One Results Test Two Results Object 1 Outcome Object 2 Outcome Conclusion: -summary and interpretation of data results. -uses the phrases "results support" or "results fail to support" when describing the reasoning.

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Explain how you can use physical properties to compare substances.

Each of these physical properties can be used to group substances with similar characteristics together. They also allow for comparing materials for a specific need or purpose. Each physical property allows you to compare and categorize substances, making some substances better for a particular use. You now have firsthand experience in how physical properties are a valuable resource for scientists and engineers as they conduct experiments, understand materials, and create new designs.

Astronaut's weight

Earth Astronaut's mass = 45 kilograms (kg). Astronaut's weight = 100 pounds (lb). Moon Astronaut's mass = 45 kilograms (kg). Astronaut's weight = 16 pounds (lb). Mars Astronaut's mass = 45 kilograms (kg). Astronaut's weight = 40 pounds (lb). On Jupiter Astronaut's mass = 45 kilograms (kg). Astronaut's weight = 250 pounds (lb). Saturn Astronaut's mass = 5 kilograms (kg). Astronaut's weight = 110 pounds (lb).

What are the differences between the metric and English systems of measurement?

English: many words for distance (miles, inches, feet) Metric: easier to use because there's only one word for distance (meter!). To make it bigger or smaller just add a suffix or prefix. Metric English Length meter inch, foot, mile Mass/Weight gram ounce, pound, ton Volume liter pint, quart, gallon Temperature Celsius Fahrenheit

When might a technique called water displacement be used?

For unique shaped objects like a rock or the human body. These are not definite shapes like a cube or cylinder, so there is no formula to calculate their volume. Instead, place the object in a container of water. The difference between the water levels before and after the object is placed represents the volume!

Volume of a Gas

Gases take the shape of the container they are in. Therefore, it is measured similar to solids. Ex. If a gas fills a cylinder, then find the the volume of that cylinder to determine the volume of the gas!

How is weight affected by the location?

However, the strength of gravity on the body depends on the mass of the planet or moon. So, as the planets' gravitational strength increases or decreases, the astronaut's weight changes. 1. More mass equals more weight. Here is an example. A truck with a mass of 3,500 kg will have more weight than a car with the mass of 1,500 kg on the same planet. 2. If gravity changes, so does the weight. A smaller force of gravity will result in less weight. Here is an example. The gravity of the moon is about one-sixth the gravity of Earth. So your weight on the moon will be about one-sixth your weight on the Earth.

Good Scientific Method Examples

Hypothesis: Based on the position of the landfill, we hypothesize that the toxins in the water are from landfill runoff.. Hypothesis: We have found other towns in the area that have iron in their water. Based on this observation, we believe the water in your town also contains iron. Both are testable AND based on observation, yay!

How is it different from non-science?

It is a type of non-science. It actually uses parts of real science to measure things but might ignore important parts of the scientific method.

What makes a question able to be answered by science?

It must be tested and observed through the scientific process! -If question is about an opinion or a moral value, it's not something that can be measured using a scientific process. -If the question cannot be tested and observed, it is not considered science. Testable (science!) What gases make up the atmosphere of Earth? How long does it take water to freeze? How many people live in an area prone to earthquakes? To what extent has climate changed over the past 100 years? What are the effects of high winds during a hurricane? Non-testable (not science!) What career should I pursue after I graduate? Should the use of coal and other fossil fuels be banned? Should mining of phosphates be stopped? What gives a person's life meaning? Why do you think the environment is important?

What is science?

It must be: 1. observable: explains natural phenomena by analyzing and observing the world and testing ideas about it. 2. testable: Their results are called empirical evidence, because the data collected can be observed or measured through experimentation. 3. replicable: Empirical evidence can be replicated, or reproduced, and verified by other scientists if they conduct the same tests under the same conditions. 4. reliable: The more an experiment is repeated, with the same outcomes, the more reliable the evidence becomes. Evidence without bias also increases its reliability. 5. flexible: As new information is discovered, new evidence can add to current evidence, allowing scientists to improve their theories.

What are some different ways large or small distances can be measured?

Kilo k. 1,000. Kilometer (km) Hecto h. 100 Hectometer (hm) Deca da 10 Decameter (dam) 1 Meter (m) Deci d. 0.1 (1/10)Decimeter (dm) Centi c 0.01 (1/100) Centimeter (cm) Milli m 0.001 (1/1000) Millimeter (mm)

Explain in your own words how volume is measured.

Liquid Volume: takes the shape of the container it is in. To find liquid volume: pour it into a measuring cup and read the line it fills up to (like children's Motrin). Ex of units: L or mL Solid Volume: When an object has a definite shape (ex. ball, a can, or a brick). To find solid volume, take measurements with a tool like a ruler. Ex of units: m3, cm3, ft3

What is magnetism? (Intensive)

Magnetism is the attractive and repulsive magnetic forces between objects.

What types of materials are good heat conductors?

Metals like iron and aluminum are able to transmit heat better than other materials, which makes them useful for cooking (pots and pans)

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Most substances have a higher density when in their solid state than they do when in their liquid state. Water is one of the few substances that become less dense as solids. This is a very important property of water that has helped sustain life on this planet.

What is non-science?

Other fields of knowledge (like philosophy or art) that help us appreciate beauty or see things in a new way but they are not science. There is no way to measure, observe, or test these beliefs or opinions (so it is not science).

How does density determine whether an object will float?

Sink: If they are more dense than the object they are in Float: If they are less dense than the object they are in Objects float when they are less dense than the fluid in which they are sitting. Ex. water has a density of 1 g/cm3. Anything with a density greater than that will sink in water (coins or rocks). Anything with a density less will float (wood, sponges, ice cubes). Liquids too! oil can float on denser liquids like vinegar. Many hollow objects, like an empty bottle or ball, will also float because the air inside is less dense than the water. This is why heavy objects like boats can float. They contain a lot of hollow space.

Is it possible for something with more mass to be lighter than something with less mass?

Sure is. Put a 3,500 kg truck on the moon, and it will weigh less than a 1,500 kg car on Earth. The thing to remember is that there is a proportional relationship between mass and weight. This means that when gravity does not change, if an object has more mass, it will have more weight. The reverse is also true; if an object weighs more, then it is because it has more mass. So, if mass increases, so does the weight, if gravity remains the same.

What makes scientific investigations different from other types of investigations?

The differences between investigations are usually related to what's being examined and the order of the steps followed. In a criminal investigation, facts are collected about a crime, there isn't an experiment to test every part of a crime. It can also be difficult to control all factors in a crime scene in order to test one variable at a time. Usually, there are so many variables and missing facts in a crime that a hypothesis and conclusion are hard to determine.

What is height? Give an example.

The measurement of an object's top-to-bottom dimension. Ex. how high a can is or how tall a person is.

What is the important thing to remember about the relationship between mass and weight?

The thing to remember is that there is a proportional relationship between mass and weight. If one doubles the other doubles, if one triples the other triples.

When an object has a definite shape, how is it measured? Give an example of an object and the tool you would use to measure it.

This means it is a solid, so a formula is used to measure it. The formula depends on its shape. You would use a ruler to measure it: Ex. Shoebox Rectangle Volume = length x width x height V= l • w • h Ex. Rubix Cube Cube Volume = length x width x height since all sides are equal, it is: V= s3

Give an example of something that has high specific heat capacity.

To resist heat roofing materials should have a high specific heat capacity, (physical property that measures the amount of heat one gram of a substance can absorb to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius). Having a high specific heat capacity means that more heat is needed to make the object hotter. Highest to lowest specific heat: Oak , Clay, Concrete, Slate To resist moisture, the roofing materials should also be low in porosity (physical property that measures the amount of space in a material through which liquid or air can pass). Having a low porosity means that it is good at blocking water, like an umbrella. Lowest to Highest to Porosity: Concrete, Clay, Slate, Oak Oak has the highest heat capacity; therefore, oak can absorb a lot of heat without raising its temperature. This is good for very hot areas. Concrete has the lowest porosity so water will not leak through its pores and drip into the doghouse. This is good for rainy areas. However, clay is second on both lists and might be a good choice overall for hot and rainy weather conditions. Rover should be happy with this.

What is the U.S. customary system of measurement?

U.S. customary system (a.k.a. English system): describes how much we have, what size we want, how far we want to go, etc. we are 1 of 3 countries to use it. Even the English don't use it anymore. Distance the length of an object or the distance between two things. 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 3 feet 1 mile = 5,280 feet 1 mile = 1,760 yards Weight Ounce (oz), pound (lb), and ton (T) 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 ton = 2,000 pounds Volume measure liquid volume, which is the amount of space an object occupies. 1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1 pint = 2 cups 1 quart = 2 pints 1 gallon = 4 quarts

What are volume and density? How do they relate to each other?

Volume: amount of space a substance or object occupies Density: the degree to which something is compacted They relate to each other because: Density = the quantity of mass per unit volume. Density Formula Density = mass/volume Volume units: Liquid: Liters (L) or Gallons Solid units: cm3 or in3

Gas

Water in gas state is steam. Steam also does not have a definite shape (it's actually invisible) and is hot and light. The density of steam is 0.0006 g/cm3.

Liquid

Water in liquid state is, well, water. Water does not have a definite shape and is free to flow. The density of water is 1.00 g/cm3.

Solid

Water in solid state is ice. Ice has a definite shape and is firm and cold. The density of ice is 0.91 g/cm3.

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

Water: solvent—it does the dissolving. Sugar cubes: solute, the component dissolved in a solution.

Think about objects that have density. Compare two types of foods by explaining which one is denser.

Yogurt is denser than water, because it is more compacted or has more ingredients.

What is gravity? How does it affect weight?

a force that attracts an object toward the center of another object

What is the solubility? (Intensive)

ability to be dissolved in something else. Water: solvent—it does the dissolving. Sugar cubes: solute, the component dissolved in a solution.

Control Group

allows scientists to compare the tested (experimental) group with the untested (control) group in order to validate their results. Example In our phone data experiment, the test group can consist of teens on a selected data plan with their regular phone apps. The untested group could be any teen, in any city, on any data plan.

What are dependent variables? Give an example.

also known as the outcome variable because it will change in response to the independent (test) variable. For each phone being monitored, the average phone data used by a teen could be different based on the number of apps on the phone.

What are physical properties? Give some examples.

an observable and measurable physical characteristic of matter. extensive property (dependent): depends on sample size. Examples: Shape, volume, length, and mass Intensive properties (independent): do not depend on sample size. No matter how much or how little you have, stays the same. Examples: Magnetism, density, melting and boiling points, and color If you have a large amount of metal and a small amount of the same metal, these two samples will have the same density.

What is matter?

anything that has mass and takes up space

What are derived units? Give an example not in the lesson.

calculated from the measurement of other units. Speed For example, speed is the distance traveled in a set amount of time. Distance is measured in meters and time in seconds. Therefore, the derived unit of measurement for speed is measured in meters per second. Area: Area is calculated by measuring the length multiple by width. Both are distance measurements.

What is temperature? What are the three temperature scales?

degree of heat present in a substance or object. Fahrenheit: scale common to the United States. Freezing point = 32 °F Boiling point = 212 °F. Celsius: most often in other parts of the world. It sets the Freezing point = 0 °C Boiling point = 100 °C. Kelvin: For scientific measurements. Freezing point = 0 K Boiling point = 273 K

How do you determine the density of a substance or object?

density = mass divided by volume D = mass/volume

What is the relationship between mass, volume, and density?

density is how much mass exists in a certain space or volume. 1. Density is directly proportional to mass. If mass goes up, density goes up! If mass goes down, density goes down! 2. Density is inversely proportional to volume. If volume goes up, density goes down! If volume goes down, density goes up!

How is matter measured?

distance weight time mass

What are some examples of both types of physical properties?

extensive property: Shape, volume, length, and mass. If you have a large amount of metal and a small amount of the same metal, these two samples will have different volumes. intensive properties: Magnetism, density, melting/boiling points, color. If you have a large amount of metal and a small amount of the same metal, these two samples will have the same density.

What is the main difference between extensive and intensive physical properties?

extensive property: depends on sample size. Ex: Shape, volume, length, and mass Intensive properties do not depend on sample size. No matter how much or how little you have, stays the same. Ex: Magnetism, density, melting and boiling points, and color

What are controlled variables? Give an example.

factors that remain the same through the experiment. -not changed so you can study the effect of other variables in the experiment. ex. phone experiment, keeping the phone type would be controlled variable.

What errors tend to lead to pseudoscience?

ignoring parts of the scientific method: No control! If scientists tests a new fertilizer on plants but don't compare it to unfertilized plants (control group), they won't know if the fertilizer helps. The control group is untouched by the experiment. The tested group is compared to the control group to validate the results of the experiment No repeats: 2 people lose weight on a diet program. With too few test subjects, we don't know if the diet program caused the weight loss. The program needs repeated testing and replication from other scientists to make the results reliable. Bias: A pharmaceutical company spends millions on research for a new diabetes drug. They need it to be successful, so they hire scientists to test it. Since the scientists are paid by the company, they may feel pressure to overlook certain results in favor of the positive results. This favoritism is called bias.

What is mass?

is the amount of matter in an object.

How is mass affected by the location of an object in space?

it is not affected by the location in space, because it is not affected by gravity.

How is volume measured for liquids and solids?

liquids: measured in Liters (L) or Milliliters (mL) for metric solids: measured in meters cubed (m3), centimeters cubed (cm3), feet cubed (ft) depending on the unit used to measure it.

What is electrical conductivity? (Intensive)

material's ability to transmit electricity. ex. Place this in an outlet, and you magically have electricity. But this doesn't occur because of magic. It occurs because of electrical conductivity,

What types of materials make good electrical conductors?

metal = good plastic = bad

Define prediction and explain how it is used to formulate a hypothesis.

prediction: anticipating what will happen as a consequence of something else. Using prediction statements like "if, then" gives you variables to test in the investigations.

What are independent variables? Give an example.

the "test variable" what you are testing! the one variable that changes so that the experimenter can see the effect on other variables. ex. number of social media or game apps on a teen's phone.

Density

the degree of compactness of a substance.

What is thermal conductivity? (Intensive)

the degree to which a material can transmit heat.

What is a meter? Give two examples of objects that are a meter in length.

the international standard unit of length baseball bat, guitar, walking stick

How does a solution become saturated?

the state when no more of something can be added or combined. Ex. water in this pitcher can only dissolve a certain amount of sugar. See the sugar cubes on the bottom

What is the boiling point? (Intensive)

the temperature at which a liquid turns to gas. Different substances have different boiling points. Pure water is poured into the pot. Steam rises out of the pot when the thermometer reads 100 degrees Celsius. Apple juice is poured into the pot. Steam rises out of this pot when the thermometer reads 160 degrees Celsius. They have different boring points.

What is the melting point? (Intensive)

the temperature at which a solid turns into liquid. This is different for each substance as well. For example, it takes a higher temperature to melt cheese than it does to melt ice cream.

How are physical descriptions and physical properties similar?

used to help classify and group substances or materials