Module 1 & 2

Select the reasons that sickle-cell disease is ideal for studying genetic diseases.

-The inheritance pattern of sickle-cell disease is well understood. -A single gene controls sickle-cell disease. -Sickle-cell disease is controlled by a single mutation.

Select the traits that are controlled by our genes.

-The presence and functioning of our internal organs -Eye color, hair color, and skin color -Our likelihood for developing sickle-cell disease

Links together Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

DNA ligase

Which of the following lists all the components found within all DNA nucleotides?

Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base

Which of the following best defines the information stored in genes?

Genes store only the information for making proteins and other gene products.

Which of the following statements best explains why genetic traits are inheritable?

Genetic traits are controlled by our genes and are passed down over generations from parents to offspring.

Which of the following statements best explains the function of hemoglobin in the respiratory and circulatory systems?

Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells, allowing oxygen to travel from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body.

Which of the following information is stored in genes?

Instructions for converting information in DNA into proteins

Synthesized previous findings by other researchers to come up with the model of DNA as a double stranded helix composed of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen-bases.

James Watson and Francis Crick

Which of the following best describes the structure of red blood cells?

Red blood cells have a flattened, disc-like shape with no nuclei.

Which of the following best explains why sickle-cell disease is a good candidate for studying genetic diseases?

Sickle-cell disease results from a single mutation on a single gene.

Which of the following best states the overall goal of gene expression?

To take the genetic information within DNA and use it to create a protein or other gene product

Which of the following is a function of the circulatory system within the body?

Transporting carbon dioxide from tissue cells to the lungs

DNA has complementary base pairing, meaning

adenine always pairs with thymine and cytosine always pairs with guanine.

Complete the sentence: Within the body, carbon dioxide is transported

as carbonic acid within the center of red blood cells.

Within red blood cells, carbon dioxide is transported as

carbonic acid

The 3' end of a strand of DNA contains a(n) _____ extending from the 3rd carbon of the sugar molecule.

hydroxide group

Occurs when red blood cells exchange gases with tissue cells of the body

internal respiration

Within red blood cells, oxygen is transported as _________ and carbon dioxide is transported as __________ acid.

oxyhemoglobin; carbonic

Hemoglobin molecules are classified as _____.

proteins

adenine pairs with......

thymine

Within a strand of DNA, the percentage of adenine will always equal the percentage of ________ and the percentage of guanine will always equal the percentage of _________.

thymine; cytosine

Select the ways that sickle-cell disease impacts the circulatory system.

-Misshaped red blood cells block capillaries, restricting blood flow. -Altered hemoglobin sticks together, altering the shape of red blood cells. -Oxygen concentrations drop, resulting in anemia.

Which of the following is seen in both the DNA replication process and the PCR process?

A double-stranded DNA molecule is replicated to create two double-stranded DNA molecules.

Breaks hydrogen bonds in complementary nucleotides to separate strands of DNA from each other.

DNA helicase

Which of the following statements best recalls the function of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system functions in gas exchange between the lungs and the external environment.

Which of the following best describes semi-conservative DNA replication?

The two parental strands separate and each makes a complementary copy of itself, producing two daughter molecules that each include one template strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Which of the following statements best states the contributions of Watson and Crick to the discovery of DNA structure?

Watson and Crick concluded that sugar and phosphate make up the helical strands of the molecule and nitrogen bases are located on the interior of the molecule.

Small, sac-like structures within lungs that interact with capillary networks to allow the rapid diffusion of gases into or out of red blood cells are called

alveoli

Within red blood cells, hemoglobin functions to

bind and transport oxygen as oxyhemoglobin to the tissue cells of the body.

Segments of DNA called _____ contain information that produce a product.

genes

cytosine pairs with......

guanine

The process where information within an RNA intermediary is turned into a protein.

translation

Which statement best summarizes how hemoglobin is involved in gas exchange?

Hemoglobin binds to oxygen within red blood cells, transporting it to tissue cells of the bod

Which of the following aspects of a red blood cell's structure are most responsible for their function?

Red blood cells lack a nucleus and contain an abundance of hemoglobin molecules.

Which of the following sentences best summarizes how the structure of red blood cells impacts their function?

Red blood cells lack nuclei and contain numerous hemoglobin molecules, resulting in a flattened, disc-like shape.

Complete the following sentence. The overall goal of transcription is to:

convert the genetic information within DNA to an intermediary RNA molecule.

Sickle-cell disease _________ (increases/decreases) immunity in the body, resulting in an _________ (increase/decrease) in the number of infections.

decrease; increase

Segments of DNA that control all traits in humans are called _____.

genes

The basic units of inheritance that contain information to make proteins and are passed down from parent to offspring are called _____.

genes

Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA is

helical in structure and composed of many repeating elements.

Sickle-cell disease is caused by _____ mutation(s) on _____ gene(s).

one; one

To which of the following classifications do hemoglobin molecules belong?

proteins

DNA replication results in two molecules of DNA, each consisting of one template strand and one daughter strand. This is defined as _____ replication

semi-conservative

The role of transcription in cells is to

take the information stored within DNA and convert it into an mRNA copy that can be used outside the nucleus.

The process where information stored within genes is transferred to an RNA intermediary.

transcription

Which of the following statements best describes how the strands of DNA are oriented in relation to each other?

DNA is anti-parallel, so one strand runs 5' to 3' and its complementary strand runs 3' to 5'.

Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strands.

DNA polymerase

Which of the following cell processes occurs during the PCR process?

DNA replication

For every adenine on one strand of DNA, there is a thymine on the opposing strand of DNA. For every cytosine on one strand of DNA, there is a guanine on the opposing strand of DNA. This is because

DNA strands are complementary with each other.

How did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the understanding of DNA structure?

Franklin used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA was helical and repetitive in structure.

Which of the following are considered to be genetic traits and therefore inheritable?

-Eye color -Facial features, including nose shape, dimples, and freckles

Select the characteristics of hemoglobin that describe both its structure and function.

-Hemoglobin consists of four globin polypeptide molecules that surround an iron-containing heme group. -Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells throughout the body.

Recall what information is stored within genes.

-Information for the production of proteins -Information for the production of gene products

Select all of the following that best describe the structure of DNA.

-Inner rungs composed of nitrogen-containing bases, including A, T, C, and G -Double stranded, helical structure -Backbone composed of alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

Select the traits that are associated with sickle-cell disease.

-Malfunctioning hemoglobin proteins -Red blood cells that are sickle-shaped in appearance.

Select the ways that sickle-cell disease impacts the body.

-Misshapen red blood cells block capillaries, preventing blood flow. -Restricted blood flow causes joint pain and kidney failure. -Mutated hemoglobin molecules cannot adequately transport oxygen, resulting in anemia. -Restricted blood flow reduces the body's ability to fight off infection.

Which structures must oxygen pass through before entering the lungs?

-Mouth and nasal cavities -Trachea -Pharynx and larynx

Select all of the components are found in every DNA nucleotide.

-Phosphate group -5-carbon sugar -Nitrogen-containing base

Select the best descriptions of the structure of red blood cells.

-Red blood cells have no nucleus. -Red blood cells have a rounded disk shape, similar to a donut.

Select the best descriptions of the functions of red blood cells within the body.

-Red blood cells transport carbon dioxide away from all tissue cells within the body. -Red blood cells transport oxygen to all tissues cells within the body

Select all of the following statements that accurately match each researcher with their contributions in determining the structure of DNA.

-Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA is both helical and repetitive in structure. -James Watson and Francis Crick took contributions from other researchers and applied them to create a working model of DNA structure

Select the ways that sickle-cell disease impacts the body.

-Sickle-cell disease causes joint pain. -Sickle-cell disease causes kidney failure. -Sickle-cell disease causes an enlarged spleen

Select the functions of the respiratory system in the body.

-The respiratory system takes in oxygen from the external environment to deliver to red blood cells. -The respiratory system takes carbon dioxide from the circulatory system and releases it to the external environment.

Place the following structures in order to describe the pathway of oxygen into the body. Begin with the nasal cavities and mouth.

1. nasal cavities and mouth2. pharynx and larynx3. trachea4. bronchi within the lungs5. bronchioles within the lungs6. alveoli within the lungs7. red blood cells within blood capillaries

Which of the following best describes the Watson and Crick model of DNA?

DNA is a double helix with a backbone of alternating sugars and phosphate molecules and an interior core of nitrogenous bases that are bonded together in a complementary fashion.

Which of the following best describes the outcome of semi-conservative DNA replication?

Each resulting DNA molecule consists of one newly synthesized strand and one original template strand.

Investigated the nitrogen bases of DNA to determine that the ratio of A and T were the same and the ratio of C and G were the same

Erwin Chargaff

Occurs when red blood cells exchange gases with the environment at the alveoli

External respiration

Which of the following statements best differentiates between internal respiration and external respiration?

External respiration occurs when red blood cells exchange gases with the environment within the lungs and internal respiration occurs as red blood cells exchange gases at the tissue cells of the body.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the impacts of sickle-cell disease on the circulatory system?

Misshapen red blood cells clump together, blocking capillaries from blood flow.

How does sickle-cell disease impact the circulatory system?

Mutated hemoglobin clumps together in red blood cells, resulting in their sickle-shape.

All of the following statements are true. Which one statement describes the biggest impact that sickle-cell disease has over the organs and organ systems of the body?

Mutated hemoglobin molecules result in misshapen red blood cells that cannot function to transport oxygen in the body.

Which of the following traits are associated with sickle-cell disease?

Mutated hemoglobin proteins that result in sickle-shaped red blood cells

How does sickle-cell impact the joints of the body?

Mutated red blood cells block capillaries, resulting in pain, especially in the joints of the body.

Which of the following best describes the anti-parallel structure of DNA?

One strand runs 5' to 3' and its complementary strand runs 3' to 5'.

Which of the following statements best describes the chemical reactions involving oxygen that take place during gas exchange?

Oxygen binds to the iron in hemoglobin, forming oxyhemoglobin.

Which of the following processes occurs during gas exchange in the body?

Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells within the alveoli of the lungs.

What is the shape of a red blood cell?

Red blood cells have a flattened, disc-like shape.

Used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA had a helical and repetitive structure

Rosalind Franklin

Select the ways that sickle-cell disease impacts the respiratory system.

Sickle-cell disease alters blood oxygen levels, causing sickle crisis. Sickle-cell disease causes misshapen red blood cells that reduce oxygen levels, causing anemia.

Which of the following statements best recalls how sickle-cell impacts the kidneys?

Sickle-cell disease causes blocked capillaries in the kidneys to decrease their ability to function, possibly even resulting in kidney failure.

Which of the following statements about the impacts of sickle-cell disease on the immune and lymphatic systems is true?

Sickle-cell disease creates a lowered immunity in the body, resulting in an increase in infections.

Which of the following best recalls how sickle-cell disease impacts the respiratory system?

Sickle-cell disease results in anemia, or low oxygen levels.

Which of the following best describes the fate of information contained within a gene?

The information within genes can be used as instructions for making proteins through the processes of transcription and translation.

Which of the following states the overall goal of the PCR process?

The overall goal of PCR is to create millions of copies of a single gene of interest for further study.

How did Watson and Crick contribute to the understanding of DNA structure?

Watson and Crick took the contributions of other researchers and synthesized it, creating a working model of DNA structure.

Which of the following statements best describes the process of gas exchange in the body?

When blood enters the lungs, oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells. When blood reaches the tissue cells of the body, oxygen diffuses out of red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between adenine and thymine in DNA is true?

Within a strand of DNA, the percentage of adenine will be equal to the percentage of thymine.

The 5' end of a strand of DNA contains

a phosphate group extending from the 5th carbon of the sugar molecule.

DNA is _____, meaning the strands run in the same orientation with each other but in different directions.

anti-parallel

Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, one strand will run 5' to 3' and its complementary strand will run 3' to 5'. This is referred to as DNA's _____ structure.

anti-parallel