Module 10 & 11

Mach each task type to its best description. Semantic Orienting Task Non-Semantic orienting task Orienting task

1. A task focusing on the meaning of the information 2. A task focusing on shallower, non-meaningful qualities of the information 3. A task to direct participants' attention to particular aspects of the encoded material

Match each task and test name with its description. Incidental learning task Intentional learning task Explicit memory test Implicit memory test

1. At the time of encoding, do not tell participants that there will be a memory test. 2. At encoding, tell participants to study for a memory test. 3. At retrieval, directly ask participants to remember a specific past event. 4. At retrieval, do not ask participants to recall the information.

Match the terms with the correct statements True Photographic Memory Autobiographical Memory Hyperthymesia

1. does not appear to exist. 2. memory for personal events from your own past. 3. Exceptional memory for events in one's past. Not something that most of us have.

In one of the activities for Module 10, you were asked to provide one word that described how one word in a category was different from the other words in the category. For example, you were asked to describe how "horse" was different from 'bear', "lion", "tiger", "cow", "deer". You also described something DIFFERENT about one item from each of the three other categories. Which of the categories below is one that you processed a difference for?

Answer Choices Fruit "banana" or Furniture "chair" ANSWER: Fruit "banana"

In one of the activities for Module 10, you were asked to provide one word that described how one word in a category was different from the other words in the category. For example, you were asked to describe how "horse" was different from "bear', "lion", "tiger", "cow", "deer". You also described something DIFFERENT about one item from each of the three categories. Which of the categories below is one that you processed a difference for?

Answer Choices: Body Part "foot" or Fish "salmon" ANSWER: Body Part "foot"

In one of the activities for Module 10, you were asked to provide one word that described how one word in a category was different from the other words in the category. For example, you were asked to describe how "horse" was different from "bear', "lion", "tiger", "cow", "deer". You also described something DIFFERENT about one item from each of the three categories. Which of the categories below is one that you processed a difference for?

Answer Choices: Clothing "sock" or Tree "elm" ANSWER: Clothing "sock"

Imagine you set up an experiment in which participants study a list of words, each paired with a weakly associated cue. At test, participants get these old-weak cues for half of the target words (target words are the words they are trying to recall from the study list). For the other half of the target words, participants get new cues that were not present at study, but which are strongly associated with the target words. The associative strength explanation of cue effectiveness would predict which of the following outcomes?

Associate strength predicts that recall will be better with strong-new cues than for the old-weak cues.

Please select the two correct statements about when the two types of cue effectiveness apply.

Associative strength explains cue effectiveness for free association tasks, which are not asking for memory for a specific event, and encoding specificity explains cue effectiveness for cued recall test in which you are trying to remember a specific event, in this case a study list of words.

Which of the following leads to optimal memory performance?

Distinctive processing, which is combined processing of difference in the context of organizational processing.

Select all of the options that fit the description of episodic memory.

Episodic memory includes context-dependent information, uses the encoding specificity principle, and includes memories of events.

At the time of test, participants are asked to remember information from a specific prior experience. This is a definition of which of the following?

Explicit memory test

According to Tulving's memory systems approach semantic memory for specific events and semantic memory does NOT include contextual information.

FALSE

According to Tulvings memory systems approach episodic memory refers to memory for specific events and episodic memory does NOT include contextual information.

FALSE

According to levels of processing, DEEPER orienting tasks produce WORSE memory than SHALLOW tasks because DEEPER processing produces longer lasting memory representations.

FALSE

According to levels of processing, SEMANTIC orientating tasks produce WORSE memory than NON-SEMANTIC tasks because SEMANTIC processing produces longer lasting memory regulations.

False

Encoding specificity proposes that for a cue to be effective it must have been present at encoding. This does appear to explain retrieval from semantic memory.

False

Research such as that conducted by David Rubin showing that rhyme can be an important factor in memory is problematic for Levels of Processing. The reason this is problematic is that Levels of Processing says that processing for rhyme should be better for memory than processing more meaningful aspects, such as pleasantness.

False

Which of the following graphs matches the results from the Stein experiment?

Graph 1

Which of the following graphs would be predicted for the Stein experiment according to levels of processing?

Graph 2

Two groups of subjects are given a list of words such as PROCESS, DATA, LABORATORY. Group 1 is asked to rate the pleasantness of the words. Group 2 is asked to count the number of vowels in each word. Later both groups are asked to recall the words. In this experiment, levels of processing would predict:

Group 1 would recall more words than Group 2

Two groups of subjects are given a list of words such as PROCESS, DATA, LABORATORY. Group 1 is asked to count the number of vowels in each word. Group 2 is asked to rate the pleasantness of the words. Later both groups are asked to recall the words. In this experiment, levels of processing would predict:

Group 2 would recall more words than Group 1.

At the time of test, participants are NOT asked to remember information from a specific prior experience and instead perform some other activity to investigate whether this an effect of the prior experience. This is a definition of which of the following?

Implicit memory test

Think of the Stein study (rock) in which participants performed either a semantic or non-semantic study tasks and took either a semantic or a non-semantic recognition test. Which of the following statements describe the outcome that would be predicted by Levels of Processing? You may need to pick more than one.

In the Stein study (roCk) in which participants performed either a semantic or a non-semantic study tasks and took either a semantic or a non-semantic recognition test, levels of processing predicts the memory should be best when participants complete the semantic test and that this should be true for both the semantic and non-semantic tests.

At the time of study, participants are NOT told to try to remember the items and are NOT told that there will be a later memory test. This is a definition of which of the following?

Incidental study task

What is the first assumption of levels of processing?

Memory is a byproduct of perception and comprehension.

Which of the following definitions fits best with procedural memory?

Memory system that involves learned behaviors that become unconscious

What is the second assumption of levels of processing?

Retention depends upon the type of processing, and deeper processing is better for memory.

Which of the following statements provide accurate descriptions of the observed pattern of results (the outcome) of the Stein study (rock) in which participants performed either a semantic or a non-semantic study tasks and took either a semantic or a non-semantic recognition test? You may need to pick more than one.

Semantic Study always produced better memory than Non-Semantic Study and the type of test did not matter. On the Non-Semantic Test, performance was best following Non-Semantic Study. On the the Sematic Test, performance was best following Non-Semantic Study. On the Sematic Test, performance was best following Semantic Study.

Select all of the options that fit the description of semantic memory.

Semantic memory includes context-independent information, uses the associative strength explanation of cue effectiveness, and knowledge of the word "dog" would fit with this memory system.

According to Tulving's memory systems approach episodic memory refers to memory for specific events and episodic memory does include contextual information.

TRUE

According to Tulving's memory systems approach semantic memory refers our general knowledge and semantic semantic memory does NOT include contextual information.

TRUE

Encoding specificity proposes that for a cue to be effective it must have been present at encoding. This does appear to explain retrieval from episodic memory.

TRUE

The lecture discussed experiments in which participants studied old weak cues during encoding. (e.g. dumb-lamb) and then at test, they were given either old weak cues (dumb) or strong new cues (sheep). Which of the following statements are accurate? You may need to select more than one.

The lecture discussed experiments in which participants studied old weak cues during encoding (e.g. dumb-lamb) and then at test they were given either old weak-cues (dumb) or strong new cues (sheep). The results showed that memory was better when old weak cues were provided. This outcome would be predicted by encoding specificity. . Associative strength predicts the opposite outcome.

Research such as that conducted by David Rubin showing that rhyme can be important factor in memory is problematic for Levels of Processing. The reason this is problematic is that Levels of Processing says that processing for meaning should be better for memory than processing less meaningful aspects, such as rhyme.

True

Encoding is __________, while retrieval is __________.

the psychological processes at the time of an experience; the processes at the time memory is requested.