Module 11 Maslow and Rogers: Humanistic Approach (pt1)

Abraham Maslow

"The study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens," he wrote, "can only lead to a crippled psychology"

existential philosophy and some American psychologists

Although humanistic psychology evolved from many sources, its roots lie primarily in two areas: ___, which is decidedly European in flavor, and the work of ___, most notably Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

postponed

Because higher needs are less necessary for actual survival, their gratification can be ___

adolescence

Belongingness and esteem needs arise in ___

peak experience

During this, the individual experiences not only an expansion of self but also a sense of unity and meaningfulness in life. For that moment, the world appears to be complete and the person is at one with it.

Personal Orientation Inventory (POI)

Everett L. Shostrom developed the ___ in an attempt to measure the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people. This inventory consists of 150 forced-choice items, such as (a) "I can feel comfortable with less than a perfect performance" versus (b) "I feel uncomfortable with anything less than a perfect performance.

does not produce a crisis, does produce a crisis

Failure to satisfy a higher need ____, Failure to satisfy a lower need ___

affiliation

Following physiological and safety needs, this is the primary psychological need

psychoanalysis and radical behaviorism

He criticized both ___ and ___ for their limited conceptions of human nature

infancy

Higher needs appear later in life. Physiological and safety needs arise in

Personal Responsibility

Humanistic psychologists argue that our behaviors represent personal choices of what we want to do at a particular moment. Unlike the Freudian or behavioral descriptions of people at the mercy of forces they cannot control, humanistic psychologists see people as active shapers of their own lives, with freedom to change limited only by physical constraints. (KEY ELEMENTS OF THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH)

TRANSCENDENCE

Later, maslow added ___ which is the need to help other people to achieve self-actualization.

infants and neurotic adults

Maslow believed that the needs for safety and security typically are important drives for (Hierarchy of Needs)

Being needs (B needs)

Maslow called higher needs ___

Deficiency Needs/D-needs

Maslow called lower needs ___

self-actualizing

Maslow defined ___ persons as those who are "fulfilling themselves and doing the best that they are capable of doing"

third force

Maslow described humanistic psychology as a "___" in American psychology

unmotivated, motivated

Maslow distinguished between expressive behavior (which is often ___) and coping behavior (which is always ___ and aimed at satisfying a need).

B-values

Maslow held that self-actualizing people are motivated by the "eternal verities," what he called

instinctoid needs

Maslow hypothesizes that some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning. He called these needs ___. Sex, for example, is a basic physiological need, but the manner in which it is expressed depends on learning.

Esteem needs

Maslow stressed that if man begins to satisfy the social belongingness needs, he will then seek to gain the respect and recognition of others through his achievements. (Hierarchy of Needs)

metaneeds, metamotivation

Maslow termed B-values "___" to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs. He distinguished between ordinary need motivation and the motives of self actualizing people, which he called ___.

self-actualization

Maslow termed his theory as holistic-dynamic theory because it assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health which is

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's ___ concept assumes that lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators

The Phenomenology of an Individual

No one knows you better than yourself. This observation is a cornerstone of humanistic psychology. Humanistic therapists try to understand where clients are "coming from" and provide what clients need to help themselves. (KEY ELEMENTS OF THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH)

self

Rogers's theory of personality describes the ___ as an important element of experience

Social Belongingness and love needs

Since humans are social beings, they need to belong and be accepted by others. This need includes the search and desire for friends, affection or intimate relationship, family, work group, etc. (Hierarchy of Needs)

self- actualization

The highest level or form of needs according to Maslow is ___. This can be defined as the man's ability to realize and achieve his full potentials. To be specific this need include growth and self- fulfillment. (Hierarchy of Needs)

The Here and Now

The humanistic view maintains that we need not be victims of our past. According to the humanistic perspective, we can't become fully functioning individuals until we learn to live our lives as they happen. (KEY ELEMENTS OF THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH)

Transcenders

The kind of people are inclined to have peaks; the merely healthy tend not to

midlife

The need for self-actualization does not arise until ___

peak experience

The self-actualized person frequently experiences what Maslow called a ___—an intensification of any experience to the degree that there is a loss or transcendence of self.

B-values

To Maslow, the aim of therapy would be for clients to embrace the ___, that is, to value truth, justice, goodness, simplicity, and so forth. To accomplish this aim, clients must be free from their dependency on others so that their natural impulse toward growth and self-actualization could become active.

Neurotic

a desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person (three other categories of needs)

Abraham Maslow

he has been described as the spiritual father of humanistic psychology

Metamotivation

it refers to growth tendencies. It entails B-needs or being needs.

Motivation

it refers to the reduction of tension by satisfying deficit states or lacks. It entails D-needs.

self-determination theory

suggests that people are active organisms with innate tendencies to fulfill their potential and rise above challenges. The social environment can support or hinder these natural tendencies, and negative human behaviors are seen in terms of thwarted needs.

Aesthetic needs

the desire for beauty and order, and some people have much stronger aesthetic needs than do others (three other categories of needs)

Cognitive

the desire to know, to understand, and to be curious. Maslow posited the important human needs to know and understand. These form a small but powerful hierarchy of their own, in which the need to know is more potent than and prior to the need to understand. (three other categories of needs)

Jonah complex

the fear of being one's best. This complex is characterized by attempts to run away from one's destiny, represents a fear of success, a fear of being one's best, and a feeling of awesomeness in the presence of beauty and perfection.

process of becoming

The therapist allows clients to overcome their problems and continue growing. Rogers describes this ever-unfolding of one's self as a "_____"

Physiological needs

These are the basic life needs which are necessary for our survival. Examples of these needs are food, water, air, sleep, sex etc. These have a greater personal impact as motivating forces in cultures where basic survival remains an everyday concern. (Hierarchy of Needs)

Security/ Safety needs

These are the needs to be free of physical danger and of the fear of losing a job, property or shelter. It also includes protection against any emotional harm. Specific examples are protection, security, order, law, limits, stability etc. (Hierarchy of Needs)

healthy interpersonal relationship

A ___ between client and therapist is therefore the best psychological medicine (maslow therapy)

Personal Growth

According to humanistic psychology, there is more to life than simply having all of your immediate needs met. Humanistic theorists maintain that people are not content when their immediate needs have been met. Rather, they are motivated to continue their development in a positive manner. (KEY ELEMENTS OF THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH)