Module 2: Configuring Local Storage

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA).

Introduced in 2003, is a computer bus interface, or channel, for connecting the motherboard or device adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. was designed to replace EIDE. It can use the same low-level commands as EIDE, but host adapters and devices communicate by using a high-speed serial cable over two pairs of conductors. can operate at speeds of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 GB per second, depending on the revision (1, 2, or 3 respectively).

basic

By default, when you initialize a disk in the Windows operating system, the disk is configured as a ____ disk

•BitLocker Drive Encryption •ACLs for security •Update sequence number (USN) journal •Change notifications •Symbolic links, junction points, mount points and reparse points •Volume snapshots •File IDs

ReFS inherits some features from NTFS, including the following:

•Metadata integrity with checksums •Expanded protection against data corruption •Maximizes reliability, especially during a loss of power (while NTFS has been known to experience corruption in similar circumstances) •Large volume, file, and directory sizes •Storage pooling and virtualization, which makes creating and managing file systems easier •Redundancy for fault tolerance •Disk scrubbing for protection against latent disk errors •Resiliency to corruptions with recovery for maximum volume availability •Shared storage pools across machines for additional failure tolerance and load balancing

ReFS is a file system that is based on the NTFS file system. It provides the following advantages over NTFS:

-Microsoft Hyper-V workloads. -Storage Spaces Direct. -Archive data.

ReFS is ideal in the following situations: -___ ____ ___. ReFS has performance advantages when using both .vhd and .vhdx files. -___ ___ ___. In Windows Server 2016, nodes in a cluster can share direct attached storage. In this situation, ReFS provides improved throughput, but also supports higher capacity disks used by the cluster nodes. -_____. The resiliency that ReFS provides means it is a good choice for data that you want to retain for longer periods.

Boot

The ____ volume contains the Windows operating system files that are in the %Systemroot% and %Systemroot%\System32 folders.

System

The ____ volume contains the hardware-specific files that the Windows operating system needs to load, such as Bootmgr and BOOTSECT.bak.

True

True or False: In Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, you can only work with .vhd files.

False: There is NO performance gain when you convert basic disks to dynamic disks, and some programs CANNOT address data that is stored on dynamic disks.

True or False: There is a big performance gain when you convert basic disks to dynamic disks, and all programs can address data that is stored on dynamic disks.

True

True or False? It is easy to convert basic disks to dynamic disks without any data loss. However, when you convert a dynamic disk to basic disk, all data on the disk is lost.

True

True or False? ReFS does not support Encrypted File System (EFS) for files.

False

True or False? ReFS supports data deduplication in Windows Server 2016.

True

True or False? To boot from a GPT partition table, your BIOS must support GPT.

True

True or False? You can attach virtual hard disks that you create by using Hyper-V, or that you create on another computer. For example, if you create a virtual hard disk in Hyper-V, you can copy that virtual hard disk to another computer, and then use the native virtual hard disk boot feature to start the computer using the virtual disk that you created in Hyper-V.

False, you can extend or shrink NTFS volumes

True or False? You can only extend NTFS volumes

True

True or False? You cannot resize FAT, FAT32, exFAT volumes

Virtual hard disks

files that represent a traditional hard disk drive.

Globally unique identifier (GUID) Master boot record (MBR)

Which two of the following are partition table formats? -Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) -Globally unique identifier (GUID) -Master boot record (MBR) -Resilient boot loader

Hyper-module

You must first have the Windows PowerShell _-_ installed. to create and manage virtual hard disks in Windows Server 2016.

dynamic disk

a disk that you initialize for dynamic storage, and that contains dynamic volumes.

Disk mirroring

all of the information that is written to one disk is also written to another disk. If one of the disks fails, the other disk is still available.

2012

an ReFS-formatted drive is not recognized when placed in computers that are running Windows Server operating systems that were released before Windows Server ____.

dynamic disk.

used for configuring fault tolerant storage.

18

A GPT partition can have up to ____ exabytes.

volume

A ____ is a storage unit that is made from free space on one or more disks

mirrored

A ____ volume is a fault-tolerant volume that has all data duplicated onto two physical disks. All of the data on one volume is copied to another disk to provide data redundancy. If one of the disks fails, you can access the data from the remaining disk. However, you cannot extend a ____ volume. ____ also is known as RAID-1.

RAID-5

A ____ volume is a fault-tolerant volume that has data striped across a minimum of three or more disks. Parity also is striped across the disk array. If a physical disk fails, you can recreate the portion of the ____ volume that was on that failed disk by using the remaining data and the parity. You cannot mirror or extend a ____ volume.

striped

A ____ volume is a volume that has data that is spread across two or more physical disks. The data on this type of volume is allocated alternately and evenly to each of the physical disks. A ____ volume cannot be mirrored or extended, and is not fault tolerant. This means that the loss of one disk causes the immediate loss of all the data. ____ also is known as RAID-0.

spanned

A ____ volume is a volume that is created from the free disk space from multiple disks that are linked together. You can extend a ____ volume onto a maximum of 32 disks. You cannot mirror a ____ volume, and they are not fault-tolerant. Therefore, if you lose one disk, you will lose the entire ____ volume.

simple

A ____ volume is a volume that uses free space from a single disk. It can be a single region on a disk, or consist of multiple, concatenated regions. You can extend this volume within the same disk or extend it to additional disks. If you extend this volume across multiple disks, it becomes a spanned volume.

defragment

As a best practice for shrinking volumes, you should ____ the files on the volume before you shrink it. This procedure returns the maximum amount of free disk space. During the process, you can identify any immoveable files.

2 gigabyte (GB), 2 TB

Because of the size limitation with the file allocation table, the original release of FAT could only access partitions that were less than ___ in size. To enable larger disks, Microsoft developed FAT32, which supports partitions of up to _____ .

RAID 5

Block level striped set with parity distributed across all disks

RAID 1 + 0

Each pair of disks is mirrored, then the mirrored disks are striped.

Format-volume

Enables you to format a volume with NTFS.

Initialize-disk.

Enables you to initialize a disk in readiness for creation of volumes. will default to GPT.

128

GPT supports a maximum of ____ partitions per drive.

Get-volume

Lists all accessible volumes

Get-disk

Lists all available disks installed in the server computer.

RAID 1

Mirrored Drives

RAID-1

Mirroring also is known as ____.

access control lists (ACLs)

NTFS also has additional extensions such as security _ _ _, which you can use for auditing, file-system journaling, and encryption.

64

NTFS enables you to change a volume's allocation unit size. However, with ReFS, each volume has a fixed size of _ KB, which you cannot change.

pipe (|)

One of the benefits of using Windows PowerShell is the ability to script cmdlets, or to link them by using the ____ operator.

Set-vhd.

Use this cmdlet to configure the .vhd file properties.

Clear-disk.

Removes all partitions and volumes from the specified disk.

New-vhd

Use this cmdlet to create virtual hard disk files.

RAID-0

Striping also is known as ____

Get-vhd

Use this command to retrieve information about a named .vhd file.

•Server Manager •Disk Management •Diskpart.exe •Windows PowerShell

To create and manage volumes, you can use one of the following tools:

Initialize-disk

Use this command to initialize the disk in preparation for creating volumes.

Mount-VHD

Use this command to mount the virtual hard disk to create volumes and format files systems.

-A system volume for hardware-specific files that are required to start the server -A boot volume for the Windows operating system files

What are two disk volume requirements when configuring dynamic disks?

dynamic

When you configure ___ disks, you create volumes rather than partitions.

MBR

What partition table format supports a maximum of four primary partitions per drive?

globally unique identifier (GUID) partition table (GPT).

What partition table format would you use for disks larger than 2 TB?

master boot record (MBR)

What partition table format would you use for disks smaller than 2 TB?

RAID 5+0

Which RAID level should you recommend to provide high fault tolerance, capacity, and random positioning performance? RAID 0+1 RAID 1+0 RAID 5 RAID 5+0

RAID 1+0

Which RAID level should you recommend when performance and redundancy are critical and the cost of the required additional disks is acceptable? RAID 0+1 RAID 1+0 RAID 5 RAID 5+0

A. FAT

Which file system does not provide any security for files on the partition? A. FAT B. NTFS C. ReFS

NTFS

Which file system is the standard file system for all Windows operating systems beginning with the Windows NT Server 3.1 operating system?

ReFS

Which file system offers greater resiliency, meaning better data verification, error correction, and scalability.

ReFS

Which file system provides resiliency to corruptions with recovery for maximum volume availability? ExFS FAT32 NTFS ReFS

ReFS

Which file system would best be used for large files like Virtual hard disks for virtual machines

GPT Format

Which format was introduced with Windows Server 2003 and the Windows XP 64-bit edition to overcome the limitations of MBR, and to address the requirement of larger disks.

Simple Spanned Striped Mirrored RAID-5

Windows Server 2016, if you are using dynamic disks, you can create a number of different types of disk volumes: list the 5 types

2012

Windows Server ____ first introduced ReFS to enhance the capabilities of NTFS.

Cannot

You ___ shrink a volume with bad clusters

ReFS

You are using Storage Spaces Direct attached to a Windows Server 2016 cluster. Which storage option should you use to provide improved throughput and support higher capacity disks used by the cluster nodes? ExFS FAT32 NTFS ReFS

native virtual hard disk boot

You can configure Windows Server 2016 to start from a virtual hard disk using the _ _ _ _ _ feature. This feature enables you to configure multiple operating systems on a single computer and choose which operating system to use when you start the computer.

Disk Management and Diskpart.exe.

You can create and attach virtual hard disks by using disk management tools such as ___ & ____

Extend

You can only ____ ReFS volumes

Convert-vhd

You can use this cmdlet to change from a VHD to a VHDX file format.

SATA

____ disks are generally low-cost disks that provide mass storage. Because these drives are less expensive than other drive options (but also provide reduced performance), organizations might choose to deploy these drives when they require large amounts of storage but not high performance.

Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)

based on standards that were created in 1986.limited to a maximum of 133 megabytes (MB) per second (MBps). drives are seldom used today.

SAS

is a further implementation of the SCSI standard. it depends on a point-to-point serial protocol that replaces the parallel SCSI bus technology, and uses the standard SCSI command set. it offers backward-compatibility with second-generation SATA drives. the drives are reliable and made for 24 hours a day, seven days a week (24/7) operation in data centers. With up to 15,000 rotations per minute, these disks are also the fastest traditional hard disks.

Small computer system interface (SCSI).

is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. was originally introduced in 1978 and became a standard in 1986. Similar to EIDE, it was designed to run over parallel cables; however, recently the usage has been expanded to run over other mediums. The 1986 parallel specification of it had initial speed transfers of 5 MBps. The more recent 2003 implementation, Ultra 640 ____ (also known as Ultra 5), can transfer data at speeds of 640 MBps. these disks provide higher performance than SATA disks, but are also more expensive.

Parity information

is used in the event of a disk failure to calculate the information that was stored on a disk. If you use this option, the server or RAID controller calculates the information for each block of data that is written to the disks, and then stores this information on another disk or across multiple disks. If one of the disks in the RAID array fails, the server can use the data that is still available on the functional disks along with the parity information to recreate the data that was stored on the failed disk.

FAT file system

most simplistic of the file systems that the Windows operating system supports.

Solid-state drives (SSDs).

provide fast disk access, use less power, and are less susceptible to failure when dropped than traditional hard disks such as SAS drives. However, they also are much more expensive per GB of storage. they typically use a SATA interface, so you typically can replace hard disk drives with these without any modifications.

volume

usable area of space on one or more physical disks, formatted with a file system.

file allocation table (FAT), the NTFS file system, and ReFS file systems.

what are the 3 file systems to choose from when installing server 2016?