Module 2
Identify examples of intentional and unintentional plagiarism and explain how these two acts differ
Unintentional plagiarism: "I didn't know it was plagiarism." This is when you are in a situation where you are not sure if your work could be construed as plagiarism. (unintentional) Intentional plagiarism: "My work isn't good enough." Maybe you feel that the quality of your work is so poor that you could never pass the class. This is an act of plagiarism because you are aware of the action. (Willful act)
Which one is right format of APA in-text citation ? A. (Field, 2005). B. (Field, 2005, p. 14) Options: I. A II. B III. Neither IV. Both A & B
IV
Apply one of these terms - provenance, pedigree, verifiability - to the standards for research notes
-Provenance (origin of the evidence and research, tertiary → secondary → primary) -Pedigree (record of paper trail, the descent of where the research is coming from, "chain of custody", to help w/replication) → Web of Knowledge, easier to give attribution -Verifiability (provides credibility w/a strong paper trail, giving credit...finding the secondary sources from the tertiary sources, accuracy, can replicate)
Name at least three apps or software that support digital note-taking and contrast their key features
-Evernote, clear and easy to organize, can put tags, more accessibility and flexibility, stores anything such as receipts, Post-it Notes, tickets, documents, etc. -Zotero, ability to search other people's notes, organize your own notes, cite information more simply, can put tags -Silvernote, works well w/ cloud storage services including DropBox and Google Drive, a note is a blank canvas for you to add anything you like: text, diagrams, sketches, screenshots, tables, lists, files, etc., can use tags
Explain what a digital object identifier (DOI) is and why it has become necessary in the digital age
A DOI identifies the content (e.g. journal, study, article) and provides a persistent link to its location on the Internet → permanent, like a digital fingerprint, and it can be used to identify the article throughout its lifespan, no matter where it goes -Why → As a means of improving the ability of readers to follow your references backwards (easier for the paper trail) → easier to find, link, cite, and assess
List some of the benefits that a person reaps when they take the time to attribute sources correctly
Attribution is when you give credit where credit is due -This avoids plagiarism -Easier to find a paper trail later
point out what Plagiarism all have in common
Clone: Submitting another's work, word-to-word, as one's one CTRL-C: contains significant portions of text from a single source Find Replace: changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source. Remix: paraphrases from multiple sources, made to fit together Recycle: borrows generously from the writer's previous work without citation Hybrid: combines perfectly cited courses with copied passages without citation Mashup: mixes copied material from multiple sources 404 Error: includes citations to non-existent or inaccurate info about sources. Aggregator: includes proper citation to sources but the paper contains almost no original work Re-tweet: includes proper citation, but relies too closely on the text's original wording and/or structure
Explain what using Bibliographic Management Software can potentially do to prevent plagiarism
Depending on which item type you select (book chapter, website, etc.), Zotero will show you a customized set of fields appropriate for citing a source of that type (example: it will include a box for the URL if you select "Website" as the document type).
Evaluate your own note-taking process and compare it with research-based recommendations
Information Coming In: In class: Is this my only opportunity to record it? Take exact notes (a log) For research: Will I always be able to refer to the original? Take summary notes (a map) What will I need to do with this information later: In class: Retrieve it quickly? Remember the information (factual memory) For research: Retrieve it as needed? Remember the source (transactive memory) Over what time-frame do I wish to use my notes to help recall information? In class: Short-term: consider hand-written A good note-taking process and hand-writing may boost recall For research: Long-term: consider digital An efficient system for storing and searching notes will be help
Describe a simple, effective strategy that can be used to answer any specific questions about the formatting of references and in-text citations using the APA system (or any system)
Look back at the Purdue OWL Link -Use common BMS -google scholar (sometimes)
List simple but effective strategies for avoiding unintentional plagiarism that go above and beyond just awareness of the problem
Peer summarizing (have someone check your work) - Use in-text citations
Identify common screen views from Zotero and be able to describe the steps in common tasks
The Groups and specific Group Library, Providing as much info to cite the source(s), adding annotations, add tags, can view other people's citations, etc.
State what the standards are for a proper and acceptable paraphrase of another's written words
The six steps to effective paraphrasing (Purdue Owl Link): Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper. Be able to identify proper and improper paraphrases by comparing them to the originals
Discuss what is meant by "correspondence between in-text citations & references" and why it matters
Your in-text citation should include the author's name, year, and page number. Your references should match the in-text citation (vise versa). → needed for attribution and paper trail Be able to describe the most common pieces of information expected when citing any type of source author's title, author's name, year, title, publication/location, page number, web url, doi
Contrast individual-level harms of plagiarism with broader community-level harms and connect these two levels
At the individual-level it can cause you to lose your job and can end your career, expulsion, legal action -At the community-level it can cause other researchers and/or the public to question the credibility of the studies done, and in that case.. if it's medical plagiarism it could lead to the loss of people's' lives
Contrast everyday notes with research notes and describe the standards for research notes
-documentary purposes: to create a chain of custody for all ideas and contributions from other -hazardous material -to remind ourselves days weeks or months later how we thought about a topic --to provide a paper trail for others to follow when replicating work -Creative Purposes -to organize our thinking about a specific research topic -to find connections between scattered sources and ideas
Articulate the role of the writer and list common roles of the reader in a standard research report
Booth recommends getting used to writing in the role of an "expert" or someone who has something of noteworthy value to say about the topic. Rather than coming across as "conceited" - this role is generally what most readers of research reports have grown to expect. -Booth et al. suggest that it is a good practice for a writer to make judgments about the future readers of a research report, their needs, and goals
Use an example to illustrate the benefits of tagging and folders for organizing electronic notes
Instead of searching hundreds of saved bibliographies, you can type in the search engine for a specific tag and it will take you straight to it
List the major benefits of Zotero and other BMS in terms of efficiency and reduced workload
Zotero lets you create your own original tags to mark citations, create separate folders to store citations within a library and build separate collections or group libraries around a theme. This is an example of another way that a BMS can assist you in reducing the chance of mistakes during the research process. Once you have selected the *type* of resource that you will be documenting in a Zotero entry, you are prompted to enter information in a set of custom input boxes appropriate to fully documenting a source of that type.
Discuss the values and reasons underlying the academic and social norm of attributing sources
Why Give Credit mature thinking lively debate and establish intellectual context give credit where it is due lead us into further research avoid plagiarism-not the reason to give credit Enables ability to create deeper contextual understanding Why Provide In Text Citations acknowledge and show respect for other's contributions show allegiance for a community dont claim anyones work as your own acknowledge contributions when appropriate present only original thoughts as your own work
Be able to identify proper and improper in-text citations and references for common types of sources
Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose. (Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.) When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo." Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."
State the three common motivations for research and point out which one is most common in academic research
Methodological → how tech has affected the research process (relationship w/published research) -Academic → impact of tech on social lives and how researchers seek answers (most common) -Product Development → How Tech has developed, design, intended audience, etc. → innovation in computing tech
Explain the difference between in-text citations and references and state why both are necessary
From Purdue OWL Link: When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Identify all required components of complete attribution when using the APA citation system
From Purdue OWL link: When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Point out stages of the research and writing process where note-taking can be especially important
In the early stages of your research, it is crucial to collect notes (when conducting literature reviews).
Discuss the role of note-taking in the research process generally
Note-taking in research is crucial to recognizing our own reactions -Gather information in an organized fashion -Putting things into our own words already, to avoid potential plagiarism
FYI
Note: When using multiple authors' names as part of your narrative, rather than in parentheses, always spell out the word and. For multiple authors' names within a parenthetic citation, use &. One author: (Field, 2005) Two authors: (Gass & Varonis, 1984) Three to five authors: First citation: (Tremblay, Richer, Lachance, & Cote, 2010) Subsequent citations: (Tremblay et al., 2010) Six or more authors: (Norris-Shortle et al., 2006)
Evaluate various definitions of plagiarism
Plagiarism is the "wrongful appropriation" and "stealing and publication" of another author's "language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions" and the representation of them as one's own original work.
Summarize major arguments for and against taking notes by hand versus taking notes via typing
Some standards by which to compare: Learning: Suitability as a tool for retention of information/ Suitability: as a tool for long term retention: hard copies, folders and directories, cloud based note-taking systems, tagging vs folders Suitability for sharing web based note taking apps: one note, evernote Might not recall as much information w/digital notes b/c it's more tempting to copy and paste everything word for word...handwritten notes tend to have more paraphrasing, summaries, etc.
Define "bibliographic management software," name the most popular freeware and payware programs, and list a few features that are common to nearly all
To create databases of bibliographic citations Zotero, EndNote, Mendeley, Ref Works, and Cite ULike are popular programs. Zotero lets you create your own original tags to mark citations, create separate folders to store citations within a library and build separate collections or group libraries around a them
Give examples of how each piece of note-taking advice in class can help you avoid major problems
To improve your understanding and aid in learning -Know how to paraphrase, organize, and centralize → helps you retain and recall more information in the long-run (for exams, research) -Paraphrasing helps avoid potential plagiarism for research; record our own reactions, it's a core research skill, essential to attribution (references for research), page numbers -Easier to retrieve things quickly....like creating a good study guide)
