module 2 exam study guide
Which of the following help the skin to act as a barrier to microbes?
normal flora, sweat, defensins
The epithelial linings of tubes and spaces that are connected with the outside
mucous membranes
The secretion that traps dust and other inhaled foreign particles
mucus
A specialized tissue with both contractile and conducting properties.
muscle tissue
The fatty insulating material that covers and protects some nerve fibers
myelin
"The thick, muscular layer of the heart wall"
myocardium
The special sac that encloses the heart
pericardium
A layer of fibrous connective tissue around a bone
periosteum
"The large, serous membrane of the abdominal cavity"
peritoneum
The membrane that covers each lung
pleura
A term for flat, irregular epithelial cells.
squamous
Term that describes flat, irregular epithelial cells
squamous
A cord of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone
tendon
Tiny, hairlike projections from epithelium that can move dust and other foreign particles along the airways
cilia
sometimes referred to as respiratory epithelium, which one of the following best describes the epithelium that lines the majority of the upper respiratory airways?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
The term for modified sweat glands at the edge of the eyelid.
cilliary
The flexible white protein that makes up the main fibers in connective tissue
collagen
The three types of cartilages are: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage and collogenic cartilage.
false
The visceral layer of a serous membrane lines the wall of a cavity or sac.
false
The visceral serous membrane line the body cavities that do not open into the external environment.
false
Vitamin C is manufactured in the skin.
false
A band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue around muscles
fascia
The protein in the epidermis that thickens and protects the skin
keratin
A tough membrane composed entirely of connective tissue that serves to anchor and support an organ or to cover a muscle
fascia
Which of the following is not a type of epithelial tissue?
areolar
Endocrine glands secrete through ducts.
false
Smooth muscle is voluntary.
false
Sweat glands secrete sebum.
false
Sweat glands, tear glands, and sebaceous glands are all examples of endocrine glands.
false
The phrase stratified squamous epithelium describes
"multiple layers of flat epithelial cells at the apical surface and more cuboidal/columnar cells towards the basal surface."
Which ONE of the following temperatures most closely approximates normal core body temperature?
98.6°F (37°C)
Which ONE of the following best approximates the proportion of total body weight that is accounted for by the skin?
15%
which one of the following best estimates the maximum magnification of an electron microscope?
2,000,000
Which ONE of the following best approximates the proportion of total heat loss which occurs through the skin?
80%
The second phase in skin wound healing is called the
Proliferation and migratory phase
A modified apocrine sweat gland that produces wax is the __________.
ceruminous gland
A type of connective tissue that stores fat and serves as a heat insulator
adipose
Which ONE of the following is the most significant determinant of skin color?
amount of melanin produced
Which ONE of the following best describes an injury requiring deep wound healing?
an injury reaching into the dermis
A type of loose connective tissue.
areolar
what is the name of the muscle that causes a hair to stand on end?
arrector pilli muscle
The fibers of a neuron are ___________.
axons and dendrites
in a simple epithelium, what is the term for the structure to which the basal surface of each of the epithelial cells is attached?
basement membrane
Another name for osseous tissue.
bone
Tissue that forms when cartilage gradually becomes impregnated with calcium salts
bone
Which of the following is not a function of the skin?
breathing
the active form of vitamin d is associated with the regulation of which one of the following ions?
calcium
"The tough, elastic substance found at the ends of long bones"
cartilage
The hard connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber and as a bearing surface to reduce friction between moving parts
cartilage
A term that describes long, narrow epithelial cells.
columnar
A term that describes areolar tissue is
connective
blood is classified as which of the following types of tissue?
connective tissue
These types of epithelial membranes refers to the skin covering of the surface of the body.
cutaneous membranes
The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that is responsible for the elasticity and strength of skin, supplies the epidermis with nutrients, and plays an important role in thermoregulation
dermis
The outermost part of the skin, formed by several layers of epithelial cells
epidermis
"The tissue that forms a protective covering for the body and that lines the digestive, respiratory, and urinary passages"
epithelium
which of the following are the four major types of body tissue?
epithelium, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue
Term for glands that secrete through ducts
exocrine
A tendon connects a bone to another bone.
false
Epithelium that is arranged in many layers is described as simple.
false
Sebum is produced by sudoriferous glands.
false
Skin without hair is thinner than skin with hair.
false
The axon of a neuron is short and has many branches.
false
The endocrine glands do NOT produce hormones.
false
The nail root, where the new nail cells are formed, is located at the distal end of the nail.
false
The stratum corneum is the deepest part of the epidermis.
false
Adipose tissue stores
fat
Large, flat, branching cells present in most connective tissue.
fibroblasts
Which ONE of the following cell types produces scar tissue?
fibroblasts
what is the term used to describe the formation of scar tissue?
fibrosis
A sheath in which a hair develops.
follicle
Which ONE of the following best approximates the time required for a cell to transition from the basal layer towards the apical layers, become keratinized, and finally be sloughed off?
four weeks
Specialized cells that function to secrete products either onto a body surface, or into the blood either directly or via a duct.
glands
Specialized groups of cells that manufacture substances from blood components
glands
In addition to melanin and carotene, what other molecule contributes towards the skin color of an individual?
hemoglobin
The oxygen-carrying molecule in red blood cells
hemoglobin
which one of the following stains is commonly used to differentiate between nucleic acids within the nucleus and basic cytoplasmic proteins?
hemotoxylin and eosin
The study of tissues is
histology
These type of glands secrete their products by shedding whole cells.
holocrine
Endocrine glands produce
hormones
what is the term for the visualization method that depends on specific antigen-antibody interactions for visualizing cellular contents?
immuno histochemistry
Another name for the skin as a whole
integument
The body system that is composed of skin and its associated structures is the __________________________.
integumentary system
The result of excess production of collagen in the formation of a scar
keloid
A protein that thickens the skin and makes up hair and nails.
keratin
which one of the following best describes a type of epithelium that is multi-layered and hardened with fibrous protein?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Which ONE of the following is the most common type of cell in the epidermis?
keratinocyte
Which ONE of the following is an immune cell routinely found in the epidermis?
langerhans cell
Which of the following cell types are usually found in the epidermis?
langerhans cells, melanoctyes, keratinocytes
Any wound or local injury to the skin.
lesion
A strong band of connective tissue that supports a joint
ligament
epithelium is most likely to be found in which of the following locations?
lining the gastrointestinal tract
The white, half-moon shaped area at the proximal end of the nail.
lunule
Which of the following is not a connective tissue membrane?
matrix
Which THREE of the following are major phases of the deep wound healing process?
maturation and remodeling phase proliferation and migratory phase inflammatory phase
Sensory receptors that are egg-shaped, encapsulated masses of dendrites.
meissner's corpuscle
The pigment that is largely responsible for skin color
melanin
The skin protection that absorbs ultraviolet radiation to protect deeper tissue from damage.
melanin
The skin cells that produce melanin
melanocytes
Any thin sheet of tissue that separates two or more structures
membrane
Which ONE of the following types of gland contributes to thermoregulation?
merocrine gland
a clear plate of dead keratinized epidermal cells that covers and protects the dorsal aspect of the finger tips and toes
nail
The supportive cells in the nervous system are collectively known as __________.
neuroglia
The scientific name for a nerve cell
neuron
what is the name of the type of receptors that detect pain?
nociceptors
arrange the following steps in the preparation of a photomicrograph in the correct order.
orientation fixation embedding sectioning staining
All of the following are types of epithelium EXCEPT
oval
Sensory receptor that is a large oval structure, consisting of a dendrite wrapped in a multilayered, connective tissue capsule and adapt rapidly to stimuli and are involved in sensing pressure.
pacinian corpuscle
Which of the following receptors respond to vibration?
pacinian corpuscles, meissner's corpuscles
Alerts the brain to potentially damaging sensations or actual tissue injury
pain
Which of the following form the sublayers of the dermis?
papillary region, reticular region
Heat is lost from the skin through which of the following processes?
radiation, convection, evaporation, conduction
In connective tissue, these types of fibers are very fine, and branch to form strong, supportive frameworks.
reticular fibers
A gland that produces an oily secretion on skin and hair
sebaceous gland
which one of the following is a gland that secretes its product in a holocrine manner?
sebaceous gland
This skin gland secretes sebum.
sebaceous glands
Types of membranes that line the closed cavities within the body
serous membranes
which one of the following types of epithelium lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels?
simple squamous epithelium
name one of the three types of muscle tissue.
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
The majority of heat is lost from the body through which ONE of the following organs?
skin
Muscle tissue that forms the walls of the organs within the ventral body cavities
smooth muscle
A term for cells in many layers.
stratified
A term that means in layers
stratified
A layer, as of the skin.
stratum
The internal structure of the hair consists of all but the following:
stratum
Cells involved in the healing of the epidermis are produced by cell division occurring in which ONE of the following epidermal strata?
stratum basale
Skin layer that is a single layer of cuboidal-shaped cells on a basal membrane
stratum basale
The deepest layer of the epidermis
stratum basale
Which ONE of the following epidermal strata contains the most live cells?
stratum basale
The most superficial layer of the epidermis
stratum corneum
The thickened outermost layer of the epidermis is the ______________.
stratum corneum
New cells grow from the deepest layer of the epidermis, the ____________.
stratum germinativum
The third layer of the epidermis
stratum granulosum
The second layer of the epidermis
stratum lucidum
The fourth layer of the epidermis
stratum spinosum
The hypodermis is the _______________.
subcutaneous tissue
A gland that produces sweat
sudoriferous gland
To bring the edges of a wound together to aid healing and reduce the size of a scar
suture
which of the following are classified as endocrine glands?
thyroid, pituitary
A group of cells similar in structure and function
tissue
Term for a wrinkled type of epithelium that is capable of great expansion
transitional
which one the following types of epithelium has the greatest ability to stretch without tearing?
transitional epithelium
Bone is a rigid connective tissue that contains calcium and phosphorus.
true
Deep wound healing takes place when the dermis has been penetrated.
true
Intercellular is found between cells.
true
Keratin is a protein that helps to thicken the skin.
true
Periosteum is the membrane around a bone.
true
Smooth muscle has spindle-shaped, non-striated fibers with one central nuclei.
true
Sweat or sudoriferous glands come in two types: merocrine and apocrine.
true
The dermis is divided into two sub-layers.
true
The epidermis is composed of epithelial cells.
true
The stratum lucidum is only found in the hairless, thick skin of the fingertips, palms and soles of the feet.
true
The visceral serous membrane lines the body cavities.
true
The white, half-moon shaped area at the proximal end of the nail is called the lunule.
true
Thin skin is also known as hairy skin.
true
Transitional epithelium is tissue that _______________.
varies in size and function
Cutaneous receptors in the skin measure which of the following sensory modalities?
vibration, touch, pressure, temperature, pain
A precursor form of which ONE of the following vitamins is produced in the skin?
vitamin d
Term used to describe skeletal muscle because it is usually under conscious control
voluntary muscle
Which of the following characteristics best describe the epidermis?
waterproof, superficial to the dermis, composed of several layers, continually replenished
Ceruminous glands produce __________________.
wax
