Module 3

Define a "research foothold" (from your text) and explain why these are important for getting started

-"Research foothold": is an expert in a topic/field, ex. a tertiary source can help the new researcher find a foothold in the field. → builds credibility

Define the deep web and explain its relevance to the issue of using the web in a research effort

-Hidden web that are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard search engines for any reason. The opposite term to the deep web is the surface web. → can't access everything for research

Explain the characteristics of a "credible" online source in everyday language

-Peer-reviewed (journal), in-text citations, references, data available for replication, organized, methods carefully and completely documented, and logic and analysis clearly explained

Demonstrate how to use the three-step formulation to easily describe the significance of a problem

-Significance: ____ are studying ____because they want to find out ____ in order to ___.

State at which point in an overall research paper a tertiary source *might* be used and where it should not

-Tertiary sources often provide data in a convenient form or provide information with context by which to interpret it. → background and significance

Define peer review and list its major benefit in the research process (and also its limits)

-process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field, before a paper describing this work is published in a journal or as a book → builds credibility, verification, if articles can be replicated or the if the data is from the wrong study Inability to detect fraud

List the recommended order for skimming an academic research report for maximum efficiency

-skim for significance (abstract/TOC/Index, intro, headings, discussions/conclusions, bibliography)

Give your own summary explanation of how a general search engine can be used in academic research

A general search engine can be used to help introduce you to a topic (and scope of opinions) -Sometimes you can locate primary and secondary sources readily from the tertiary source ("footholds") -These include: Google Search, Maps, Images, News, Trends, NGrams, Bing, Yahoo, Ask

Define bibliometrics and state how this field can help you navigate the web of science more efficiently

Bibliometrics is a form of citation analysis that's used to find influential authors publishing high-impact research in your field, discover important author and/or institutional research collabs, determine where the most impactful research is being published.

Discuss potential blind spots in the research process created by the "information age" (i.e. libraries?)

Certain library catalogs and databases, may only hold a fraction of the books, articles, etc. compared to others -Might not be able to access libraries w/o VPN or subscription (e.g. pay fees) → not all offer full-texts -Need more efficient search query (e.g. keywords) and advanced search results to narrow it down -Free search engines monitor your online behavior and sell advertising -Internet → Might think that all articles and searches are comprehensive and reliable

Discuss common overall strategies for conducting efficient searches based upon what you are seeking

Extra Tip for YAHOO AND ASK: • Convert some units ex. [72 fahrenheit to Celsius] • Search on a specific website ex. [Latino insite:uci.edu] Tips for GOOGLE SCHOLAR: • Filter w/dates, use "related articles", or "cited by" • If the full text is available, gives a link • "Cite" to generate pre-formatted citations or export bib. info • If main full-text link is bad, check to see if multiple versions exist There's more but it's a lot of information

List general and full-text search engines used in conducting research and their capabilities

General Search Tools (Google Search, Maps, Images, News, Trends, NGrams, Bing, Yahoo, Ask) -General Purpose Indexing and Search (Tertiary sources) -Academic / Full-Text Article Search Engines and Databases (JSTOR, WOS/ WOK, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, Academic Search UCI, PROQUEST) -Advanced Search Results, citation maps/BMS, journals, disciplines, dates, years, citations (import, export), increased credibility b/c peer-reviewed (mostly primary and secondary sources) -Computational Search Engines (Wolfram Alpha) -Access to Data, (Primary & Secondary Sources)

List, describe, and give examples of the 1st types of sources out of 3 in the typology of sources (Booth et al.)

General/Preliminary information from Internet Sources- General Search engines, footholds, popular press articles, and personal experience. ertiary Sources ("gossip" about processed data): These are books and articles that synthesize and report on secondary sources for general readers, such as textbooks, articles in encyclopedias and mass-circulation publications like Psychology Today, and what standard search engines turn up on the Web. In the early stages of research, you can use tertiary sources to get a feel for a topic. Presents summaries or condensed versions of materials, usually with references back to the primary and/or secondary sources. They can be a good place to look up facts or get a general overview of a subject, but they rarely contain original material. Ex. A popular press article, Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Handbooks.

List, describe, and give examples of the 3rd types of sources out of 3 in the typology of sources (Booth et al.)

New Data from Research, Study, and Observation- Methodical Research Investigation, primary data. .Primary Sources (Raw Data): test your working hypothesis and then as evidence to support your claim or the original doc containing firsthand information about a topic. Different fields of study may use different types of primary sources. Ex. Diaries, Interviews, Letters, Original works of art, Photographs, Speeches, Works of literature

Illustrate with an example one way a researcher might transition among different types of sources

Primary: Civil War diary Secondary: Book on a Civil War Battle Tertiary: List of battle sites Primary: Novel or poem Secondary: Essay about themes in the work Tertiary: Biography of the author

Discuss strategies for conducting efficient searches, including the use of context terms

Quotes used to search for exact phrases ex. ["four score and seven years ago"] • Every word can matter ex. [who] vs. [a who] vs. [the who] • Capitalization and (most) Punctuation do not matter ex. [I'm uSinG Google!] vs. [i'm using google] • Order can matter ex. [sky blue] vs. [blue sky] • Use minus sign (-) to exclude irrelevant words ex. [Abraham Lincoln - vampire -hunter] • Use the tilde (~) to search for similar words or synonyms ex. [US policy ~immigrant] • Use the wildcard to include unknown or multiple terms ex. ["* is a virtue"] • Search on a specific website or domain using site specific search ex. [site:www.uci.edu] • Boolean operators AND & OR ex. [Shakespeare AND ("Romeo and Juliet" OR "Henry VIII")] • Use search box as a calculator (+, -, *,/) ex. [12*13^2] • Look up a quick definition ex. [define:surreptitious] • Look up daily stock report by its ticker ex. [MSFT] • Convert units or currency ex. [100 dollars in pesos] [72 fahrenheit in celsius] • Limit results to a single file type ex. [standard deviation filetype:pdf]

List, describe, and give examples of the 2nd types of sources out of 3 in the typology of sources (Booth et al.)

Tertiary Specific/Detailed Information from Published Studies- Academic Search Engines Library, Bibliometrics/References, secondary or primary. Secondary sources (processed data): are research reports that use primary data to solve research problems, written for scholarly and professional audiences. Researchers read them to keep up with their field and use what they read to frame problems of their own by disputing other researchers' conclusions or questioning their methods. You can use their data to support your argument, but only if you cannot nd those data in a primary source. They offer an interpretation of information gathered from primary sources. Ex. Biographies, Dissertations, Indexes, abstracts, bibliographies (used to locate a secondary source), Journal articles, Monographs

Determine the original source or first instance of an image (or another item) being posted to the internet using Google search and time filtering

This was in Lab 3...has all the original info, attribution, etc. → use date range, and translator if needed

Explain how to use Web of Science's (or another academic search engine's) very detailed citation information to "crawl the web" of published research on a particular topic

Tips for WOS/WOK: (SAME AS A PREVIOUS BULLET POINT) • Save search results and histories • "Create citation report" to see a report of how often an article has been cited & "View Related References" • Endnote BMS (if you have an account), multiple references list and Bib. data • "Citation Map" to visualize the "Web of Science" the pattern of who has cited whom -Web Crawler (crawling the web) is an Internet bot which systematically browses the World Wide Web, typically for the purpose of web indexing (web spidering).

Explain the analogy of science and research reports being like a "web" and state how that is useful

Web of Knowledge → easier to track the impact & research in a specific topic or field, find more connections → can find more info, examine data and studies

Define significance and explain how it is informally measured and why it is necessary to research

making the case for why a research question is important Significance Significant for whom? Significant in what way? Significant based on whose values? And, what exact part(s) of my research project needs to demonstrate significance?