Module 4 Test US Studies

How did the ideas of George Washington Carver improve farming in the South?

Carver discovers more than 300 uses for peanuts and hundreds of more uses for soybeans, pecans, and sweet potatoes.

mass transit

Transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes

Louis Sullivan

United States architect known for his steel framed skyscrapers and for coining the phrase 'form follows function' (1856-1924)

Joseph Pulitzer

United States newspaper publisher (born in Hungary) who established the Pulitzer prizes (1847-1911)

Civil Service

nonmilitary employees of the government who are appointed through the merit system

What government problems arose as a result of patronage?

patronage resulted in a large number of corrupt, incompetent people running government offices.

Social Gospel Movement

preached salvation through service to the poor

High Tariffs

protecting American companies by keeping taxes on goods coming into the country at a level to discourage trade

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Melting Pot Theory

when people from other cultures assimilate to the point where their original identities and culture disappear- they become a uniform culture

Why did immigrants support political machines?

Because they provided jobs and services such as fire brigade.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and the number of people living in urban settlements mostly in the northeast and midwest.

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced?

By forming their own society, where they could practice their own religions, speak their own languages and live by their own cultures.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

how did new technologies make the building of skyscrapers practical?

Architects- were able to design taller buildings because of 2 factors: The invention of elevators and the development of internal steel skeletons to bear the weight of buildings. Skyscrapers- solved the practical problem of how to make the best use of limited and expensive space.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

James Garfield

20th President, he was Ohio's congressmen, was shot twice by a mentally unbalanced lawyer

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, a poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars. Ran against Cleveland.

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Political Machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

Pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

Ragtime

A type of music featuring melodies with shifting accents over a steady, marching-band beat; originated among black musicians in the south and midwest in the 1880s

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Ashcan School

American art, led by Eakins's student Robert Henri, painted urban life and working people with gritty realism and no frills.

What problems did rapid growth pose for cities?

City Gov was not ready to deal with all the problems that come with rapid urbanization. Housing- not enough for the growing working class. Sanitation- Most tenement slums didn't have plumbing or electricity Crime- overcrowding led to an increase in crime.

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

Frederick Law Olmsted

Designer of New York City's Central Park, who wanted cities that exposed people to the beauties of nature. One of his projects, the Chicago Columbian Exposition of 1893, gave a rise to the influential "City Beautiful" movement

What factors contributed to the popularity of dime novels?

Elevators and steel skeletons.

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Summarize the views of Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison on Tariffs

Grover Cleveland wanted to decrease tariffs to lower prices. Benjamin Harrison wanted to increase tariffs to protect local

How did many farm works in the south react to technological and economic changes in the late 1800's?

It was good for some farmers but bad for others. The McCormick reaper and steal plow made farming more efficient but meant fewer laborers to work the farm causing many to move North.

Why did machine politics become common in big cities in the late 19th century?

Machine politics offered disenfranchised immigrants from. all corners of Europe.

After 1890 from where did most of the European immigrants come?

Most immigrants come from countries I Souther Europe and Northern Europe.

Why did many immigrants choose to settle in cities?

Most immigrants swarmed to the cities because they were the cheapest/most convenient places to live (near the factories)

social mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

What pull and push factors prompted people to move to the united states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Push- poverty, famine, limited jobs, limited land, religious or political prosecution. Pull- plenty of lands, plenty of jobs, democracy, the opportunity for social advancement.

Jane Adams

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

How did the new technologies promote urban growth around the turn of the century?

The development of technologies allowed people in cities to live further away and travel longer distance quicker.

Graft

The illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

How did the mass production of bicycles change women lives?

They donned shirtwaist and split skirts offer to cycle more comfortable it soon became popular for daily wear

What compromise did the government of the united states and Japan reach on immigration?

They made the Gentlemen's agreement which Japan allowed less immigration of unskilled workers for the exchange of segregation

What solutions to urban problems did the settlement house movement propose?

They provided educational cultural and social services for the urban poor. these houses were run by the middle class, college-educated women who often lived at the settlement house

Why did Nativist want the government to bar entry to Chinese immigrants?

They wanted to limit immigration so that they could preserve US for native-born white protestants

Boss Tweed

William Tweed, head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

social stratification

a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Low Tariffs

allows for greater amount of trade between countries, but often at the expense of the domestic traders. The consumers are happy to have access to many goods at low prices.

Ellis Island

an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States

Rural Free Delivery

beginning in 1896, free delivery offered by the U.S. post office to farm families in rural areas.

Daniel Burnham

designed the slender 285-foot tower in 1902, the Flatiron Building

George East man

developed a series of more convenient alternatives to the heavy glass plates previously used. instead of carrying their dark rooms with them photographers could use flexible film.

Americanization movement

education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to American culture

How did mass immigration and migration help accelerate urbanization?

immigrants- made up more than half of the population of 18 major American cities causing urban populations to explode. Migration- As our economy moved away from agriculture and towards manufacturing, many rural families moved to cities to find work because of poverty exploded in the South.