Module 48

A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____ than a person with low self-esteem.

have fewer sleepless nights

Juan loves horseback riding. What would be an environmental factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?

having friends that also ride horses

Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. What would be an environmental factor associated with roller skating for Lin?

having friends that also roller skate

Benton imagines the self he wants to be, such as a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. He also imagines the self he fears becoming, such as a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of:

possible selves.

Aerial's history of romantic relationships influences her attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how she now responds to her current boyfriend. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism

Brenda's past experiences in college classes influence her attitude toward academic achievement, which then influence how she prepares for her current classes. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism

Joshua's history of romantic relationships influences his attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how he now responds to his current girlfriend. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism

Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. However, in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:

reciprocal determinism.

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates:

reciprocal determinism.

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of personal traits and environment, a process that Albert Bandura called:

reciprocal determinism.

Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.

social-cognitive

Reciprocal determinism is associated with the _____ perspective.

social-cognitive

The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations; the way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

social-cognitive

The _____ perspective involves the concept of reciprocal determinism.

social-cognitive

Trenady's friend is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and will discuss her unattractive hair. Her overestimation of people's reactions is known as:

the spotlight effect.

Vincent is a famous rock musician from the 1980s. Even though he has not had a popular hit in more than 25 years, he has his own reality television show and a line of cologne. His psychologist thinks he displays excessive self-love and self-absorption and believes Vincent displays a high level of:

narcissism

Seth is young man who considers himself to very successful and who enjoys the finer things in life. He makes a lot of money and spends it on clothes, cars, gambling, and women. Most psychologists would agree that Seth seems to display a high level of:

narcissism.

People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to:

persist when faced with a difficult task.

Katrina is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Albert Bandura called this process:

reciprocal determinism

_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

Albert Bandura

_____ one's situation refers to the cognitive part of the social-cognitive perspective.

Thinking about

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as:

reciprocal determinism.

He proposed the social-cognitive perspective

Bandura

Which is NOT a way in which individuals and environments interact?

People are unable to choose their environment.

According to the text, psychology's concern with people's sense of self dates back at least to:

William James.

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences, and that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a _____ approach.

biopsychosocial

If the self-serving bias is evident in the way an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:

blame her failure on bad officiating.

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to:

effectively surmount challenges and achieve success.

Krista had a really hard day at work. She is feeling worthless and unlovable. She is overheard making disparaging comments about herself such as "No one likes me." Psychologists indicate that she might be doing this to:

elicit reassuring comments.

Social-cognitive theories are LEAST likely to be criticized for neglecting the importance of:

environmental influences.

Researchers attempt to understand personality using biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Analysis at the psychological level is especially likely to emphasize the importance of:

expectations and interpretations.

In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were more likely to:

express heightened racial prejudice

Rebecca is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?

her academic transcripts

Juan loves horseback riding. What would be an internal personal factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?

his thoughts and feelings about riding horses

Donald thought he was well prepared for a presentation he was giving. However, he failed to anticipate questions his audience would ask him. Afterwards, he was surprised by how poorly he performed. Many researchers would argue that Donald's:

incompetence caused him to be overconfident.

Juan loves horseback riding. What would be a behavioral factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?

learning how to ride horses

Lin enjoys roller skating with her friends. What would be a behavioral factor associated with roller skating for Lin?

learning to roller skate

Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.

social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism

Marcus is applying for a new job. They have asked for copies of his transcripts, a list of personal references, and letters of recommendations from his past employers. He also has to complete a face to face interview. Which of these is the BEST indicator of his potential performance at this new job?

the recommendations from his past employers